Formal Scheme Research Articles

The Simple Bare Necessities: Scales and Paradoxes of Thrift on a London Public Housing Estate

AbstractThis article tracks how a trope of middle-class household thrift, grounded on the autarchic Aristotelianoikos, has long fueled derogatory discourses in Britain aimed at low-income urban residents who practice quite different forms of thrift. Since the 1970s this trope has migrated across scales, proving a potent metaphor for national economic policy and planetary care alike, and morally and economically justifying both neoliberal welfare retraction compounded by austerity policies and national responses to excessive resource extraction and waste production. Both austerity and formal recycling schemes shift responsibility onto consumer citizens, regardless of capacity. Further, this model of thrift eclipses the thriftiness of low-income urban households, which emerges at the nexus of kin and waged labor, sharing, welfare, debt, conserving material resources through remaking and repair and, crucially, the fundamental need for decency expressed through kin care. Through a historicized ethnography of a London social housing estate and its residents, this paper excavates what happens as these different forms and scales of household thrift coexist, change over time, and clash. Ultimately, neoliberal policy centered on an inimical idiom of thrift delegitimizes and disentitles low-income urban households and undermines their ability to enact livelihood practices of sustainability and projects of dignity across generations.

New data on the stratigraphy of the Middle Jurassic siliciclastic rocks from the West Balkan Mountains (West Bulgaria)

The present study is a contribution to the lithostratigraphy of Middle Jurassic strata in the area of the Zimevitsa Plateau (West Balkan Mts, West Bulgaria). Based on its lithological and regional properties, the Dobravitsa Member is distinguished from the surrounding rocks of the Etropole Formation. The new member consists of alternating shales, siltstones and fine-grained sandstones. It also contains abundant siderite and calcite concretions, which are distributed in discrete stratigraphic horizons in both the mudrocks and coarser lithologies. Fossils are extremely rare. Poorly preserved ammonites and belemnites are found only. Based on several ammonite finds, the Dobravitsa Member of the Etropole Formation is assigned to a narrow stratigraphic interval of the lower Bajocian (unlimited, probably lower part of the Witchellia laeviuscula Zone). Although it has restricted lateral distribution, which is exclusively confined to its type-area, the Dobravitsa Member has a proper place in the formal Bulgarian Jurassic lithostratigraphic scheme, as it represents a discernible atypical development of the Etropole Formation in the West Balkan Mts region. Another emphasis of this study is laid on concretions from the Etropole Formation. Besides siderite and calcite concretions, a few examples of iron oxyhydroxide concretions, from localities outside the Zimevitsa Plateau area, are also described. The latter are also an atypical component of the Etropole Formation, which deserves a further special study and systematization, as it implies unknown history of this lithofacies, in both depositional and diagenetic terms.

Affine and formal abelian group schemes on $p$-polar rings

We show that the functor of $p$-typical co-Witt vectors on commutative algebras over a perfect field $k$ of characteristic $p$ is defined on, and in fact only depends on, a weaker structure than that of a $k$-algebra. We call this structure a $p$-polar $k$-algebra. By extension, the functors of points for any $p$-adic affine commutative group scheme and for any formal group are defined on, and only depend on, $p$-polar structures. In terms of abelian Hopf algebras, we show that a cofree cocommutative Hopf algebra can be defined on any $p$-polar $k$-algebra $P$, and it agrees with the cofree commutative Hopf algebra on a commutative $k$-algebra $A$ if $P$ is the $p$-polar algebra underlying $A$; a dual result holds for free commutative Hopf algebras on finite $k$-coalgebras.

Reflecting on the past, present, and future of social security systems in Africa with specific reference to selected countries

The concept of social security is not a new phenomenon to sub-Saharan Africa. Before the introduction of formal social security systems, local communities had their own unique traditional ways of protecting their members from the hazards and vicissitude of life. This paper provides an overview of social security in sub-Saharan Africa. Arguably, high unemployment in the region has contributed towards the rise of the informal sector. Nevertheless, this sector has been precluded from the existing formal social security arrangements. Through an extensive and systematic review of literature on social security, it was established that existing formal social security systems in sub-Saharan Africa are fragmented and lack inclusivity. The findings revealed that the majority of the population is excluded from formal social security schemes because they work in the informal sector. However, the existing formal social security schemes are generally labour-centred and state-regulated. The recommendations include the transformation of existing social security measures to include the informal sector and other vulnerable groups. In light of the low coverage, the social security narrative needs to be revisited. There is a need to integrate and synchronise existing formal social security strategies with traditional social security arrangements in the region.

