Formal Features Research Articles

A makroprudenciális hatóságok jogállása az Európai Unió tagállamaiban

The study examines the main components of the organisational framework for macro-prudential management in the Member States of the European Union. The organisational design of macro-prudential management is a matter for the Member States, which can themselves be grouped into different models. The study first presents the international and EU standards and recommendations on the status of macro-prudential bodies in the Member States, then summarises the basic, theoretically relevant features of the status of macro-prudential bodies in the Member States, presents the analytical methodology of the study and finally analyses the features of the status of macro-prudential bodies in the Member States according to the methodology defined. The study concludes that there is a tendency for the EU macro-prudential body to standardise the basic elements of the status of macro-prudential bodies. However, the process of unification of the content of the institutional framework is still at an early stage and a variety of legal solutions can be identified for each of the substantive aspects. The study concludes that the institutional framework of macro-prudential policy can be described by a coordinated unification of the substantive pillars, with different formal features, but with different legal solutions.

SHARED PAIN, THE WAR AND IDENTITY: PECULIARITIES OF UKRAINIAN LITERARY METAMODERNISM

This article examines specific manifestations of the metamodern structure of feeling and features of metamodern poetics represented in contemporary Ukrainian literature, as well as the influence of the state of war, in which Ukraine has been involved since 2014, on the perception of the universal aesthetic characteristics of metamodernism in the national artistic discourse.The global phenomenon of metamodernism is considered in the article in its connections with the previous modernist and postmodern traditions and in the context of the political and cultural processes of the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21th centuries. While scrutinizing Ukrainian fictional works, we referred to the main contemporary research on metamodernism, post-posmodernism, metamodern structure of feeling, and metamodernist aesthetics but the basis of the literary analysis of Ukrainian texts included mainly the studies by Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker, Alison Gibbons, Seth Abramson, and Greg Dember. On the basis of their research the specific set of traits of the Ukrainian literary metamodernism was developed, including oscillation, hyper-self-reflexivity, open potentiality as a spatiotemporal characteristic of the artistic worlds, eccentricity of characters («quirky»), ironesty, return of metanarratives (notably, metanarrative of the Ukrainian national identity), attention to influence of media on the identity shaping, imitation of the formal features of postmodernism, the cultivation of immersion in someone else’s felt experience (a «need for a we»), adherence to the ideas of transhumanism and the Anthropocene, cautious optimism and normcore. Despite the unique historical background of the formation of Ukrainian metamodernism (in particular, the persistent attempts of re-colonization of Ukraine by russia during the period of the State Independence, three revolutions and the current war), the key features of this phenomenon in Ukrainian literature are considered to be a «need for a we», hyper-selfreflexivity, and awareness of the importance of a person’s connection with the community.

გვარის გრამატიკული კატეგორიისათვის მეგრულ-ლაზურში

Verbal voice is topical not only from the Kartvelian but also from a general linguistics viewpoint. It is discussed differently in the European and the Georgian linguistic literature. In Georgian, e.g., voice is considered as a lexical-grammatical (A. Shanidze), morphological (A. Chikobava), syntactic-morphological (B. Jorbenadze) or semantical (D. Melikishvili) category. The issue of establishing systems of opposition in the category of voice is also controversial and topical. Such unresolved problems related to verbal voice require a new understanding of the category and approaches that take into account the specifics of the given research language.In Megrelian-Laz, voice is considered as a grammatical category and according to their morphosyntactic behaviour, two voices are distinguished: The type R-AUX as in avǯiluġi ikips ‘does hunting (= hunts)’ is characteristic only of Laz. It is created as an analogy to Turkish formations (avcılık etmek).The present classification is based on a structured database of verb forms created by the author, which comprises up to 10,000 entries. Directly transitive, indirectly transitive, and intransitive forms of active semantics are grouped together in the database (Laz: o-xvec’-ap-s ‘begs’, Megr: u-per-u-an-s ‘is affectionate to sb/sth’, Zan: ġarġal-ap-s / ragad-an-s ‘speaks’): According to their formation, two types of passives can be distinguished in Megrelian-Laz: independent and conversive.A passive is independent if it is not derived from an active stem via conversion. However, according to the nature of passive, its formation can also be secondary; in particular, in most forms it is based on nominal stems (cf. Zan xomu ‘dried’ > xomu-u-n ‘gets dry’, Laz č’itoni ‘reddish’ > Megr. č’iton-d-u-n ‘gets reddish’). This is why the present author strictly differentiates voice and transitivity. From the category of voice, she separates reflexives of more archaic formation (e.g. i-gurgin-u-n ‘it thunders’, i-rdgabal-u-n ‘talks a lot of rubbish’) which often cause confusion.The typological analysis of Zan verbal forms confirms that, structurally, Megrelian-Laz and Georgian belong to the same type although the formal characteristics of the voice category developed independently in Zan. The patterns can even be different between Megrelian and Laz, but in most cases, content and grammatical form are in complete harmony with each other in Zan. The morphology of Megrelian and Laz is much more regular than that of Svan and Georgian.Despite the high degree of correspondences, grammatical voice cannot be regarded only as a lexical property of a given verb since the verbal voices do not include all realisable forms in Megrelian-Laz. Voice permits the classification of verbs and their division into two categories only according to grammatical (or morphosyntactical) properties.

