Formalin For Histological Studies Research Articles

Impact of Short-Term Arsenic Exposure on Hormonal Balance and Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rats

Objective: To evaluate the toxic effects of arsenic exposure on the female reproductive tract and endocrinesystem.Study Design: A laboratory-based experiment.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of the National Institute of Health(NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan from 1st January 2019 to 4th January 2020.Methods: non-probability convenient sampling technique was employed and 60 female healthy SpragueDawley rats were included in the study at the National Institute Islamabad. Animals were randomly allocatedinto control and experimental groups (n=30 each). In the first week, animals were acclimatized to the animalhouse of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. In the second week, the control and experimentalgroups were given 10 ml of distilled water by oral gavage daily and 4μg of sodium arsenite dissolved in 10 ml ofdistilled water daily for two weeks respectively. After the experimental period, animals were taken to theanimal lab of the National Institute of Health Islamabad for blood sampling and tissue dissection. Rats wereeuthanized by chloroform inhalation and blood was drawn by single intracardiac puncture and stored in clotactivator vials at 4 0C for further workup. The female reproductive tract was dissected, and the tissue was stored in 10 % formalin for histological studies. Serum Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels were assessed via the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Whereas histological effects of arsenic were observed under a microscope by tissue processing and staining with Masson trichrome stain. Mean ± SD of serum GnRH levels and percentage of fibrosis in uterine tissue of control and experimental groups wereevaluated by the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. Comparison of means evaluatedby Student T-test. The significant p-value was ≤ 0.05.Results: The experimental group showed significant elevation of serum GnRH levels and fibrotic changes withhigh collagen deposition (p ≤ 0.05).Conclusion: Exposure to arsenic via contaminated drinking water is disruptive for the female reproductive tractand endocrine system. How to cite this: Mir A, Mir UZ, Hussain W, Irfan A, Butt HA, Sarwar U. Impact of Short-Term Arsenic Exposure on Hormonal Balance and Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rats. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 187-192. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.64

Methanolic Leaf Extract of Andrographis paniculata Mitigates Aspirin Induced Ulcerogenic and Biochemical Changes in Wistar Rats

This study was aimed at evaluating the ameliorative effect of methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata by aspirin induced ulcerogenic and biochemical changes in wistar albino rats. This study was measured by the following parameters; Total protein, Total Bilirubin, Albumin and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD). Fifty rats (weighing about 150-250g) were evenly distributed into 5 groups of 10 rats each. Group 1 (Normal control) and group 2 (Positive control) received normal saline (10ml/kg), group 3 and 4 received 200mg/kg body weight and 400mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively and group 5 (standard) received 30mg/kg body weight omeprazole orally for 7 days. On day 7, groups 2,3,4 and 5 were fasted for 24 hours and on the 8th day the animal were induced with 200mg/kg body weight of aspirin orally. The animals were euthanized on the 9th day using chloroform anaesthesia. Blood was collected by puncturing the heart to perform a liver function assay. A portion of the liver and gastrointestinal tract of the rats were removed and preserved in 10% formalin for histological studies. The liver was also homogenised to conduct a lipid peroxidation assay. The study discovered that serum total protein, serum albumin and SOD activities in the positive control were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and total bilirubin was significantly increased when compared to normal control. However, pretreatment with Andrographis paniculata (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) in groups 3 and 4 respectively, significantly increased the levels of SOD activities, serum total protein, albumin and significantly decreased the level of total bilirubin compared to the positive control group. Treatment with omeprazole at dose 30mg/kg body weight also caused a significant decrease (p<0.05) in total bilirubin level and an increase in total protein, albumin and SOD compared to the positive control. These findings are confirmed by the histopathological results obtained. The results of the present study indic

Physiological and Immunological Study for the Effects of Onopordum Acanthium L. Seeds Oil in Male Rats Treated with CCL4