Cohomologie des courbes analytiques $p$-adiques

Cohomology of affinoids does not behave well; often, this can be remedied by making affinoids overconvergent. In this paper, we focus on dimension 1 and compute, using analogs of pants decompositions of Riemann surfaces, various cohomologies of affinoids. To give a meaning to these decompositions we modify slightly the notion of $p$-adic formal scheme, which gives rise to the adoc (an interpolation between adic and ad hoc) geometry. It turns out that cohomology of affinoids (in dimension 1) is not that pathological. From this we deduce a computation of cohomologies of curves without boundary (like the Drinfeld half-plane and its coverings). In particular, we obtain a description of their $p$-adic pro-etale cohomology in terms of de the Rham complex and the Hyodo-Kato cohomology, the later having properties similar to the ones of $\ell$-adic pro-etale cohomology, for $\ell\neq p$.

Розв’язок оптимізаційних задач структурного розпізнавання на основі їхньої репараметризації

Introduction. The past quarter-century is characterized by the birth of a new scientific direction, formed as a result of combining research in pattern recognition problems and constraint satisfaction problems. These two scientific directions traditionally belong to the problem of artificial intelligence, but they formalize different aspects of intellectual activity. The formation of a single formal scheme that combines these two directions expands and concretizes the concept of machine thinking, on the formalization of which they are oriented, and necessitates the development of new and improvement of known mathematical optimization methods. Objective. Comparison of three currently known polynomially solvable subclasses of the NP-hard class of optimization problems, which constitutes a mathematical formalization of a new scientific direction. Problems of the first subclass are solved by dynamic programming methods, problems of the second subclass are solved by supermodular maximization methods, and problems of the third subclass are solved by methods of equivalent transformation of optimization problems, also known as their reparametrization. Result. The subclass of problems solved on the basis of their reparametrization includes subclasses solved using dynamic programming or supermodular maximization and thus is the most extensive among the three currently known polynomially solvable subclasses. Conclusion. Key moments in the process of formation of a new scientific direction are given.

Theoretical and methodological foundations for modeling the functioning and development processes of regional potential

The most important economic task of the region's development is to develop a model of an effective mechanism for the functioning of the regional aggregate potential based on determining the initial state of the organizational and economic system in terms of opportunities for further development. The solution of this complex task in conditions of limited resources puts in the first place the systemic problem of quantitative and qualitative determination of available resources and management of the state of regional potential at a specific time based on the analysis of two phases: use and production. The theoretical and methodological foundations of modelling the processes of functioning and development of regional potential allow us to develop a mathematical multilevel model that ensures optimal management of the region based on the maximum use of labor, production, technical and investment resources. The logical models of functioning and development of economic potential presented in the article are at the same time its formal scheme fixing cause-and-effect relationships in the system.

Sformalizowana analogia proporcjonalności w ujęciu Józefa Marii Bocheńskiego i jej zastosowanie w dyskursie religijnym

The article presents a formal scheme of the analogy of proportionality formulated by Józef Maria Bocheński. Bocheński applies his theory to religious discourse in order to claim that the meaning of this discourse does not have to be established exclusively in a negative way, in opposition to the claims made by negative theology. The aim of this article is to show that the application of analogy to religious discourse does not work. Bocheński’s theory is criticized in three aspects.Firstly, by adopting the assumptions of the theory of analogy, one can easily prove that some relations considered within religious discourse are indistinguishable, thus leading to confusion. Secondly, analogy as utilized by Bocheński takes only the formal properties of relations into account, making religious discourse almost materially empty. Thirdly, any attempt to treat analogy as an isomorphism of relations results in difficulties with defining the domains of these relations. The conclusion emphasizes one more fact: the analogy of proportionality offered by Bocheński and applied to religious discourse is simply impractical and useless since nobody uses it.

