Word Form Research Articles

Dissociation of reading and naming in ventral occipitotemporal cortex.

Lesions in the language-dominant ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) can result in selective impairment of either reading or naming, resulting in alexia or anomia. Yet, functional imaging studies that show differential activation for naming and reading do not reveal activity exclusively tuned to one of these inputs. To resolve this dissonance in the functional architecture of the vOTC, we used focused stimulation to the vOTC in 49 adult patients during reading and naming, and generated a population-level, probabilistic map to evaluate if reading and naming are clearly dissociable within individuals. Language mapping (50 Hz, 2829 stimulations) was performed during passage reading (216 positive sites) and visual naming (304 positive sites). Within the vOTC, we isolated sites that selectively disrupted reading (24 sites in 11 patients) or naming (27 sites in 12 patients), and those that disrupted both processes (75 sites in 21 patients). The anteromedial vOTC had a higher probability of producing naming disruption, while posterolateral regions resulted in greater reading-specific disruption. Between them lay a multi-modal region where stimulation disrupted both reading and naming. This work provides a comprehensive view of vOTC organization-the existence of a heteromodal cortex critical to both reading and naming, along with a causally dissociable unimodal naming cortex, and a reading-specific visual word form area in the vOTC. Their distinct roles as associative regions may thus relate to their connectivity within the broader language network that is disrupted by stimulation, more than to highly selective tuning properties. Our work also implies that pre-surgical mapping of both reading and naming is essential for patients requiring vOTC resections, as these functions are not co-localized, and such mapping may prevent the occurrence of unexpected deficits.

Turkish Nephrology on the Centenary of the Republic

After the establishment of the Turkish Republic on October 29, 1923, the main targets in the field of health were determined as combating contagious diseases, increasing the number of physicians and healthcare personnel, improving the interregional distribution of physicians, giving women the right to receive medical education, and granting only Turkish citizens the right to practice medicine (except formerly working foreign physicians and those working in hospitals established by foreign states). Modern medical education was introduced in the Ottoman Empire with the “Tıphane ve Cerrahhane-i Amire (Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane)” school opened on March 14, 1827. After the implementation of the University reform in Turkey in 1933, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine became one of the most important centres in Europe with the contributions of well-known foreign scholars and Turkish faculty members. After World War II, the first medical school of the republican era was opened in Ankara in 1945. This article provides a chronological review of the developments in Turkish nephrology during the Republican period.

An AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION ERROR MADE BY STUDENTS AT THE SIXTH SEMESTER OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT IN IKIP MUHAMMADIYAH MAUMERE

The research aims to describe the kinds of translation errors made by Students at the Sixth Semester of English Department in IKIP Muhammadiyah Maumere. The method used in the research was descriptive qualitative. The subject of the research was the sixth semester students from English Department. The translation text consisting of 1 paragraphs (source texts) and all of it’s’ translations in English (the target texts) were used in the research to find out the translation errors. Then the researchers classified them into 5 kinds of translation errors according to Vilar et al. (2006, p. 698). The results of the research revealed that there were 241 translation errors found in students’ translation. There were translation errors in the form of incorrect word (35, 6%), punctuation (11, 6%), missing word (30, 7 %), word order (15, 3%), and unknown words (6, 6%). In conclusion, the three most prominent error categories made by the students were incorrect word, punctuation and missing word errors.

Fostering retention of word learning: The number of training sessions children retrieve words positively relates to post-training retention.

During vocabulary instruction, it is important to teach words until their representations are robust enough to be retained. For adults, the number of training sessions a target item is successfully retrieved during training predicts the likelihood of post-training retention. To assess this relationship in children, we reanalyzed data from Gordon et al. (2021b, 2022). Four- to six-year-old children completed six training days with word form-object pairs and were tested one month later. Results indicate that the number of training sessions that a word form was retrieved was positively related to post-training retention. We discuss implications for vocabulary instruction and interventions.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Discovery Learning terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA

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TABOO IN BALINESE LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN MUNDEH VILLAGE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Study This aims To identify ( 1) taboo words, (2) forms of taboo words, and (3) references used in public Village Mundeh, Tabanan. Study This uses the qualitative descriptive. The data type uses primary data instrument study as a table sheet. The deep data collection study technique uses interviews with three original people, Villagin e Mundeh, with criteria that have been set. Procedure Data analysis begins with data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and writing a conclusion. Research data in the form of a taboo word in the environment Narayanan, pawing, palemahan, form taboo, and a reference from taboo the. Study This adopts a theory from Frazer (1955), which discusses taboo names and words, and a theory from Montagu (1973), which discusses oath swear. Results show that 5 data were found in the environment parhyangan, 5 in the environment palemahan, and 32 in the environment pawongan. For taboo Names, 6 data were found for words, 13 for swearing words, and reference to taboo is appropriate with theory from Laksana (2009) found data for 12 references. The conclusion from the study This shows that the most data found in the environment pawongan as many as 32 words.

WACANA KRITIS SARA MILLS DALAM KASUS KDRT LESTI KEJORA PADA AKUN INSTAGRAM @LAMBETURAH_OFFICIAL

The purpose of this study is to describe the position of the subject and the position of the reader in the post on the @lambeturah_official Instagram account. This study uses a critical discourse analysis approach to media texts. To answer the research problem, the feminist theory initiated by Sara Mills is used. This research method uses qualitative methods and descriptive approaches. This type of research is literature, namely research where data is taken mainly from the literature (books, documents, articles, reports, newspapers, and so on). The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences on Instagram social media that discuss the cases of domestic violence against Lesti and Rizky Billar. The data source in this study is the Instagram account @lambeturah_official which reports on the Lesti Kejora domestic violence case. The results of the study used Sara Mills' critical discourse analysis on the Instagram account @lambeturah_official showing Lesti Kejora as a woman's position (subject) and also from the reader's point of view raises concern for Lesti as a victim of domestic violence.

Mechanisms of long-term repetition priming in recognising speech in noise

ABSTRACT Recognition of speech in noise is facilitated when spoken sentences are repeated a few minutes later, but the levels of representation involved in this effect have not been specified. Three experiments tested whether the effect would transfer across modalities and languages. In Experiment 1, participants listened to sets of high- and low-constraint sentences and read other sets in an encoding phase. At test, these sentences and new sentences were presented in noise, and participants attempted to report the final word of each sentence. Recognition was more accurate for repeated than for new sentences in both modalities. Experiment 2 was identical except for the implementation of an articulatory suppression task at encoding to reduce phonological recoding during reading. The cross-modal repetition priming effect persisted but was weaker than when the modality was the same at encoding and test. Experiment 3 showed that the repetition priming effect did not transfer across languages in bilinguals. Taken together, the results indicate that the facilitated recognition of repeated speech is based on a combination of modality-specific processes at the phonological word form level and modality-general processes at the lemma level of lexical representation, but the semantic level of representation is not involved.

Incidental Vocabulary Learning through Captioned Videos: An Experimental Study among Moroccan EFL Middle School Learners

The current experimental study aims to investigate the impact of watching captioned videos on incidental learning of the written form and meaning aspects of vocabulary knowledge among Moroccan EFL middle school learners. The study adopted a pretest-posttest experimental design. 60 middle school EFL learners were randomly assigned to the experimental group (N30), who watched captioned videos, and the control group (N30), who watched uncaptioned videos. The Paired Samples T-Tests results showed a statistically significant improvement in both word written form recognition and meaning recognition within the experimental group. In contrast, no statistically significant improvement was found within the control group. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare the differences in vocabulary gains between the control group and the experimental group and the results indicated a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in word form recognition. However, no statistically significant difference was found in word meaning recognition. These findings provided empirical evidence for the effectiveness of captioned videos in enhancing incidental vocabulary learning.

Ecosophy in Pakpak Dairi community folklore

This research highlights the ecosophy in the folklore of the Pakpak Dairi community (PDC). This qualitative descriptive research uses the critical ecolinguistics approach of Stibbe. The data collection was carried out by using note-taking techniques. The data were in the form of words, phrases and sentences related to the environment (ecolinguistics) in the folklore "Berru Leto". From the analysis, it was found that ecosophy is related to the teaching of life, especially in the relationship between humans and humans, humans and the environment, and humans and God. From this representation, the folklore "Berru Leto" contains a positive assessment which aims to provide understanding in order to maintain relationships between humans and humans, especially children and parents. Apart from that, it is very necessary to maintain human relationships with the environment and human relationships with God. It contains constructive things for the environment and life because it contains wisdom. This folklore reveals and appreciates the issues of life and well-being of all species, promotes human well-being, promotes environmental understanding, and promotes the redistribution of resources. This will certainly contribute to the regional potential related to the environment if the wisdom of this story is still applied by PDC.