Wood-off-cuts as a creative resource: A metaphorical reflection on “The Ruler and The Ruled” sculpture project

As a process-oriented studio exploration, “The Ruler and the Ruled” is a generic name of a body of work that engages a joinery method to upcycle wood-off-cuts. It creates visual imagery that metaphorically interprets the consequences of Nigeria’s socio-political settings. Genesis of Disintegration is an art piece selected for discussion. It conceptually addresses the plights of the downtrodden. The use of wood offcuts effectively exploits upcycle in a creative interpretation of joinery processes distinct as practised by other artists. This reflection attempts to validate how wood offcuts form part of the ongoing dialogue of the downtrodden. Focusing on joinery and its aesthetic effects, emerging forms are metaphorically interpreted while their formal features are conceptually analyzed using theories and models of visual social semiotics. Significant socio-political issues were raised that addressed the plight of the downtrodden and its implications.

“CHTO ZH! STAKAN DERZHA VINA // VYP’IEM ZA...”: ABOUT DERZHAVIN IN RUSSIAN POETRY

The article deals with mentions of the name of Gavriil Derzhavin in Russian poetry in 1790-2023. In the poems, the singer of Felitsa appears not only as an outstanding original poet, but also as a lover of truth, a statesman, a representative of the Catherine the Great era, and finally, a friend and acquaintance of his peers and the idol of the young Pushkin and Delwig. In later texts, the image of the real Derzhavin, as we know him from sources, including autobiographical Notes, becomes more and more blurred. Some hypostases of Derzhavin attract poets more often (poet and statesman), others are much less common (a friend of some of his contemporaries), some are not mentioned at all (literary theorist or the author of the mentioned Notes). Such a choice also influences the formation of the image of the poet among the general readers (for example, in the 20th century, one of the favorite plots is the description of the meeting between Derzhavin and Pushkin at the Lyceum, which is clearly related to the importance of this episode in Pushkin’s biography, but not in that of “old Derzhavin”), and among other poets. Avant-garde poets represent Derzhavin in their texts in their own way. Very few poets pay attention to the formal features of Derzhavin’s poems. Sometimes voluminous quotes from his work are included in poems by later authors (for example, by K. Ryleev and K. Simonov). A new poem by German Lukomnikov, lines from which are included in the title of this work, is considered separately: Derzhavin’s name is not mentioned in the text, the poet’s unspoken surname is encrypted in a compound rhyme.

NATIONAL ACADEMIC ASSOCIATIONS OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS AS PARTICIPANTS OF HISTORICAL POLITICS IN THE USA