Physical activity disparities across Europe: clustering European regions by health-related physical activity levels.

SummaryIn the context of stagnating global levels of physical activity (PA), this study examines the geographical segmentation of PA at the regional level (196 regions) in Europe. Cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression are applied. Cluster analysis provides a taxonomy of four differentiated groups according to the health-related PA levels of the European regions. This taxonomy shows that there are significant regional disparities among European countries in terms of the regional PA level. The cluster profiles in terms of regional socioeconomic characteristics are described for each group, emphasizing the regional characteristics associated with PA. Regional economic variables, tertiary education and social Internet use are significant variables for characterizing the types of regions. The results emphasize the relevance of a European regional approach for reducing inter-regional PA disparities and improving health through PA in Europe. Practical implications of this research are based on regional European coordination, such as collaborative models of sport infrastructure use, co-financing of inter-regional facilities, mutual physical educational scholar programs and promotion of common inter-regional sport competitions and sporting events. Finally, formal schemes for exchanging of best regional practices to promote health-enhancing PA might increase the perception and the role of PA at the regional level in the European society.

Good Formal Structures for Flat Meromorphic Connections, III: Irregularity and Turning Loci

Given a formal at meromorphic connection over an excellent scheme over a field of characteristic zero, in a previous paper we established existence of good formal structures and a good Deligne–Malgrange lattice after suitably blowing up. In this paper, we reinterpret and refine these results by introducing some related structures. We consider the turning locus , which is the set of points at which one cannot achieve a good formal structure without blowing up. We show that when the polar divisor has normal crossings, the turning locus is of pure codimension 1 within the polar divisor, and hence of pure codimension 2 within the full space; this had been previously established by André in the case of a smooth polar divisor. We also construct an irregularity sheaf and its associated b-divisor , which measure irregularity along divisors on blowups of the original space; this generalizes another result of André on the semicontinuity of irregularity in a curve fibration. One concrete consequence of these refinements is a process for resolution of turning points which is functorial with respect to regular morphisms of excellent schemes; this allows us to transfer the result from schemes to formal schemes, complex analytic varieties, and nonarchimedean analytic varieties.

Informing Stochastic Streamflow Generation by Large-Scale Climate Indices at Single and Multiple Sites

Despite the existence of several stochastic streamflow generators, not much attention has been given to representing the impacts of large-scale climate indices on seasonal to interannual streamflow variability. By merging a formal predictor selection scheme with vine copulas, we propose a generic approach to explicitly incorporate large-scale climate indices in ensemble streamflow generation at single and multiple sites and in both short-term prediction and long-term projection modes. The proposed framework is applied at three headwater streams in the Oldman River Basin in southern Alberta, Canada. The results demonstrate higher skills than existing models both in terms of representing intra- and inter-annual variability, as well as accuracy and predictability of streamflow, particularly during high flow seasons. The proposed algorithm presents a globally relevant scheme for the stochastic streamflow generation, where the impacts of large-scale climate indices on streamflow variability across time and space are significant.

Identification of Key Components of Payment For Ecosystem Services (Pes) Mechanism In Begnas Lake Watershed of Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal

Payment for Ecosystem Service (PES) scheme for certain ecosystem services is being used as a mechanism to provide incentive to suppliers of the services by the beneficiaries. In Nepal, PES like schemes is in practice since a long time, though the discussions on formal PES schemes have recently been started. This study has been carried out at Begnas Lake Watershed (BWS), a Ramsar site, at Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan of Nepal. It aims to understand the perception of local residents towards the implementation of PES scheme in BWS. Furthermore, it also identifies key actors for PES implementation at BWS, their role in PES design and implementation as well as potential payment mechanism for the ecosystem services within the PES scheme at BWS. Finally, institutional structure for PES design and implementation is also presented. The study finds positive perception of local people towards initiating payment mechanism for the use of ecosystem services to ensure environmental conservation and sustainable management of the resources. Both upstream and downstream population favors mix of public/private PES scheme while upstream population favors cash-payment type scheme and downstream population favors the capacity building of upstream communities in conservation efforts. It is also noted that upstream people favor input-based mode of payment and downstream people are inclined towards output-based payments. The study found some ‘PES-like’ practices operational in the watershed. The study recommends the formation of ‘Begnas Watershed PES Advisory and Coordination Committee’ with due participation of identified stakeholders to initiate and institutionalize formal PES mechanism at BWS.

