Formulation Of Theory Research Articles

Non-Gaussianity from Schwinger-Keldysh effective field theory

We present a systematic treatment of non-Gaussianity in stochastic systems using the Schwinger-Keldysh effective field theory framework, in which the non-Gaussianity is realized as nonlinear terms in the fluctuation field. We establish two stochastic formulations of the Schwinger-Keldysh effective field theory, with those nonlinear terms manifested as multiple non-Gaussian noises in the Langevin equation and as higher order diffusive terms in the Fokker-Planck equation. The equivalence of the stochastic formulations with the original Schwinger-Keldysh effective field theory is demonstrated with nontrivial examples for arbitrary non-Gaussian parameters. The stochastic formulations will be more flexible and effective in studying nonequilibrium dynamics. We also reveal an ambiguity when coarse-graining timescale and non-Gaussian parameters vanish simultaneously, which may be responsible for the unphysical divergence found in perturbative analysis. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Stochastic Arbitrage Opportunities: Set Estimation and Statistical Testing

We provide a formal statistical theory of consistent estimation of the set of all arbitrage portfolios that meet the description of being a stochastic arbitrage opportunity. Two empirical likelihood ratio tests are developed: one for the null that a given arbitrage portfolio is qualified, and another for the alternative that the portfolio is not qualified. Apart from considering generalized concepts and hypotheses based on multiple host portfolios, the statistical assumption framework is also more general than in earlier studies that focused on special cases with a single benchmark portfolio. Various extensions and generalizations of the theory are discussed. A Monte Carlo simulation study shows promising statistical size and power properties for testing the null, for representative data dimensions. The results of an empirical application illustrate the importance of selecting a proper blocking structure and moment estimation method.

Empirical Followership Research Since the Publication of the Formal Theory of Followership by Uhl-Bien et al. (2014) — A Systematic Review

Since Uhl-Bien et al. (2014) presented their Formal Theory of Followership (FTF), followership research has been perceived as an emerging field. However, recent primary studies and reviews show that there is currently no consensus on what followership is and what it is not. To address this lack of clarity and using the lens of Uhl-Bien’s et al. (2014) seminal work, we conducted a systematic review of empirical followership research. To advance followership research, we refine and further develop the criteria for what can and what cannot be classified as a followership study in accordance with the theory. Based on these criteria, we analyze the different approaches to followership that Uhl-Bien et al. (2014) proposed, the methodological approaches, the different measures used, and the studied variables of 89 studies that we included in our systematic review. As a result, we show how empirical followership research has developed since 2014, what has been neglected, and what can be learned from the reviewed studies. Our analysis reveals that FTF provides a valuable theoretical framework to integrate a wide variety of research that contributes to a better understanding of the role of followers and following in leadership. While we find a clear trend toward more pertinent research activity, empirical followership research develops more strongly in terms of number of publications rather than in their quality.

Review of Visual metaphors and aesthetics: A formalist theory of metaphor.

Review of Visual metaphors and aesthetics: A formalist theory of metaphor.

Nonequilibrium quantum probing through linear response

The formalism of linear response theory can be extended to encompass physical situations where an open quantum system evolves toward a nonequilibrium steady state. Here, we use the framework put forward by Konopik and Lutz [] to go beyond unitary perturbations of the dynamics. Considering an open system comprised of two coupled quantum harmonic oscillators, we study the system's response to unitary perturbations, affecting the Hamiltonian dynamics, as well as nonunitary perturbations, affecting the properties of the environment, e.g., its temperature and squeezing. We show that linear response, combined with a quantum probing approach, can effectively provide valuable quantitative information about the perturbation and characteristics of the environment, even in cases of nonunitary dynamics. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Quantum Value Valuation Continuum

Price, cost, and income (PCI) methods are traditionally used to approximate the value state of an economic commodity such as a property. Based on the estimates of these methods, we explore how quantum theory represents the fundamental process of value valuation in practice. We propose that the mathematical formalism of quantum theory is a promising view and measure of economic value. To ground our exploration, we first map traditional PCI estimates onto three-dimensional spherical coordinates, which were then transformed into two-dimensional quantum states using the Bloch sphere. This step enabled the computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian matrix, from which the value state measures were derived. The results exhibit practical applications as well as fundamental insights into potential connections between economic and quantum value states.