The aim of the study is to examine the activities of professional academic associations in the U.S., which are close to the memory institutions in Europe. The author examines the role of professional associations as memory institutions in the development of memorial culture through the representation of the past in contemporary politics, its reflection in public and public spaces of American society. The novelty of the study lies in the comparison of institutions that determine the main vectors and trajectories of historical policy as memory policy in the United States. The article analyses the problems of the activities of institutionalized actors of collective memory policy in the U.S., including the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians and the Southern Historical Association. It hypothesizes that these groups can shape civil society versions of collective memory as alternatives to politically motivated use of the past by political elites. The article deals with the institutional and formal features of historical politics in the United States, the participation of historical associations in memorial conflicts and “memory wars”, issues of politicization of history and the academic community’s attempts at forming a canon of historical collective memory which is formally free from ideological influences. The activities of professional historical associations have supposedly been a factor in the development of revisionism in the interpretation of the history of the American South and the Confederate States of America. Therefore, the author considers the role and responsibility of American historians as public intellectuals who shaped compromise versions of memorial culture that contributed to the consolidation of society. The article highlights the contribution of professional historical associations as memory institutions to the development of mnemonic spaces of American society and its memorial culture. It analyses the attempts of American historians to preserve the “purity” of academic research in the context of the growing ideologization and instrumentalization of history by ruling elites. The research results suggest that memory institutions are an important factor in the development of contemporary identities in the United States in the context of revision of the past and the formation of new or alternative memorial canons in American political culture.

W którym pułku służył Piotr Niewiadomski – bohater Soli ziemi Józefa Wittlina?

A COMMENT ON THE ATTEMPTS TO IDENTIFY PIOTR NIEWIADOMSKI’S REGIMENTThe 2022 Polish critical edition of Józef Wittlin’s World War One novel, Salt of the Earth, features a footnote where the editor unequivocally identifies the main protagonist’s military unit as the Austro-Hungarian 55th Infantry Regiment, based on the initial letter of the unit’s Colonel-in-chief ’s name mentioned by the author. This aligns with the 1991 edition, which previously identified him as Nicholas I of Montenegro. With publications on the Austro- -Hungarian army now more widely accessible, the new editor enumerates the regiment’s characteristics and briefly outlines its history. However, other pertinent details scattered throughout the novel, such as the unit’s recruiting district (Śniatyn in Eastern Galicia), its garrison town (Stanisławów), and facing colour (orange), are completely disregarded. This article aims to demonstrate that, when considered collectively, these clues lead to the conclusion that Wittlin’s portrayal of the unit is entirely fictitious. The writer not only fails to mention the regiment’s number (replacing it with “X”) but also presents its mutually exclusive formal characteristics. It can be inferred that the author either could not present the unit consistently or, more likely, intentionally did so to prevent readers from associating it with any actual place and people. This conclusion is drawn from scrutiny of official printed sources in German, along with fundamental Austrian and Polish publications.

The importance of online customer reviews characteristics on remanufactured product sales: Evidence from the mobile phone market on Amazon.com

Remanufactured products have emerged as an important option for achieving sustainable development, which is crucial to the success of the circular economy. Consequently, it is necessary to investigate the influence of online customer reviews on remanufactured product sales, an aspect that has not been well understood in current research. In this study, we employed natural language processing methodologies, analyzing over 50,000 reviews from 2020 to 2021 on Amazon.com to explore the impacts of online customer reviews on remanufactured product sales. The findings indicate that the formal characteristics of online customer reviews, that is, review length and review valence have positive influences on remanufactured product sales. Furthermore, the content characteristics of online customer reviews, including the volume and valence of product usability, product service quality, and product cost performance, positively promote remanufactured product sales. Additionally, this study reveals three emotional characteristics of online customer reviews that significantly influence remanufactured product sales. Specifically, contentment and surprise positively affect remanufactured product sales, while anger negatively affects remanufactured product sales. The findings of this study provide useful insights for remanufactured product sellers to manage online customer reviews and develop marketing strategies.

Folklore genre designation among the Manden peoples

In this article I deal with the problem of division into genres and genre designation in the oral tradition of the Bamana, Maninka, and Dyula. These people belong to the Manden or Mandinka, Mandingo peoples (Mali, Guinea, and Burkina Faso). For comparison, the names of similar genres among the Dogon are also given, as the Dogon consider themselves a Manden people, even though their languages do not belong to the Mandé language family. Both expeditionary materials and written sources were used. Almost all the words related to genre formation were recorded, and a description of the genres themselves was given. It was interesting to understand what features are important for choosing genres for Manden peoples. Due to cultural characteristics and historical development, the generally accepted division into genres is not entirely suitable for the Manden peoples and forms a “Procrustean bed” for their subdivision. First of all, the degree of ‘seriousness’ of the genre is important, that is, its significance for tradition: ‘true’ texts are opposed to fictional ones. The degree of rituality of the folklore text is also significant. Restrictions on the performance of texts are associated with the ability to control the occult power of nyama energy. An important role in this is played by the presence of the griot tradition. Also, a formal feature plays a role in defining various folklore genres.