Mengenal Angka Melalui Media Kartu Angka Pada Anak Usia Dini di RA Nurul Ummi Binjai Baru Kabupaten Batubara

Developing various skills of children according to age level and taking into account the characteristics of development, creatively teachers can make and use game tools that come from the surrounding environment and utilize used goods or media that already exist or are available. The formulation of the problem in this study is: How is the condition of children recognizing numbers, the use of number card media, and the condition of children recognizing numbers through number cards in Early Childhood RA Nurul Ummi Binjai Baru, Batubara Regency. This research uses qualitative research by describing in the form of words and language, in a special natural context, and by utilizing various natural methods. The results of the research that the authors found were that: The condition of children recognizing numbers in RA Nurul Ummi Binjai Baru, Batubara Regency Knowing numbers has become mandatory, children consider numbers as a series of meaningless words and learning to recognize numbers is boring. Teachers must use interesting and fun methods and media in introducing the concept of numbers. The state of using number card media at RA Nurul Ummi Binjai Baru, Batubara Regency, is a number card or card props are tools or equipment used by a teacher in teaching in the form of cards with numbers written in accordance with the theme being taught. Card props are tools for children to remember lessons. Letter card props can make an impression on the heart so that children don't easily forget them. In line with the child's memory of the props, he is also reminded of the lesson delivered by the teacher. The younger the child, the more he needs visualization/concrete (needs more props) that he can touch, see, feel, and hear. The conclusions are: The condition of children recognizing numbers through the media of number cards in Early Childhood at RA Nurul Ummi Binjai Baru, Batubara Regency, efforts to improve children's abilities through the media of numbers with the use of number card media that are applied in PAUD are very suitable for playing with cards can improve the ability to recognize numbers and provide excellent results for the development of children's abilities.

Upaya Padang TV Dalam Meningkatkan Pemirsa Program Acara Sumbar Rancak Bana

In the context of broadcast media in Indonesia, especially television broadcasters such as Padang TV, there are complex challenges and opportunities. However, data shows that television media still plays an important role in people's lives, with high viewing rates. However, the shift in consumption patterns towards internet-based services is a challenge that television stations must face. The phenomenon of viewers moving to cable TV and internet services has resulted in a decline in interest in local broadcasts. This research discusses how Padang TV's efforts to increase viewers through the Sumbar Rancak Bana program. The research method used is a qualitative approach, collecting and analyzing data in the form of words and human actions. This research is descriptive, providing a description and analysis of the research results without making broad conclusions. The analysis and theories used reveal that Padang TV's efforts to increase viewers on the Sumbar Rancak Bana program are in accordance with the theory of media convergence by Henry Jenkins. Convergence of Technology, Business and Content is used by Padang TV, where this theory recognizes the two-way interaction of viewers and media and the role of viewers in shaping experiences. Padang TV implements the Marketing Mix in the Rancak Bana program, with diverse content and supporting facilities that sustain the program. The diversity of Padang TV's viewers in demographics, geography and interests is reflected in the different classifications, showing suitability to the program presented.

TATBIQ TORIQOH AL QAWAID WA TARJAMAH FI TANMIYATI MAHARATUL KITABAH

This research aims to explain Arabic language learning using grammar and translation methods that can train students in writing, measure students' memory, increase Arabic vocabulary, facilitate the translation process, make it easier to determine the position of sentences and compose essays, as well as train other writing skills. This research was conducted at MAN 2 Jombang with the aim of knowing about writing skill learning, applying the grammar and trasnlation method to increase skill, and knowing the supporting and inhibiting factors of applying the method. This study uses a qualitative approach method, namely by using a descriptive qualitative research method. Data was collected using observation, interview, and documentation methods. The collected data in the form of words were analyzed by means of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that (1) the ability to memorize books of class XI students at MAN 2 Jombang is quite good as seen from learning Arabic at each meeting. (2) the application of the grammar and trasnlation method is to make it easier for students to improve writing skill. (3) The advantages of implementing this are that it makes it easier for students to determine the position of sentences by understanding the nahwu shorof rules and also makes it easier for students to translate from Arabic to Indonesian and vice versa. While the drawback of this method is the quick explanation of the material by the teacher in a short time.

