Formal Transformation Research Articles

Formal Transformation of Benzylic Carboxylic Acids to Phenols.

Phenols play a crucial role as core structural motifs in natural products and also serve as fundamental building blocks in synthetic chemistry. Apart from the known protocols for the conversion of aryl precursors to phenols (i. e., decarboxylative oxygenation), we report here the efficient synthesis of phenols from the stable and readily available benzylic carboxylic acids under mild reaction conditions. The photocatalytic conversion of carboxylic acids to peroxides is a crucial step in this strategy, allowing the subsequent C-O bond formation via Hock rearrangement.

NHC-Catalyzed Umpolung Driven Intramolecular Cyclizations for the Generation of 3,4-Cycloheptanone Annulated Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives.

In this Letter, we disclose the development and exploitation of umpolung reactivity of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysts in generating tetracyclic indole derivatives with the introduction of a cycloheptane ring forming event. The NHC-catalyzed intramolecular vinylogous Stetter, Stetter, benzoin, and formal cross-dehydrogenative coupling transformations have been executed, enabling the construction of 3,4-cycloheptannulated indole derivatives in good to excellent yields. The developed protocols utilize an inexpensive catalyst and feature operational simplicity, atom economy, gram-scale syntheses, and postsynthetic availability.

KBX: Verified Model Synchronization via Formal Bidirectional Transformation

KBX: Verified Model Synchronization via Formal Bidirectional Transformation

Revisiting Dynamics of Quantum Causal Structures-When Can Causal Order Evolve?

Recently, there has been substantial interest in studying the dynamics of quantum theory beyond that of states, in particular, the dynamics of channels, measurements, and higher-order transformations. Castro-Ruiz et al. pursues this using the process-matrix formalism, together with a definition of the possible dynamics of such process matrices, and focusing especially on the question of evolution of causal structures. One of its major conclusions is a strong theorem saying that within the formalism, under continuous and reversible transformations, the causal order between operations must be preserved. Our result here challenges that of Castro-Ruiz et al.: if one is to take into account a full picture of the physical evolution of operations within the standard quantum-mechanical formalism, then the conclusion of Castro-Ruiz et al. does not hold. That is, we show that under certain continuous and reversible dynamics, the causal order between operations is not necessarily preserved. We moreover identify and analyse the root of this apparent contradiction, specifically, that the commonly accepted and widely applied framework of higher-order processes, whilst mathematically sound, is not always appropriate for drawing conclusions on physical dynamics. Finally, we show how to reconcile the elements of the whole picture following the intuition based on entanglement processing by local operations and classical communication.

When manufacturers turn into digital platform providers: A transformation model to understand the platformization pathway

Platformization has arrived in manufacturing. However, to enter the digital platform business manufacturers need to make a fundamental shift from product thinking to platform thinking. To master this shift, firms have to take the platformization pathway, which describes the process when manufacturers turn into digital platform providers. However, little is known about platformization on the firm level from a transformation perspective. Our study attempts to close this gap and develops a transformation model that frames the platformization pathway when established manufacturers become platform leaders. For this purpose, we adopt the concept of ambidexterity and develop a theoretical framework to conceptualize and investigate the transformation process as a result of sequential transitions and balancing between explorative and exploitative activities. Moreover, we use interviews from 29 large manufacturers and conduct an inductive case study analysis to identify the different stages, the contextual factors and the dynamics of transformation. By combining the theoretical framework and the results of our case study analysis, we develop a formal transformation model that contributes to understanding the manufacturers' platformization pathway. Our results also aim to support manufacturers in designing their strategies so they can turn into leading digital platform providers.

Examining the Interplay between CEPSA’s ESG Performance and Financial Performance: An Overview of the Energy Sector Transformation

This study delves into the financial performance of the Compañía Española de Petróleos, S.A.U. (CEPSA) within the context of the ongoing ESG transformation in the Energy Sector. The primary aim of this research is to understand the critical dimensions essential for evaluating energy companies’ ESG performances. The research assesses the changes in CEPSA’s financial indicators over the last five years (2018–2022). The report uses DuPont analysis to evaluate CEPSA’s environmental and social responsibility performances. The study examines several financial performance metrics, including return on net assets, profitability, and corporate financing structure changes. The methodology of this study comprehensively assesses CEPSA’s sustainable development trajectory and ESG management system. The analysis reveals that CEPSA has consistently improved its sustainable development capabilities over the last five years by establishing a comprehensive ESG management system. While return on net assets and profitability indicators have shown positive trends, the financing structure has changed significantly. Notably, the proportion of debt financing has increased substantially, and there is a slight decline in the net profit margin. The formal transformation in 2020 further influenced increases in liabilities and fixed assets for CEPSA. The study focuses on CEPSA’s sustained improvements in ESG management and the associated shifts in financial metrics, adding originality to the study and offering a nuanced perspective on the evolving landscape of sustainable practices. The study reveals the financial implications of ESG transformation in the energy sector and offers valuable insights for stakeholders. Moreover, this research contributes to the existing literature by employing the DuPont analysis system to explore the intricate relationship between ESG performance and financial indicators in the energy sector.