Recognition algorithm for cross-texting in text chat conversations

As the development of the Internet and IT technology, short-text based communication is so popular compared with voice based one. Chat-based communication enables rapid, short and massive exchange of message with many people, creates new social problems. ‘Cross-texting’ is one of them. It refers to accidentally sending a text to an unintended person during the concurrent conversations with separated multiple people. Cross-texting would be a serious problem in languages where respectful expressions are required. As text-based communication is getting popular, it is a crucial work to prevent cross-texting by detecting it in advance in languages with honorifics expression such as Korean. In this paper, we proposed two methods detecting a cross-text using a deep learning model. The first model is the formal feature vector, which models dialog by explicitly defining the politeness and completeness features. The second one is the grpah2vec based ChatGram-net model, which models the dialog based on the syllable occurrence relationship. To evaluate the detection performance, we suggest a generating method for cross-text datasets from a actual messenger corpus. In experiment we show that both proposed models detected cross-text effectively, and exceeded the performance of the baseline models.

Analysis of compound nouns containing the word "Alp" in Mahmud Kāshgarī's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Mahmud Kāshgarī is a significant work in the study of linguistics and literary works from the 11th century AD. It covers cultural, social, political, geographical subjects, and the use of compound words such as "Alp" is prevalent throughout the book. The work is considered unique among the Turk nation from a scientific, historical, and linguistic point of view. The Kāshgarī's linguistic view, the introduction of words, grammatical rules, and phonetic features of Turkic languages are examined in this book. The work was written during the reign of the Khaqani Turks, and it reflects the use of specific old Turkish nouns by members of the nobility. For example, each member of the nobility had old Turkish nouns like: Tegin çağr, Tegin küç, Qutluğ Tegin, Tegin kömüş, Tuğ Tegin, börı Tegin, Toŋa Tegin, Arsalan Tegin, tuğrul Tegin, Yenal Tegin, Qara Tegin. The Khaqan kings also used the word "Öge(üke) Tegit" to refer to their youngest children and individuals removed from their positions. The book analyzes the structure of compound nouns with the word "Alp", such as "Alp Aya", "Alp Er Toŋa”, "AlpAağut", and "AlpTegin", using the library method. The semantic and formal features of these compound nouns are also examined, drawing on reliable scientific sources and data from Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. Overall, this research provides a detailed examination of the linguistic and historical significance of Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk.

Form and Substance in EU Competition Law

Discussions around formalism have made a comeback in the competition law community. This paper seeks to clarify, first, what term means – and does not mean. It is, in essence, an approach to the identification and the evaluation of the lawfulness of practices that relies on their formal features – and their formal features alone. Formalism should not be conflated with, inter alia, the ‘by object’ treatment of conduct and with the use of legal categories (which are a necessity). Second, the paper shows that the Court has consistently placed substance above form in its case law – as cases like Super Bock and Slovak Telekom show. On the other hand, competition authorities appear to favour formalism. The tension between the Court’s and authorities’ favoured approaches might be a source of legal uncertainty and might result in the fragmentation of the legal system along several dimensions. Formalism, effects-based approach, restrictions by object, legal categories, resale price maintenance, refusal to deal

Verbal Charms in a Nineteenth Century Swedish Book of Magic

This article deals with the analysis of a Swedish magic book dating back to the second half of the nineteenth century which I came across during a fieldwork in northern Sweden. The book consists of magical remedies and verbal charms for healing physical distress in humans and livestock, averting evil influences, and protecting against bewitchment. It represents a practical manual containing non-canonical words of power, whose purpose was the provision of verbal magical instruments for coping with everyday human problems, especially health-related issues. The article gives an overview of its content, introducing a healer and his healing methods, and publishes six charms from the book, together with translations into English. In terms of content, my attention is focused on the verbal charms, their formal features and narrative motives. Following earlier studies on the charm genre, I will characterise the charms from a structural and semantic standpoint. Concerning their textual and oral tradition, I aim to examine whether they can be located in the Swedish charm tradition and whether they present variation with other similar texts. As we shall see, they are texts which cross many borders: canonical / non-canonical, folk beliefs / Christian worldview, supernatural / natural.