In this study, the attention was focused on the protective role of seeds oil from local Onopordum acanthium L. (cotton thistle) against tissues damage in the liver, kidney and spleen in male albino rats. Forty adult male rats were randomly divided into four equal groups including control group, rats were treated orally with seeds oil (0.5ml/kg), carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) injected group, and last group was intoxicated with CCL4 and daily treated with seed oil (0.5ml/kg). After four weeks of the experiment, rats were anaesthetized and blood was taken directly by cardiac puncture for the evaluation of studied parameters. Samples of liver, kidneys and spleen were fixed in 10% formalin for histological studies. From the obtained results, no significant changes were seen in the estimated parameters in the group treated with oil only. In the group injected with CCL4 and treated with oil extract, the level of serum lipids, liver enzymes, total serum bilirubin (TSB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells (WBCs) were significantly reduced in comparison with untreated CCL4 intoxicated group. The toxicity of CCL4 on the level of fasting blood sugar (FBS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), renal function parameters, hemoglobin and body weight were ameliorated with seeds oil. These effective roles were further supported by the histopathological improvement of the liver, kidney and spleen tissues of rats against CCl4. Conclusion: from the results of this study, it can be concluded that the extracted oil from local Iraqi Onopordum acanthium L. seeds reduced the tissue damages with an improvement of biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters during the four weeks of the experiment.

Evaluation of Phyllanthus amarus leaf meal for hepato nephro-protective potentials in broiler chickens

Phyllanthus amarus is an important medicinal plant that is widely distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions of the planet and has the ability to prevent and treat several human and animal diseases but has been associated with pathological defects on various organs on dose-dependent pattern. This study was carried out to evaluate Phyllanthus amarus leaf meal (PALM) for hepato-nephro-protective potentials in broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty (120) day old marshal broiler chickens were used for the experiment that lasted for 56 days. The birds were randomly allotted to five treatments of T0 (control, no PALM), T1 (2.5g/kg PALM), T2 (5.0g/kg PALM), T3 (7.5g/kg PALM) and T4 (10g/kg PALM) in a complete randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated thrice with 8 birds per replicate. The birds were fed with commercial Top® feed and water was given ad-libitum. At the end of the experiment, blood was aseptically collected via venipuncture from a randomly selected bird per replicate to determine the serum biochemical parameters and later was humanely sacrificed for organs harvest. The liver and kidney were carefully dissected out and fixed in buffered 10% formalin for histological study. The biochemical data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and statistical difference in means was separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The histo-pathological slides were interpreted by experts. ALT for T1 – T4 were statistically similar but differed significantly (P<0.05) from T1 . The ALP, however, showed T2 – T4 differing significantly (P<0.05) from T0 and T1 . The uric acid was highest in T4 and differed significantly (P<0.05) from other groups. The urea was highest in quantity in T3 and T4 and as well differed significantly (P<0.05) from other treatments. Therefore, the results showed significant differences (P<0.05) across treatment groups except for AST. PALM gradually increased the ALT, ALP, uric acid and urea in a dose dependent manner across treatments except urea that slightly decreased at T4 . The findings indicated that the PALM had varied time and dose dependent pathological effects on the liver and kidney of treated groups. It can therefore be concluded that PALM enhances serum biochemical parameters and has deleterious effects on the cyto-architecture of liver and kidney. It is recommended that PALM (crude) up to 2.5 g/kg should not be administered protractedly in chickens since it could constitute damage to visceral organs.

Effects of L-Carnitine on follicular reserve and Caspase-3 in transplanted mouse ovarian tissue