Issues of the Ancient Near East in Polish Press in the 19th Century – Kłosy [The Ears of Grain Weekly

The Kłosy [The Ears of Grain] Polish weekly magazine (1865–1890) devoted some space to the history of culture, literature, the issues of scientific progress, travels, and descriptions of foreign countries. The paper discusses texts referring to matters of the ancient Near East as published in that journal. It includes a review and analysis of press materials dealing with various themes and includes the following: notes, reviews, announcements, articles, digressive travel reports, fiction, etc. They were presented in the context of the specificity of this kind of press and understanding of 19th-century intellectual needs. The more prominent or characteristic publications are generally discussed, while the summary presents statistical reflections on the distribution and formal transformations.

Transformation of fullerene-like lattices using octagonal defects

There are a number of structurally different fullerene cages with the same number of carbon atoms. For example, 1812 fullerene isomers C60 are possible. To date, many methods for changing the structure of fullerenes (i.e., transformations) have been developed. In this paper, one formal possible transformation is considered. It consists in sequential changes of local sections of the fullerene surface by moving an octagonal defect. A program to demonstrate the transformation of fullerene-like surfaces is described.

Analogies and Relations between Non-Additive Entropy Formulas and Gintropy.

We explore formal similarities and mathematical transformation formulas between general trace-form entropies and the Gini index, originally used in quantifying income and wealth inequalities. We utilize the notion of gintropy introduced in our earlier works as a certain property of the Lorenz curve drawn in the map of the tail-integrated cumulative population and wealth fractions. In particular, we rediscover Tsallis' q-entropy formula related to the Pareto distribution. As a novel result, we express the traditional entropy in terms of gintropy and reconstruct further non-additive formulas. A dynamical model calculation of the evolution of Gini index is also presented.

Effect of Intermediate Path on Post-Wrinkle Initiation of the Multi-Pass Metal Spinning Process: Analysis in the Rotating Reference Frame

The metal spinning process has been observed in recent major investigations carried out using finite element analysis. One interesting idea has proposed simulating a rotating disc for the simulation of the metal spinning process to reduce computational time. The development of this concept is presented in this paper, including the formal mathematical transformation from the inertial frame to the rotating reference frame, specific FEM configurations with mesh sizes based on a minimized aspect ratio, a mesh convergence study, and the application of a feed rate scale. Furthermore, in the context of the rotating reference frame, the flange geometry after wrinkle initiation is investigated, including the number of peaks and their amplitudes. Using this new approach, it was found that the number of peaks gradually increases from two to eight peaks while their amplitude decreases. In the case of severe wrinkles, the number of peaks stays at four while the amplitude increases dramatically. The intermediate path proves capable of increasing the number of peaks while maintaining a low amplitude. These results will make it possible to design new paths, facilitating the production of defect-free spun parts.

Shared Latent Membership Enables Joint Shape Abstraction and Segmentation with Deformable Superquadrics.

Part-level 3D shape representations are crucial to shape reasoning and understanding. Two key sub-tasks are (i) shape abstraction, creating primitive-based object parts, and (ii) shape segmentation, finding partition-based object parts. However, for 3D object point clouds, most advanced methods produce parts relying on task-specific priors, such as similarity metrics and primitive geometries, resulting in misleading parts that deviate from semantics. To address prior limitations, we establish a foundation for joint shape abstraction and shape segmentation as formal linear transformations within a shared latent space, encapsulating essential dual-purpose membership information linking points and object parts for mutual reinforcement. We demonstrate that the transformations are underpinned by a derivation based on k-means, Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), and the attention mechanism. As a result, we introduce Latent Membership Pursuit (LMP) for joint optimization of shape abstraction and segmentation. LMP utilizes a shared latent representation of object part membership to autonomously identify common object parts in both tasks without any supervision and priors. Furthermore, we adapt deformable superquadrics (DSQs) for primitives to capture variable part-level geometric and semantic information. Experiments on benchmark datasets validate that our approach enables mutual learning of shape abstraction and segmentation, and promotes consistent interpretations of 3D object shapes across instances and even categories in a fully unsupervised manner.