Comparative Analysis of Yi Lacquerware Ornamentation in Liangshan and Dafang

This paper explores the evolution of lacquerware ornamentation from traditional to modern expression in two Yi lacquerware regions in China, Liangshan, Sichuan and Dafang, Guizhou, through comparative analysis. Elements from nature, plants, animals and productive life are extracted as the basis of traditional Yi lacquerware ornamentation, focusing on their ornamental nature. However, under the influence of modern civilisation, lacquerware ornamentation has gradually incorporated some creative or modified thematic images, marking a response to the evolving needs of contemporary society. Adopting the sense of order theory and formal analysis theory as theoretical guides, this paper compares the formal characteristics, organisational structure and stylistic expression of lacquerware ornamentation in Liangshan and Dafang, revealing their distinctive visual expressions influenced by culture, history and art.

On Covariant and Canonical Hamiltonian Formalisms for Gauge Theories

The Hamiltonian description of classical gauge theories is a very well studied subject. The two best known approaches, namely the covariant and canonical Hamiltonian formalisms, have received a lot of attention in the literature. However, a full understanding of the relation between them is not available, especially when the gauge theories are defined over regions with boundaries. Here, we consider this issue, by first making it precise what we mean by equivalence between the two formalisms. Then, we explore several first-order gauge theories and assess whether their corresponding descriptions satisfy the notion of equivalence. We shall show that, even when in several cases the two formalisms are indeed equivalent, there are counterexamples that signal that this is not always the case. Thus, non-equivalence is a generic feature of gauge field theories. These results call for a deeper understanding of the subject.

On CCGG, the De Donder‐Weyl Hamiltonian formulation of canonical gauge gravity

AbstractThis short paper gives a brief overview of the manifestly covariant canonical gauge gravity (CCGG) that is rooted in the De Donder‐Weyl Hamiltonian formulation of relativistic field theories, and the proven methodology of the canonical transformation theory. That framework derives, from a few basic physical and mathematical assumptions, equations describing generic matter and gravity dynamics with the spin connection emerging as a Yang Mills‐type gauge field. While the interaction of any matter field with spacetime is fixed just by the transformation property of that field, a concrete gravity ansatz is introduced by the choice of the free (kinetic) gravity Hamiltonian. The key elements of this approach are discussed and its implications for particle dynamics and cosmology are presented. New insights: Anomalous Pauli coupling of spinors to curvature and torsion of spacetime, spacetime with (A)dS ground state, inertia, torsion and geometrical vacuum energy, Zero‐energy balance of the Universe leading to a vanishing cosmological constant and torsional dark energy.

A dynamic systems theory of intrateam conflict contagion.

Recognizing the challenges that conflict poses, organizational researchers have invested considerable energy toward investigating the processes by which conflict occurs and spreads within a team. However, current theoretical frameworks of conflict contagion posit a static growth trajectory in which members become engaged in conflict and stay in conflict. While this trajectory is certainly possible, the broader conflict literature outside of the organizational sciences has shown evidence for a more varied set of potential trajectories of conflict contagion. To advance theory on team conflict, we integrate conflict research from micro-level (interpersonal) to macro-level (interstate) perspectives into a formal theory of intrateam conflict contagion. Drawing from conflict stage and social contagion theory, we theorize that team members move through three stages of conflict (disengaged, at-risk, engaged) at rates determined by four process mechanisms (faultlines, forgiveness, frustration, integration) such that disengaged individuals become at-risk of engaging in conflict, engage in conflict, then disengage, only to potentially become at risk of reengaging at a later point in time. Using computational modeling, we demonstrate the generative sufficiency of our theory to account for conflict trajectories observed in the broader conflict literature. To facilitate the interpretation of such trajectories, we present a typology of contagion trajectories, discuss the dynamic properties of these trajectories (e.g., stability, bifurcations), and provide implications for future theory building and practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cohomology of modified Rota–Baxter Leibniz algebra of weight λ

Rota–Baxter operators have been paid much attention in the last few decades as they have many applications in mathematics and physics. In this paper, our object of study is modified Rota–Baxter operators on Leibniz algebras. We investigate modified Rota–Baxter Leibniz algebras from the cohomological point of view. We study a one-parameter formal deformation theory of modified Rota–Baxter Leibniz algebras and define the associated deformation cohomology that controls the deformation. Finally, as an application, we characterize equivalence classes of abelian extensions in terms of second cohomology groups.