Introdution: One of the major challengs in ovarian tissue transplantation is overcomeing ischemia/ reperfusion injuries. During ischemia–reperfusion processes, oxygen free radicals constitute the most important component that induces damage of the grafted tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-Carnitine (LC) as an antioxidant on heterotopic transplantation of mouse ovarian tissue.
 Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, 5- week old female NMRI mice were divided into four groups: control, transplanted without administration (autograft), sham group (autograft+ saline) and LC group (autograft+ L- carnitine). Left ovarian tissues were transplanted into the Gluteal muscle for 3 weeks. After this time, ovarian tissues from all groups were removed and fixed in formalin for histological studies. Furthermore, rate of Caspase- 3 was assessed by immunohistochemistry test. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA). One-way ANOVA and Tudey test was used to analyze the data using the spss 16 software. Significance was defined as P≤0.0.
 Results: The study results indicated that total follicular count in transplantedwithout administration and sham groups was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the control and LC groups. In addition, the rate of caspase-3 was decreased in the LC group, but no significant difference existed between all groups (p<0.05). A significant reduction in the concentration of MDA was observed in the LC group than that in the other transplanted groups (p<0.05).
 Conclusion: In this study, LC could improve the ovarian reserve to some extent, but its effect was not significant.

English

Combretum molle (Combretaceae) is widely used traditional medicinal plant for treatment of different illnesses in most parts of Africa. However, its in vivo toxic effect is not evaluated yet. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate cytotoxic effect of C. molle seed extract on biochemical and hematological parameters using mice. Accordingly, effect of seed extract of the plant on hematological and biochemical parameters and on tissues of different organs were determined. Blood sample collected on the next day of the last dose administration was used for further analysis. Organs were collected in formalin for histological study. Result of the study showed that seed extract of C. molle did not cause significant effects on most red blood cells (RBCs) indices. Also, except eosinophil count, all white blood cells (WBCs) indices showed significant reduction (P<0.05) under use of almost all doses of the seed extract. Level of liver enzymes such as glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (sGOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (sGPT) showed significant increment (P<0.05) in mice treated with different doses of the plant seed extract, while concentration of albumin was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Similarly, significant increament (P<0.05) in levels of kidney function indicators urea and creatinine was observed. At relatively lower dose (125 mg/kg), the crude extract of C. molle seed showed lower effects on haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters. As dose increased, its cytotoxic effect increased.   Key words: Combretum molle, hematological, biochemical, histopathology.

Histological and physiological effects of Sustanon on the liver and Kidneys of male rats

This research on male rats was carried out to investigate the possible effects of three different doses of artificial testosterone (Sustanon) on the histology and function of liver and kidneys of adult male rats. In this experiment 48 adult male rats divided into three groups 1, 2 and 3. These groups were injected with0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/kg of sustanon respectively for a period of 42 days. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment for the determination of the levels of liver enzymes. Male rats were then dissected out, liver and kidneys were removed, weighed and fixed in 10% formalin for histological study, and 12 adult males were used in parallel to these groups as control group. The results showed that there were significant changes in the levels of liver enzymes in all treated groups in comparison with those of the control. All injected groups showed clear histological changes in the basic structure of liver and kidneys in comparison with those for control group. These changes included the increased number of hepatocytes in liver and also some distortion in renal tubules of the kidneys. Changes like cellular hyperplasia and cell degeneration were also observed in all groups of this study especially those of high doses of sustanon. It was concluded from the results of this study that the injection of sustanon at the doses of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ kg in adult male rats had influenced the histological structure of liver and kidneys and also the levels of liver enzymes.