Construction and Statistical Analysis of Discourse Cohesive Components in Modern Chinese

In discourse semantic analysis, the primary focus lies on cohesive elements that maintain discourse coherence. Additionally, attention is given to referring components and topic description structures that facilitate articulation. Various terms are used to refer to these cohesive elements, such as connecting components, logical connectives, relational words and cohesive components. However, there is a lack of unified terminology. The concept of cohesive components has been proposed before. In prior research, it primarily encompassed connectives, discourse markers and tone words, all of which contribute to discourse coherence. However, these definitions were relatively imprecise, and previous studies did not systematically categorize discourse cohesive components based on specific semantic functions. Consequently, they were inadequate for chapter-level semantic analysis. This paper extends the definition and scope of cohesive components based on existing research. It categorizes cohesive components according to both their formal characteristics and semantic functions. We extract cohesive components from the BLCU-CST tree bank, filter them based on specific scope and definition, and summarize a total of 247 logical connectives, 118 discourse connective markers and six types of numerical sequence connectives. In terms of semantic function, we analyze the distribution of 14 different logical-semantic relations that cohesive components indicate within discourse. This analysis not only enriches the understanding of discourse semantics for natural language comprehension but also offers valuable insights for linguistic ontology research.

On the Phraseology of Chinese College Student Oral English in Public Speaking

Prior investigations of phraseology have systematically researched the teaching and learning of phraseology in EFL setting. Nevertheless, little research has been done specifically on the phraseology of Chinese college student oral English in public speaking. This study sets out to study the formal and functional features of phraseology in a self-built corpus containing 300 speeches delivered by Chinese college students by comparing them against those of native speakers. It has been found that the overall use of phraseology by Chinese college students bears a resemblance to that by native speakers across the four structural types of chunks, including polywords, phrasal constraints, institutionalized expressions and sentence builders. On the other hand, Chinese college students show some unique features in the use of phraseology, including the lack of diversity and the over-reliance on some chunks, etc. The findings of this study also provide significant pedagogical implications for teaching spoken English, especially English public speaking.

Xavier Guillén: Poesía domesticada

The emerging poetry of Xavier Guillén represents an interesting case in the perpetuation of a poetic school that, particularly at an institutional level, has generally been hegemonic in the Spanish literary field from the eighties to nowadays. This article attempts a brief stylistic analysis of the texts from his second book, Amo de casa (2021), revealing his reproduction of the main formal characteristics and his reformulation of the aesthetic-ideological postulates of the tradition of the so called poetry of experience in the Spanish literary field. It particularly emphasizes what Xavier Guillén’s literary work has both of continuity and individuation against that trend. To achieve that, the reader is provided with an introductory presentation about the origins of this school, as well as its main ideas about literary creation: model of poem, method of writing by taking emotional distance, the objectification of the poetic subject, and its concept of poetry as a genre of fiction. Among other things, this paper discusses the internal structure of poetry books, the issue of literature as a professional activity (the idealistic versus the mundane notions of poetry), and the prominence of familial relationships in the second book of this –now not so young– emerging poet.

비하의 의미를 지니는 ‘-탱이’ 파생어

The purpose of this paper is to explain the semantic and formal characteristics of ‘taeng-i'. ‘taeng-i’ is widely used as a suffix in ‘pejoration’. However, aside from the meaning ‘pejoration’, it is also used in ‘emphasis’, even for ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’, presenting positive connotations. Like so, the meaning of ‘taeng-i’ can include from ‘pejoration’ and ‘emphasis’ to ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’ because of their commonality in which the speaker uses such words to evaluate a subject. On the other hand, the most reasonable explanation of how the term ‘taeng-i’ was created is that it derived from diminutive. This is to say, from a cross-linguistic perspective, diminutives also include meaning from ‘pejoration’ and ‘emphasis’ to ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’. Moreover, there is an important factor to consider that ‘taeng-i’ shares the base with other similar suffixes in its form and meaning such as ‘ttaeng-i, pang-i, tung-i, ‘jab-i, jaeng-i, tae-gi, du-la-ji, dung-a-li, and dung-i’ to form synonyms.