Mass and spectral function of scalar and pseudoscalar mesons in a hot and chirally imbalanced medium using the two-flavor NJL model

We explore the properties of neutral mesons within the context of a chirally imbalanced medium, employing the two-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. The temperature dependence of the constituent quark mass at finite values of the chiral chemical potential (CCP) demonstrates the well-established phenomena of chiral catalysis at lower temperatures and inverse chiral catalysis at higher temperatures. The polarization functions in both the scalar (σ) and pseudoscalar (π0) channels have been evaluated using the real-time formalism of thermal field theory. These have been used to determine the masses and spectral functions of σ and π mesons. Detailed investigation of the analytic structure of the imaginary part of the polarization function for σ and π mesons results in the emergence of nontrivial Landau-cut contributions due to the presence of chiral imbalance. The multiple solutions for the mass of the π meson for specific values of CCP have been analyzed on the basis of their residue at the pole. Furthermore, we have observed abrupt changes in the masses of both scalar and pseudoscalar mesons at finite CCP values, particularly at higher temperatures. A decreasing trend in the Mott transition temperature is seen with the increase in CCP. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Gender Inequality in Galaksi Kinanthi Novel by Tasaro GK

The aims of this research are to identify the types of gender inequality experienced by the main character and to analyze the main character's strategies to free herself from gender inequality. This research uses formalism theory by Boris Tomashevsky and uses Simon de Beavoir’s Existentialist Feminism theory and Mansour Fakih’s Gender Inequality theory for the support theory. The methodology is applied in this research is the qualitative research method to elaborate on the phenomenon that occur. This analysis is supported by the data acquired from journals, theses, books, and novel as the data source. From this research the researcher found there are 4 gender inequality experienced by the main character that are, marginalization, subordination, stereotypes and violence. The researcher also found the main character’s strategies to free herself from gender inequality that are, women can work, women can be intellectual and women can work for the social transformation.

New control strategy to improve power quality using a hybrid power filter

A new control algorithm for a hybrid power filter constituted by a series active filter and a passive filter connected in parallel with the load is proposed. The new control strategy is based on the dual formulation of the vectorial theory of electric power, so that the signal injected by the active filter is able to compensate the reactive power and the harmonics of the load current. To verify the developed theoretical analysis, the control strategy was verified by means of an experimental prototype. The results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm are presented.

CORONA IS AN ATTACK, ELECTIONS ARE BATTLES AND SPORTS IS WAR: UNIVERSALITY OF WAR METAPHOR AND EMBODIMENT OF COGNITION

The human conceptual framework is metaphorical and plays an important role in giving meaning to our everyday reality. The publication of the book Metaphors We Live By (1980) by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson brought out a paradigm shift in the traditional conceptualisation of metaphor as a linguistic, ornamental phenomenon, as they argued that metaphors are conceptual in nature, pervasive in thought and govern our everyday reality. Generally, disease, sports, and elections are presented in terms of war in popular media as well as in other public discourses. Thus, in our discursive domains, the Covid-19 pandemic is often portrayed as an attack, sports competitions are wars, elections are battles, and this conceptualisation makes complete sense to people globally regardless of language or cultural background. This article examines, with recourse to the theoretical formulation of Cognitive Cultural Theory, the reasons for the universality of the war metaphor in popular discourse. The study employs the notions of conceptual metaphors, embodiment of cognition, primary metaphors, and mirror neurons as theoretical tools for the analysis.

Light-front puzzles

Light-front formulations of quantum field theories have many advantages for computing electroweak matrix elements of strongly interacting systems and other quantities that are used to study hadronic structure. The theory can be formulated in Hamiltonian form so non-perturbative calculations of the strongly interacting initial and final states are in principle reduced to linear algebra. These states are needed for calculating parton distribution functions and other types of distribution amplitudes that are used to understand the structure of hadrons. Light-front boosts are kinematic transformations so the strongly interacting states can be computed in any frame. This is useful for computing current matrix elements involving electroweak probes where the initial and final hadronic states are in different frames related by the momentum transferred by the probe. Finally in many calculations the vacuum is trivial so the calculations can be formulated in Fock space. The advantages of light front-field theory would not be interesting if the light-front formulation was not equivalent to the covariant or canonical formulations of quantum field theory. Many of the distinguishing properties of light-front quantum field theory are difficult to reconcile with canonical or covariant formulations of quantum field theory. This paper discusses the resolution of some of the apparent inconsistencies in canonical, covariant and light-front formulations of quantum field theory. The puzzles that will be discussed are (1) the problem of inequivalent representations (2) the problem of the trivial vacuum (3) the problem of ill-posed initial value problems (4) the problem of rotational covariance (5) the problem of zero modes and (6) the problem of spontaneously broken symmetries.