MP60-08 CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS INDUCES CHANGES IN BLADDER CONTRACTILITY

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Basic Research & Pathophysiology I1 Apr 2016MP60-08 CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS INDUCES CHANGES IN BLADDER CONTRACTILITY Yunliang Gao, Huiyi Chang, Rong Zhang, and Larissa Rodriguez Yunliang GaoYunliang Gao More articles by this author , Huiyi ChangHuiyi Chang More articles by this author , Rong ZhangRong Zhang More articles by this author , and Larissa RodriguezLarissa Rodriguez More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.861AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Chronic psychological stress can impact lower urinary tract function. We aimed to evaluate if the voiding dysfunction and bladder hyperalgesia seen in the animals exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS) is partially due to changes in bladder contractility. METHODS Eight adult female Wistar-Kyoto rats were divided to 10-day WAS protocol (n=4) or handled control (n=4). On day 11, the urinary bladder was harvested, cut into strips, and kept in oxygenated Krebs solution. The remaining of the bladder and urethra were fixed in 10% formalin for histological studies. The contraction amplitude of each strip induced by KCl (80 µM) was regarded as 100% contraction amplitude for normalization. Carbachol, a non-selective cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist, was given to examine the contractility (10-7 to 3×10-4 M). Atropine (10-6 M), a muscarinic receptor antagonist was given after carbachol to verify the response. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was used to assess tissue structure. RESULTS There were dose dependent responses to carbachol with maximum contractility observed at 10-5 M (Fig 1A). At maximum dose response, there was significantly higher contractility in the bladders of WAS rats than controls (27% higher). Atropine reversed the effect of carbachol on bladder contractility. The thickness and structure of the bladder wall and urethra did not show significantly changes between WAS rats and controls (Fig 1B-C). CONCLUSIONS Chronic psychological stress leads to changes in bladder contractility without changes in the structure of bladder and urethra. Expression or responsiveness of muscarinic receptors induced by stress play a role in the urinary frequency and voiding changes seen in animals exposed to WAS. Receptor characterization will be evaluated in future studies. These results have significant implications in human lower urinary pathologies that have been shown to be exacerbated by affected by stress such as urinary frequency, overactive bladders, and interstitial cystitis. © 2016FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 195Issue 4SApril 2016Page: e796-e797 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016MetricsAuthor Information Yunliang Gao More articles by this author Huiyi Chang More articles by this author Rong Zhang More articles by this author Larissa Rodriguez More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

The histological effects of Annona Muricata (Soursop) on the Adrenal Gland of Adult Wistar Rats

This study was undertaken to evaluate the histological effects of ethanolic extract of Annona muricata on the adrenal gland of adult wistar rats. Twenty wistar rats weighing between 180 210g were used for the study. They were divided into four groups (A, B, C & D) of five animals each. Group A animals served as the control and received 0.3 ml of distilled water; the experimental groups B, C & D were orally administered 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml of ethanolic extract of Annona muricata respectively for twenty eight days. Immediately after the last administration, the animals were weighed, sacrificed under the influence of chloroform vapour inhalation method and dissected. Adrenal gland tissues were removed, weighed and fixed in 10% formalin for histological studies. The final body weight of groups C and D decreased significantly (P < 0.001) compared with the control. The mean relative organ weight result revealed significant increase (P<0.001) in groups C and D while B organ weight is statistically similar with the control group A. Histopathological findings showed distortion of adrenal gland tissues in groups C and D while group B was not distorted compared with the control. From these findings, Annona muricata consumed in high doses may distort cytoarchetecture of adrenal gland.

Protective effects of co-administration of gallic Acid and cyclosporine on rat myocardial morphology against ischemia/reperfusion.

Irreversible myocardial ischemic injury begins 20 minutes after the onset of coronary occlusion. Then the infarcted cells show signs of necrosis and death. This study investigated the effects of co-administration of Gallic acid (antioxidant) with cyclosporine (mitochondrial permeability transition pore [mPTP] inhibitor) on myocardial morphology of rats during ischemia and reperfusion. Fifty-four male Wistar rats (250-300 g), were randomly divided into 9 groups: sham, control (Ca received saline, 1 mL/kg, Cb: perfused with cyclosporine CsA 0.2 µM), 3 groups pretreated with Gallic acid in saline (G1a:7.5, G2a:15, and G3a: 30 mg/kg/day, and gavage daily for 10 days, n = 6), and the other three groups were pretreated with Gallic acid then perfused using CsA, (G1b:7.5, G2b:15, and G3b: 30 mg/kg/day) at the first 13 minutes of reperfusion period. After 10 days pretreatment, the rat hearts were isolated and transferred to Langendorff apparatus and exposed to 30 minutes ischemia following 60 minutes reperfusion. Afterward, the hearts were preserved in 10% formalin for histological studies at the end of the experiment. Finally, hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining techniques were used for evaluating the changes in myocardial architecture, degradation of myofibers, and collagen integrity. The differences were analyzed using Pearson test. Cell degenerative changes, pyknotic nuclei, contraction bands, edema, and loosening of collagen in between muscle fibers were observed during ischemia-reperfusion. Myocardial architecture and cellular morphology were recovered in co-administration groups, especially in (Gallic acid 15 mg/kg + CsA, P < 0.001). The results suggest the important role of the antioxidant system potentiation in the prevention of myocardial damage.