Monetary Institutions and the Emergence of a New Building Type

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Zagreb witnessed the appearance of a new building typology meant to accommodate various sorts of monetary institutions: banks, savings banks, insurance companies and stock exchanges. This paper presents one important early example of that type – the seat of the Croatian Escompte Bank in Zagreb. It was designed in 1898-1899 by the Vienna-based studio Fellner and Helmer for a prominent location at 3 Ilica Street and it heralded the defining features of the new building type, such as the union of diverse facilities within a single structure, imposing architectural features and overall grand appearance, and a highly prominent role in the urban fabric of the city. In particular, it contributed to the definition of a spatial and formal scheme for commercial corner buildings, as the most exposed and attractive segments of downtown city blocks. In that sense it served as a productive model for a number of corner buildings intended for business purposes that were to follow.

Formal Schemes of Rational Degree

Formal schemes in algebraic geometry consist of power series with integer degree, this idea can be naturally carried over to power series with rational degree. In this paper formal schemes with rational degree are constructed. These schemes are non noetherian and thus require slight modification of the standard approach. The first part of the paper constructs non noetherian continuous valuation rings from discrete valuation rings, and these rings are reffered to as ‘eka’ (one in Hindi) rings. These new rings are designed to carry the properties of discrete valuation to continuous valuation faithfully. The second part of the paper constructs non noetherian formal schemes with rational degree and shows their admissibility. The corresponding flatness and coherence is proved. Finally line bundles of rational degree are constructed and their Čech cohomology computed.

Integral p-adic Hodge theory of formal schemes in low ramification

We prove that for any proper smooth formal scheme $\frak X$ over $\mathcal O_K$, where $\mathcal O_K$ is the ring of integers in a complete discretely valued nonarchimedean extension $K$ of $\mathbb Q_p$ with perfect residue field $k$ and ramification degree $e$, the $i$-th Breuil-Kisin cohomology group and its Hodge-Tate specialization admit nice decompositions when $ie<p-1$. Thanks to the comparison theorems in the recent works of Bhatt, Morrow and Scholze, we can then get an integral comparison theorem for formal schemes when the cohomological degree $i$ satisfies $ie<p-1$, which generalizes the case of schemes under the condition $(i+1)e<p-1$ proven by Fontaine-Messing and Caruso.

Mekanisme Perlindungan Sosial Bagi Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) Perempuan Di Hongkong

To fulfill the economic needs through working abroad in order to raise the wind is one of benefit seeks by the woman migrant workers. Migrant workers is protected with formal social protection schemes both in origin and destination countries as stipulated in UU No. 18 tahun 2017 about migrant workers protection article 31. This study aims to apprehend on how is the mechanism of social protection to Indonesian Women Migrant Workers in Hongkong. 12 informants were involved in this study from Indonesian women migrant workers post placement and in placement period. This study founds that donation and inter-family loan among Indonesian women migrant workers were informal social protection mechanism developed by them in Hongkong. In certain condition, the coverage of formal social protection is insufficient to to protect Indonesian women migrant workers. As woman migran workers have solid friendship relations among their group and communities, informal social protection schemes with gotong royong principle helped them when in illness, unemployment, and work injury.