A General Method to Access Sterically Encumbered Geminal Bis(boronates) via Formal Umpolung Transformation of Terminal Diboron Compounds.

General methods for the preparation of geminal bis(boronates) are of great interest due to their widespread applications in organic synthesis. While the terminal gem-diboron compounds are readily accessible, the construction of the sterically encumbered, internal analogues has remained a prominent challenge. Herein, we report a formal umpolung strategy to access these valuable building blocks. The readily available 1,1-diborylalkanes were first converted into the corresponding α-halogenated derivatives, which then serve as electrophilic components, undergoing a formal substitution with a diverse array of nucleophiles to form a series of C-C, C-O, C-S, and C-N bonds. This protocol features good tolerance to steric hindrance and a wide variety of functional groups and heterocycles. Notably, this strategy can also be extended to the synthesis of diaryl and terminal gem-diboron compounds, therefore providing a general approach to various types of geminal bis(boronates).

A General Method to Access Sterically Encumbered Geminal Bis(boronates) via Formal Umpolung Transformation of Terminal Diboron Compounds

AbstractGeneral methods for the preparation of geminal bis(boronates) are of great interest due to their widespread applications in organic synthesis. While the terminal gem‐diboron compounds are readily accessible, the construction of the sterically encumbered, internal analogues has remained a prominent challenge. Herein, we report a formal umpolung strategy to access these valuable building blocks. The readily available 1,1‐diborylalkanes were first converted into the corresponding α‐halogenated derivatives, which then serve as electrophilic components, undergoing a formal substitution with a diverse array of nucleophiles to form a series of C−C, C−O, C−S, and C−N bonds. This protocol features good tolerance to steric hindrance and a wide variety of functional groups and heterocycles. Notably, this strategy can also be extended to the synthesis of diaryl and terminal gem‐diboron compounds, therefore providing a general approach to various types of geminal bis(boronates).

Семантический аспект деконструкции морали (на материале немецкого языка)

The study aims to determine the semantic features of the transforming morality and its discourse. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the author’s approach to identifying and describing the semantics of morality and moral discourse, taking into account the most typical collocations of the keyword ‘Moral’ acting as a subject. As a result of the study, it was found that metaphors, metaphtonymies and intertextuality serve as the semantic markers of the transforming morality as a subject in the type of discourse under consideration. The analysis of examples of moral discourse, in which ‘Moral’ acts as a subject, has shown that intertextuality is manifested in the use of precedent phenomena in moral discourse referring to moral issues. Aphorisms can undergo formal transformations and receive occasional components without changing the negative axiological vector of moral discourse. It is determined that the sports metaphor ‘auf der Strecke bleiben’, which is based on the metaphorical model LIFE is A SPORTS COMPETITION, is actualised in moral discourse. The conceptual vector of rivalry reflects the real worldview and the place that morality occupies in it: morality appears as a loser, a player who has lost the race, who has conceded victory to politics, art, profit and economic progress. The metaphtonymies ‘Moral verlangt’, ‘Moral herrscht’ have negative evaluativeness. Metaphors and metaphtonymies in moral discourse emphasise the secondary nature of morality at the present stage of societal development.

Francisco Xavier Baptista’s keyboard works

The Portuguese composer Francisco Xavier Baptista (1741-1797) wrote sixteen keyboard sonatas, two of which are preserved under the name of Francisco Xavier Bachixa. From an analysis based on the Sonata Theory by Hepokoski and Darcy, this study identifies the characteristics of Baptista’s sonatas, as well as his sonata model: a cycle of two movements that ends with a minuet, this being representative of a clear formal transformation. Furthermore, the comparison of the single-movement sonatas indicated by the name Bachixa shows that these were the last works written by the composer and reveals a new formal and stylistic approach to the composition of the Portuguese keyboard sonata in the late 18th century.

Analysing formal transformations in sustainable urban structures in Kufa City, Iraq

Abstract The research discusses the formal transformation in urban structure, all the cities around the world have undergone a series of formal transformations, resulting in radical transformations to their functions. And to calculate this transformation the descriptive analytical method was applied to this research. First, local urban management data and Landsat-9 visual data were used after processing by GIS. Then, the data were processed mathematically based on their engineering sequences. The aims of this research were as follows: to explore the formal transformations in cities, their dimensions and their consequences and impacts; to identify the underlying causes of their occurrence by deriving realistic results from trends in such degrees of transformation; and to reduce the adverse effects and to establish a sustainable urban structure by taking Kufa City as a model. The research covered the following two time periods: 2002-2012 and 2012-2022, as they represent the time during which Kufa City experienced remarkable formal transformation in urban structure as a result of urbanisation and random growth. Different forms of land use were identified, and formal transformations were analysed. The results showed that the largest transformation occurred when the agricultural land transformed into construction land; which was used in different ways than the original intent. The land uses were visualised digitally at high resolution. The transformation in land use led to formal transformations in the city structure, both planned and randomly implemented. The other objective of this research is to address misuse of the city’s infrastructure; however, sustainability was not considered for several reasons. The agricultural land represents the nutritional value of the city as it provides Kufa and nearby cities with agricultural products. It also represents the green barrier as the environmental conduit for the city. This research recommends managing population growth by using basic city schemes of planning and predicting formal transformations. This approach is the basis for transforming city structures by identifying future structural features in sustainable ways.