Bimodal Spectroscopy of Formalin Fixed Samples to Discriminate Dysplastic and Tumor Brain Tissues

Abstract Biomedical spectroscopy has gained attention in the past few years for disease diagnosis. Fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies provide finger-print information related to biochemical and morphological alterations when tissues progress from the normal to a malignant stage. Usually, freshly excised tissue specimens are preferred for bio-spectroscopic studies. However, ethical issues, sample availability and distance between the surgery room and the laboratory provide an impelling restriction for in-vitro spectroscopic studies using freshly excised samples. After surgical resection tissues are fixed in 4% formalin for histological studies under a light microscope. The process of fixation prevents degradation of tissues. In this study, we probe the use of formalin fixed sample for differentiating normal and dysplastic brain tissues using fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies. It was found that fluorescence spectral profile changes in the wavelength range from 550-750 nm between dysplastic and tumor samples. Also, significant differences were found in the Raman spectral profiles of such samples. The results indicate a potential diagnostic application of spectroscopy in formalin fixed brain samples for differentiating dysplastic and tumor brain tissues.

The Effect of Ginger and Thyme on Some Biochemical Parameters in Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the chronic metabolic diseases. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of ginger and thyme on some biochemical parameters in diabetic rats. Fifty-six male albino rats were divided into eight groups; 7 rats each. Negative control, positive control and other six groups were fed standard diet with 0.5%, 1% and 5% ginger and 2%, 5% and 10% thyme respectively for six weeks. Plasma samples were separated for different biochemical analysis. Livers were kept in 10% formalin for histological study. Hemoglobin was increased in 5% ginger and 10% thyme while total protein was increased only in 5% ginger compared with diabetic group. Rats fed 5% ginger and 10% thyme showed decrease in glucose level, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C, uric acid, creatinin and urea nitrogen and increase in HDL-C compared with diabetic control. Liver functions were improved in diabetic groups when they fed (5%) ginger and (10%) thyme. It could be seen that there was statistically more significant improvement in (5%) ginger than (10%) thyme in glucose and HDL-C.

EFFECT OF DIETARY SOYBEAN OIL AND FISH OIL SUPPLEMENTATION ON BLOOD METABOLITES AND TESTIS DEVELOPMENT OF MALE GROWING KIDS

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary lipid sources on blood metabolites and testis development of male kids. Twenty-four goat kids (BW = 19.43±1.2 kg) were assigned to three equal groups and received one of three dietary treatments as follows: control (CO), soybean oil (SO) or fish oil (FO). All three diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic, but contained different fat sources. Prilled palm-oil (high in C16:0), soybean oil (high in C18:2 n-6) and fish oil (high in EPA 20:5 n-3 and DHA 22:6 n-3) were supplemented at 2% DM to control, soybean oil and fish oil diets, respectively. Testicular circumference, width, length and volume were obtained on kids at the beginning and end of experiment while testicular growth measures were defined as differences between these two measurements. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected and kids were slaughtered. Immediately after killing testes were dissected, weighed, and fixed in 10% formalin for histological studies. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and testosterone concentrations did not significantly differ among diets. FO diet significantly elevated (p<0.05) the testicular growth measurements (circumference, volume, width and length) and absolute fresh testis masses at slaughter compared to CO or SO diets. Also, FO diet showed a significant increase in the seminiferous tubule and lumen diameter, leydig cell, sertoli cell, spermatogonia cell, spermatocyte and spermatid cell counts (p<0.01) compared to other diets. Results show that fish oil supplementation to male growing kids improved testes development.