빅데이터 분석기법을 활용한 치유농업 관련 조례 분석

This study was conducted to analyze ordinances related to healing agriculture using text mining. As a method, data was collected using Python using data provided by the National Law Information Center, and 84 healing agriculture ordinances operated by local and basic organizations were analyzed. Four analysis techniques were utilized, and first, the word cloud analysis showed that 'commissioner' and 'committee' were most frequently mentioned. This indicates that commissioners who are experts in healing agriculture play an important role in the implementation of healing agriculture ordinances. Mention of local government leaders such as 'mayor, county governor' was high, confirming that they select and empower commissioners. Next, the N-gram analysis showed that 'foster -> support' had the highest connection strength. This indicates that support is being provided in various ways, including research and development related to healing agriculture, necessary facilities, and human resource training. In the topic modeling analysis, 'experts' was the highest. It is judged to be important to train experts so that healing agriculture can be continuously activated. The CONCOR analysis showed that 'committee' had the highest connection strength and clustering, and it was confirmed that members with expertise and experience in healing agriculture formed a committee to contribute to its revitalization. Finally, as a limitation of the study, it is difficult to interpret the specificity of healing agriculture because the analysis is likely to be based on the formal characteristics of legal documents. However, it is judged to be of great significance that the study was conducted in a situation where there is a lack of ordinance research using text mining.

Energy governance in China: A mixture of democratic environmentalism and authoritarian environmentalism

AbstractThis paper challenges the conventional wisdom that environmental governance in China is a typical example of authoritarian environmentalism. By analyzing the case of energy governance, it indicates that China has become aware that energy and environmental issues are inter‐related and complicated and that more diverse and multi‐level solutions are required to reach increasingly ambitious national goals. In the context of ongoing state reform, local governments, enterprises, and civil society have played more active roles during the process of policy formulation and implementation. But meanwhile, the central government is tightening regulation and supervision to reduce non‐compliance with its energy initiatives and to safeguard national security and social stability. Therefore, energy governance in China has displayed a mixture of democratic and authoritarian elements. The state can adopt different measures based on the specific situation it faces and the final outcome it wants to reach. More broadly, this case reveals that there is no simple relationship between the regime type and its corresponding energy governance model. The study of environmental politics should not be confined to the examination of formal institutional features but also needs to take concrete practices in every country into account.

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЯ МОРФОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗМІСТУ У МІСТОБУДУВАННІ

Morphological content is a fundamental concept denoting the formal and essential aspects of objects in the realm of morphology. Such a concept encourages a multifaceted analysis and understanding of the form and structure capable of embracing elements in the surrounding world. In the context of urban planning, morphological content serves as a crucial tool for analyzing and interpreting the formal expression of a city and its structural elements. It encompasses the collection of things, connections, attributes, properties, and processes that define the substantive aspects of urban structure and are within the purview of morphology. To specify the nature and domain of knowledge enrichment, ontological foundations of morphological content related to understanding its essence and association with morphology as a form of scientific knowledge are considered. It is established that to study morphological content, it is necessary to depart from the essential characteristics of the formal properties of the object and rely on scientifically grounded theoretical and methodological principles of morphology established in other fields of knowledge, such as biology and philology. To investigate morphological content in urban planning, a methodological concept is formulated in the form of three axioms. The first axiom indicates that a city should be regarded as a static system with a structural feature that captures unchanging formal characteristics at a particular moment in time, based on the formal properties of systemic integrity. The second axiom states that the carrier of morphological content in a city is the material structure expressed by a multitude of elements interacting in a specific order, revealing systemic properties complemented by essential formal features. The material structure of a city is formed by a set of elements and components within the framework of urban planning, contingent upon various factors at the levels of their external and internal manifestations. The third axiom concerning the morphological nature of the material structure of a city, which represents the ability to possess a set of formal characteristics characterizing limitations, organization, adaptability, development, complexity, and maturity, reflects the substantive boundaries of morphological knowledge within the scope of morphology.