Rhetorical Styles of the Theoretical Framework in Thesis Reports of English Language Education Students: Problems and Suggested Actions

This paper began with concerns about the lacks of sharp rhetorical styles in writing, the methods of citing references, and the formulations of theories and arguments within the conceptual framework in thesis reports written by students of the English Language Education Department. The study was carried out to explain the rhetorical styles of students’ theoretical framework in their thesis report, to reveal weaknesses or the lack of strong arguments in conveying ideas in a straightforward and structured manner, and to suggest actions to prevent the problem form reoccurring in the future. The data were collected from the final project manuscripts written by students of the English Education Study Program, totaling 110 works. The analysis followed the stages of data collection, data display, data reduction and drawing conclusions. The general results of the research showed that the students did not include too many elements of critical thinking in their thesis literature review. In general, they used attribution quite excessively (78%), followed by elements of establishing links between sources (15%), and comparing their own findings or interpretations with other sources 4%. Meanwhile, the elements of application, evaluation, and statement of use had the smallest portion, each 1%. Problems found in the sample were listed based on the comparison between the data and the standard commonly used to regulate the procedure of writing a scientific paper. Recommendations were then formulated which can be used as guidelines for final project writers or any other parties related to writing scientific papers in general; they are training students of the importance of using all rhetorical styles in their citation when preparing a strong conceptual framework.

Theoretical investigation of fluorine-decorated gallium nitride monolayers with vacancy and doping defects

In this manuscript, through the formalism of density functional theory (DFT), we have investigated fluorine-decorated gallium nitride monolayers’ structural stability and electronic properties. We also have introduced vacancy and chemical substitution defects in the decorated structures to expand our investigation, since it is well-known that introducing these defects induces the appearance of notable electronic behaviors. Our results show that adding fluorine to the gallium nitride monolayer increases stability compared to the pristine GaN. In addition, it is possible to verify that the inserting defects in the GaN monolayer fluoride induce remarkable modifications in the energy gap values. Finally, we have shown that an essential property of GaN monolayer is that after fluorine adsorption, such nanostructures become more resistant to redox.

A coupled-mode-theory formulation for periodic multi-element metasurfaces in the presence of radiation losses

We derive a coupled-mode theory (CMT) formulation for the fast analysis of periodic multi-element metasurfaces in the presence of radiation losses. Full-wave simulations of periodic multi-element metasurfaces are very time- and memory-consuming, especially as the size and complexity of the metasurface increase. The CMT formulation provides a considerably faster and efficient alternative. It results in a small system of equations with size equal to the number of supported resonator modes in the frequency range of interest, allowing to calculate the resonator mode amplitudes and, consequently, the metasurface response. Subsequently, we systematically derive analytical closed-form expressions for the coupling coefficients between two weakly coupled resonators in the presence of radiation losses and incorporate them into the CMT model, which is found important for the accurate description of the metasurface, while also providing insight into the underlying physics of complex metasurfaces. We validate the proposed formulation on benchmark examples of both metal- and dielectric-based metasurface absorbers (MSAs) by comparing the CMT results to spectral FEM simulations of the composing supercell. To further demonstrate the potential of the proposed formulation, as a proof of concept, we use the CMT to synthesize a larger optimized periodic multi-element MSA. A comprehensive comparison to full-wave FEM simulations of the composing supercell is included in terms of time and computational requirements, which shows that our method provides a valuable and efficient alternative solver for synthesizing complex metasurfaces.

Modeling the near-field effect on molecular excited states using the discrete interaction model/quantum mechanical method.

Strong light-matter interactions significantly modify the optical properties of molecules in the vicinity of plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Since the dimension of the plasmonic cavity approaches that of the molecules, it is critical to explicitly describe the nanoparticle junctions. In this work, we use the discrete interaction model/quantum mechanical (DIM/QM) method to model the coupling between the plasmonic near-field and molecular excited states. DIM/QM is a combined electrodynamics/quantum mechanical model that uses an atomistic description of the nanoparticle. We extend the DIM/QM method to include the local field effects in the sum-over-state formalism of time-dependent density functional theory. As a test of the method, we study the interactions between small organic chromophores and metal nanoparticles. In particular, we examine how the inclusion of multiple electronic transitions and intermolecular interactions modify the coupling between molecules and nanoparticles. Using the sum-over-state formalism of DIM/QM, we show that two-state models break down when the plasmon excitation is detuned from the molecular excitations. To gain further insight, we compare the simple coupled-dipole model (CDM) with the DIM/QM model. We find that CDM works well for simple systems but fails when going beyond the single molecule or single nanoparticle cases. We also find that the coupling depends strongly on the site of the nanoparticle in which the chromophore couples to. Our work suggests the importance of explicitly describing the cavity to capture the atomistic level local field environment in which the molecule strongly couples to.