Effects of Repetitive Static Magnetic Field Exposure on Serum Electrolytes and Histology of Certain Tissues of Swiss Albino Rats

Background: Due to the recent developments in electronic technology, daily exposure to strong static magnetic fields (SMF) is increasing. In particular is the increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnoses. The intensity of SMF used at MRI due to development of MRI systems is increasing. Such strong-SMF exposure may have potential health hazards. Objectives: This experimental study aims to evaluate the effects of repetitive exposure to SMF on serum Na+, K+, and Ca++ concentrations. Methods: Fifty-three Albino rats were included in this study classified to 4 experimental groups that involved 4 different protocols of exposure to SMF. Blood samples were obtained from retro orbital venous sinus after exposing the rats to SMF (1.5 T) for 1 hour on day 1 (group 1), day 3 (group 2) and day 7 (group 3), then after 4 weeks from day 7 (group 4). The level of Na+, K+, and Ca++ were measured. The results were compared with blood samples taken pre- exposure, referred to as a control group results. The brain, spleen, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas, intestine, and muscle were dissected out and kept in formalin for histological study. Results: There was an increase in serum K+ concentration and a decrease in serum Na+ concentration after exposure in all groups. Serum Ca++ level fluctuated with a decrease in the groups 1 and 4 and an increase in the group 2. Various histological changes were observed in all tissues. Conclusions: The obtained results indicated that MRI techniques are potentially hazardous and affect electrolytes.

Effect of Zingiber officinale on fatty liver induced by oxytetracycline in albino rats.

Background: Fatty liver causes were markedly increased in Egyptian people throughout last years. People prefer to use the medicinal plants instead of using chemical compounds because they are cheap and have few side effects compared to chemical compounds. Ginger is a natural dietary rhizome with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible potential therapeutic and protective effects of Zingiber officinale (ginger) against oxytetracyclininduced fatty liver in an attempt to understand its mechanism of action, which may pave the way for possible therapeutic applications. Material and Methods: Albino rats were divided into two major groups, 15 rats for each. The first group was divided into three sub-groups: a) control, b) fatty liver group; that was injected intraperitonealy with oxytetracycline (120mg/kg) for three consecutive days and c) ginger treated group; which was treated with ginger water extract (125 mg/kg) for 30 days after fatty liver induction . All animals were scarified after 33 days of the beginning of the experiment. The second group was divided into three subgroups: a) control, b) fatty liver group; that was injected intraperitonealy with oxytetracycline (120 mg/kg) for three consecutive days and c) ginger protective group; which received ginger for 15 days before induction of fatty liver, then sacrificed after induction of fatty liver (3 days). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Liver specimens were obtained and fixed in 10% formalin for histological study. Results: Fatty liver groups showed high significant increase in serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, ALAT, ASAT, GGT, LDH, urea, creatinine and A/G ratio while total protein, albumin, globulin and HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control group. These biochemical changes were accompanied with histopathological alterations in fatty liver tissue. The treatment with ginger ameliorated most of the evaluated biochemical parameters and improved the induced degenerative histopathological changes. The pre-treatment with ginger before the induction of fatty liver gave some protection against factors that experimentally induced fatty liver. Conclusion: Ginger as diet additive is recommend for fatty liver patients or those people who have hyperlipidemic family history.

Effect of Zingiber officinale on fatty liver induced by oxytetracycline in albino rats