Prediction of Formal Transformations in City Structure (Kufa as a Model) Based on the Cellular Automation Model and Markov Chains

Prediction of Formal Transformations in City Structure (Kufa as a Model) Based on the Cellular Automation Model and Markov Chains

Dynamics and Control of Satellite Formations Invariant under the Zonal Harmonic Perturbation

A satellite formation operating in low-altitude orbits is subject to perturbations associated to the higher-order harmonics of the gravitational field, which cause a degradation of the formation configurations designed based on the unperturbed model of the Hill–Clohessy–Wiltshire equations. To compensate for these effects, periodic reconfiguration maneuvers are necessary, requiring the prior allocation of a propellant mass budget and, eventually, the use of resources from the ground segment, having a non-negligible impact on the complexity and cost of the mission. Using the Hamiltonian formalism and canonical transformations, a model is developed that allows designing configurations for formation flying invariant with respect to the zonal harmonic perturbation. Jn invariant configurations can be characterized, selecting the drift rate (or boundedness condition) and the amplitude of the oscillations, based on four parameters which can be easily converted in position and velocity components for the satellites of the formation. From this model, a guidance strategy is developed to inject a satellite approaching another spacecraft into a bounded relative trajectory about it and the optimal time for the maneuver, minimizing the total ΔV, is identified. The effectiveness of the model and of the guidance strategy is verified on some scenarios of interest for formations operating in a sun-synchronous and a medium-inclination low Earth orbit and a medium-inclination lunar orbit.

Cumhuriyet Döneminde Valilik Binalarıyla Bağlantılı Kentsel Mekanlarda-Meydanlarda Biçimsel, İşlevsel ve Mekânsal Dönüşümlerin Kamusallık Üzerine Etkileri

Cumhuriyet döneminde kamu binası-meydan ilişkisi bağlamında gelişen kamusal mekan ve meydanlardaki değişim ve dönüşümlerin, valilik binaları ve ilişkili oldukları kentsel mekanlar / meydanlar üzerinden incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışma Cumhuriyet’in başlangıcındaki mevcut 55 ilin valilik binalarıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. Öncelikle illerin eski valilik binaları ve mevcut valilik binalarıyla ilişkili oldukları kentsel mekanlara ve meydanlara ait niteliksel ve niceliksel analizler yapılmıştır. Daha sonra valilik binaları ve yakın çevrelerindeki kentsel mekanlarda / meydanlarda ortaya çıkan biçimsel, işlevsel değişimler, bina-meydan ilişkileri ve kamusallık özelliklerine ait dönemsel bulgular ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre valilik binalarının yerinin değişmemesi ya da değişmesinin kentsel mekanlarda ve bina - meydan ilişkilerinde farklı dönüşümlere ve değişimlere neden olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Cumhuriyet döneminde kentlerin biçimlenmesinde etkili olan kent meydanı - valilik binası ilişkisinin kent merkezlerinde konumlanan ve yeri değişmeyen valilik binalarının yakın çevrelerindeki kamusal mekanların nicelik ve nitelik olarak zenginleşmelerini desteklediği görülmüş, yeri değişen yeni valilik binalarının kent merkezlerinden uzaklaşmalarının kamusal mekan oluşumunu olumsuz yönde etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Issues of the Ancient Near East in Polish Women’s Press in the 19th - and Early 20th Centuries (2) - Bluszcz [Ivy

The Polish magazine for women: Bluszcz [Ivy] (1865-1918) included pieces on the history of culture, literature, issues of scientific progress, travels, and descriptions of foreign countries. This paper discusses texts referring to the ancient Near East as published in Bluszcz. It includes a review and analysis of press materials dealing with various aspects of this heritage: notes, reviews, announcements, articles, digressive travel reports, and fiction, among others.These articles were published in the context of the specific kind of press and former under-standing of 19th Century women’s intellectual needs. The more prominent or characteristic publications are synthetically discussed, while the summary presents reflections of a statistical nature, on the distribution and formal transformations.