Iconography of the corpse in the public sphere. Presence and absence of the dead body in times of pandemic

In this article, we examine the visual motif of the corpse and its presence in the public sphere in times of pandemic from an iconographic, political and anthropological perspective. Through the analysis of the representation of the dead body in images presented by modern media, we reflect on how the formal and iconographic schemes of presentation of death were transformed following the irruption of the Covid-19 pandemic in March 2020. The pandemic scheme, which is unusual from a political and anthropological perspective, assumes a particular approach to the problem of the representation of the dead body (anonymous body, carrier of a virus), encrypted in a dialectic between systematic omission and censorship and displacement of the representation of death towards the cumulative symmetry of empty pits or coffins that prefigure the corpse to come. Pandemic iconography, often based on science fiction imagery, outlines the dehumanized restlessness of a dystopian future. Under these exceptional conditions, some corpses, which are a priori anonymous, stand out, showing, even in the suspended space of Covid-19, the permanence of structural schemes of violence that must be denounced and fought in the present. With that in mind, we also examine the corpses claimed by Black Lives Matter and their distinctive representations, which are very different from those of the victims of the epidemic. Finally, through these references and based on the media treatment of Diego Armando Maradona’s body, we consider the significance of the return of the iconic corpse to the center of the public sphere, which imposes a regime of extreme visibility and goes beyond the representative limits of pandemic exceptionality.

Societal context-dependent multi-modal transportation network augmentation in Johannesburg, South Africa

In most developing countries, formal and informal transportation schemes coexist without effective and smart integration. In this paper, the authors show how to leverage opportunities offered by formal and informal transportation schemes to build an integrated multi-modal network. Precisely, the authors consider integration of rickshaws to a bus-train network, by taking into account accessibility and societal constraints. By modelling the respective networks with weighted graphs, a graph augmentation problem is solved with respect to a composite cost taking into account constraints on the use of rickshaws. The solution, is based on finding a minimum cost spanning tree of a merged graph. The method is applied in the South African context, in the city of Johannesburg where rickshaws are not yet a significant part of the transportation system. The implications of the study reveal that using non-motorised transportation services is a viable option of improving mobility in the city. The composite cost introduced herein could be used for new routing algorithm including societal, environmental, architectural contexts and commuter experiences through rating.

Informal risk-sharing between smallholders may be threatened by formal insurance: Lessons from a stylized agent-based model.

Microinsurance is promoted as a valuable instrument for low-income households to buffer financial losses due to health or climate-related risks. However, apart from direct positive effects, such formal insurance schemes can have unintended side effects when insured households lower their contribution to traditional informal arrangements where risk is shared through private monetary support. Using a stylized agent-based model, we assess impacts of microinsurance on the resilience of those smallholders in a social network who cannot afford this financial instrument. We explicitly include the decision behavior regarding informal transfers. We find that the introduction of formal insurance can have negative side effects even if insured households are willing to contribute to informal risk arrangements. However, when many households are simultaneously affected by a shock, e.g. by droughts or floods, formal insurance is a valuable addition to informal risk-sharing. By explicitly taking into account long-term effects of short-term transfer decisions, our study allows to complement existing empirical research. The model results underline that new insurance programs have to be developed in close alignment with established risk-coping instruments. Only then can they be effective without weakening functioning aspects of informal risk management, which could lead to increased poverty.

The power of model-fitting kinetic analysis applied to complex thermal decomposition of explosives: reconciling the kinetics of bicyclo-HMX thermolysis in solid state and solution

Thermal decomposition of cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (Bicyclo-HMX) both in solid state and in solution has been studied with a set of thermal analysis methods. Differential scanning calorimetry data obtained at several heating rates were analyzed using the model-fitting kinetic technique using the free open-source THINKS thermokinetic software. The kinetic parameters for a noncatalytic stage of thermolysis in solution are found to be Ea = 168.7 ± 1.4 kJ mol−1, log (A, s−1) = 15.7 ± 0.2, to prove the activation energy agrees with the theoretical prediction of the barrier for N–NO2 bond rupture in BC-HMX molecule. Thermal decomposition of solid BC-HMX is a complex process, typical for explosives. A formal three-step kinetic scheme is proposed, which explains the numerous experimental findings (thermal behavior at various confinement degree, morphology changes under heating) and the previous literature results as well. The first step of the process obeys a third-order nucleation-growth model with the Ea = 186.6 ± 1.2 kJ mol−1 and log (A, s−1) = 16.7 ± 0.3. Overall, the power of the model-fitting kinetic analysis is demonstrated and the extension of the proposed methodology to other energetic materials with complex decomposition patterns is suggested.