Background: Fatty liver causes were markedly increased in Egyptian people throughout last years. People prefer to use the medicinal plants instead of using chemical compounds because they are cheap and have few side effects compared to chemical compounds. Ginger is a natural dietary rhizome with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible potential therapeutic and protective effects of Zingiber officinale (ginger) against oxytetracyclininduced fatty liver in an attempt to understand its mechanism of action, which may pave the way for possible therapeutic applications. Material and Methods: Albino rats were divided into two major groups, 15 rats for each. The first group was divided into three sub-groups: a) control, b) fatty liver group; that was injected intraperitonealy with oxytetracycline (120mg/kg) for three consecutive days and c) ginger treated group; which was treated with ginger water extract (125 mg/kg) for 30 days after fatty liver induction . All animals were scarified after 33 days of the beginning of the experiment. The second group was divided into three subgroups: a) control, b) fatty liver group; that was injected intraperitonealy with oxytetracycline (120 mg/kg) for three consecutive days and c) ginger protective group; which received ginger for 15 days before induction of fatty liver, then sacrificed after induction of fatty liver (3 days). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Liver specimens were obtained and fixed in 10% formalin for histological study. Results: Fatty liver groups showed high significant increase in serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, ALAT, ASAT, GGT, LDH, urea, creatinine and A/G ratio while total protein, albumin, globulin and HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control group. These biochemical changes were accompanied with histopathological alterations in fatty liver tissue. The treatment with ginger ameliorated most of the evaluated biochemical parameters and improved the induced degenerative histopathological changes. The pre-treatment with ginger before the induction of fatty liver gave some protection against factors that experimentally induced fatty liver. Conclusion: Ginger as diet additive is recommend for fatty liver patients or those people who have hyperlipidemic family history.

Effect of Cichorium intybus L. on fatty liver induced by oxytetracycline in albino rats.

Background: Fatty liver is now one of the most common diseases in Egypt. People prefer to use the medicinal plants instead of using chemical compounds because they are cheap and have few side effects compared to chemical compounds.The current investigation was carried out to examine the possible potential therapeutic and protective effects of Cichorium intybus (chicory) against oxytetracyclin-induced fatty liver in an attempt to understand its mechanism of action, which may pave the way for possible therapeutic applications. Material and Methods: Albino rats were divided into two major groups, 15 rats for each. The first group was divided into three sub-groups: a) control, b) fatty liver group; that was injected intraperitonealy with oxytetracycline (120mg/kg) for three consecutive days resulting in steatosis and c) chicory treated group; which was treated with chicory water extract (70 mg/kg) for 30 days after fatty liver induction . All animals were scarified after 33 days of the beginning of the experiment. The second group was divided into three subgroups: a) control, b) fatty liver group; that was injected intraperitonealy with oxytetracycline (120mg/kg) for three consecutive days and c) drug protection group; which received chicory for 15 days before induction of fatty liver, then sacrificed after induction of fatty liver (3 days). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Liver specimens were obtained and fixed in 10% formalin for histological study. Results: Fatty liver groups showed high significant increase in serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, ALAT, ASAT, GGT, LDH, urea, creatinine and A/G ratio while total protein, albumin, globulin and HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control group. These biochemical changes were accompanied with histopathological alterations in fatty liver tissue. The treatment with chicory ameliorated most of the evaluated biochemical parameters and improved the induced degenerative histopathological changes. The pre-treatment with chicory before the induction of fatty liver gave some protection against factors that experimentally induced fatty liver. Conclusion: Chicory as diet additive is recommend for fatty liver patients or those people who have hyperlipidemic family history.

Effect of curcuma longa L. on fatty liver induced by oxytetracycline in albino rats.

Background: Curcuma longa has been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic agent. The present investigation aimed at examining the possible potential protective effect of curcuma against oxytetracyclin-induced fatty liver in an attempt to understand its mechanism of action, which may pave the way for possible therapeutic applications. Material and Methods: Albino rats were divided into two major groups, 15 rats for each. The first group was divided into three sub-groups: a) control, b) fatty liver group; that was injected intraperitonealy with oxytetracycline ( 120mg/kg ) for three consecutive days resulting in steatosis and c) curcuma treated group; which was treated with curcuma ( 0.4 % of diet ) for 30 days after fatty liver induction . All animals were scarified after 33 days of the beginning of the experiment. The second group was divided into three subgroups: a) control, b) fatty liver group and c) drug protection group; which received curcuma for 15 days before induction of fatty liver, then sacrificed after induction of fatty liver (3 days). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Liver specimens were obtained and fixed in 10 % formalin for histological study. Results: Fatty liver groups showed high significant increase in serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, ALT, AST, GGT, LDH, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea and creatinine while HDL cholesterol and A/G ratio were significantly decreased compared to control group. Histopathological changes were detected in liver tissue of fatty liver rats. The treatment with curcuma ameliorated the biochemical parameters and histological changes. The pre-treatment with curcuma before the induction of fatty liver also ameliorated the results but they did not turn back to the normal values. Conclusion: It is recommend to using curcuma as diet additive for fatty liver patients or those people who have hyperlipidemic family history.

Suplência vascular do sexto arco costal através dos músculos peitoral menor e serrátil anterior

OBJETIVO: Estudar a suplência vascular do sexto arco costal, através de injeção de corante no segmento da artéria axilar que nutre os músculos peitoral menor e serrátil anterior. MÉTODO: Realizada dissecção de retalho osteomuscular em 20 cadáveres frescos, 19 do sexo masculino e um do sexo feminino, com idade variando de 43 a 60 anos e peso entre 55 a 80kg, contendo os músculos peitoral menor na parte cranial e o serrátil anterior na parte caudal, além da sexta costela na parte distal. Com o retalho elevado e destacado do tórax, e as aderências osteomusculares intactas, foi injetado sob pressão um corante hidrossolúvel - látex azul - na artéria axilar até observar-se a coloração dos vasos periostais. O arco costal foi fotografado com os vasos periostais corados e descalcificado em solução de ácido nítrico a 5% e diluído em formalina a 10% para estudo histológico. RESULTADOS: Em todos os cadáveres dissecados encontramos positividade pelo corante nos vasos periostais, como comprovação histológica. CONCLUSÕES: A presença de corante nos vasos periostais demonstra que esta rota de fluxo sangüínea pode viabilizar um retalho osteomuscular para reconstrução de face e mandíbula.

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM ON WISTAR RAT SPERMATOGENESIS

The effect of neonatal hypothyroidism on spermatogenesis was studied in Wistar rats of different age groups. Hypothyroidism was induced in newborn male rats from day one postpartum up to day 60 postpartum by daily administration of 0.05% methimazole (MMI) to the nursing mothers or directly through drinking water. The animals were killed at days 10, 15, 30, 40, and 60 postpartum, blood plasma was collected, and testes, epididymides, prostates, and seminal vesicles were separated and weighed. Testes were fixed in formalin for histological studies. Plasma testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hypothyroidism significantly reduced seminiferous tubule and lumen diameter. Control rats showed active spermatogenesis whereas in hypothyroid rats, the proliferation and differentiation of germ cells were arrested and their number was decreased. Plasma T, E2, and SHBG levels were significantly decreased at all ages for hypothyroid rats. The absolute weight of testes was decreased irrespective of age (except day 10 postpartum), however ventral, dorsolateral prostate, and epididymis weights were decreased at 30, 40, and 60 days postpartum. Coagulating gland weight was decreased in all age groups of hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroid rats of day 40 and 60 postpartum showed a decrease in absolute seminal vesicle weight. Relative testicular weights of hypothyroid rats decreased by postpartum day 15, 30, 40, and 60 whereas the opposite effect was observed by postpartum day 10. Relative organ weights were increased in epididymides (day 15 and 30 postpartum), seminal vesicles (day 30 and 40 postpartum), and dorsolateral prostates (day 15, 30, and 40 postpartum) and decreased in 10 and 60 day old hypothyroid rat. Ventral prostate relative weight was decreased in 40 and 60 day old rats. The coagulating gland weight was decreased in 10, 15, and 60 days postpartum and an opposite effect was observed in 30 and 40 days hypothyroid rats. The present study clearly indicates that hypothyroidism adversely affects spermatogenesis; it also indicates that thyroid hormones are essential for normal spermatogenesis. Their effect may either be direct or indirect.