Penerapan Teknik Shadowing dalam Kegiatan Menyimak Bahasa Jepang pada Siswa Kelas X SMA

Listening is the most basic skill in language learning. A voice that cannot be heard, cannot be pronounced properly. If you don't understand what the other person is saying, then you can't participate in communication. The purpose of this study was to find out the results of the application of the Shadowing learning model in listening to Japanese learning activities for class X students at SMAN 5 Malang, specifically focusing on Chouon (long vowel) with the theme "Self Introduction/Jikoshoukai". The number of participants was 22 students of class X specializing in language. The instrument used is Pre-Test Post-Test in the form of multiple choice questions and fill in gaps in sentences. The data analysis technique used a comparative hypothesis test or comparison test. The results of this study were, the average value of the pre-test (before treatment) was 36.2 and the average value of the post-test (after treatment) was 62.5. From these results, it can be concluded that the implication of the shadowing technique as one of interactive methode in learning language, can improves students' listening skills, especially the ability to distinguish long and short forms of Japanese words.

Validation of metacognitive knowledge in vocabulary learning and its predictive effects on incidental vocabulary learning from reading

Abstract This study investigates the impact of metacognitive knowledge on vocabulary learning among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learner, involving 776 university students in China. Its primary goal is to develop and validate a scale for assessing metacognitive knowledge in vocabulary learning. The scale is structured around three sub-dimensions: person, task, and strategies, identified through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. These sub-dimensions serve as independent variables in analyzing their influence on incidental vocabulary learning outcomes from reading, which includes knowledge of word form, meaning, and use. The study’s results validate the scale and reveal that the three factors – person, task, and strategies – have varying impacts on learners’ incidental vocabulary learning performance. The findings emphasize the crucial role of metacognitive knowledge in EFL vocabulary acquisition, offering insights for enhancing learning strategies. Additionally, the study provides important implications for educational practices in vocabulary teaching and learning.

Efektivitas program E-TLE dalam penegakan hukum peraturan berlalu lintas di Kota Jambi

This research aims to determine and analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement against traffic violations with Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) in the Jambi City Resort Police area and the obstacles to implementing Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (E-TLE) in enforcing traffic regulations in Jambi City. This research was conducted at Jambi Police. The approach used is a descriptive qualitative approach. The resulting data will be in the form of descriptions in the form of words and images and does not emphasize numbers. Research data was obtained by conducting interviews with police, community offenders and the general public. The informants who were used as subjects included: 3 Jambi City traffic police officers, 4 community offenders, and 4 members of the general public. The results of the research are that law enforcement against traffic violations in the city of Jambi through electronic traffic tickets or Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation is carried out according to the rules but is not enough to be said to be effective. Inhibiting factors in implementing the E-TLE program include: 1. Law enforcement, 2. Facilities and infrastructure factors, 3. Community factors.

The key role of the right posterior fusiform gyrus in music reading: an electrical neuroimaging study on 90 readers

IntroductionIn this study, we employed a combined electromagnetic recording technique, i.e., electroencephalogram (EEG)/event-related potentials (ERPs) plus standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA), to investigate the neural mechanism subserving the orthographic processing of symbols in language and music. While much is known about word processing, the current literature remains inconclusive regarding music reading, as its mechanisms appear to be left lateralized in some cases (as suggested by music-alexia clinical case reports) and either right-sided or bilateral in others, depending on the study and the methodology used.MethodsIn this study, 90 right-handed participants with varying musical abilities and sexes performed an attentional selection task that involved the recognition of target letters and musical notes, while their EEG signals were recorded from 128 sites.ResultsThe occipito/temporal N170 component of ERPs (170–210 ms) was found strictly left-sided during letter selection and bilateral (with a right-hemispheric tendency) during note selection. Source reconstruction data indicated the preponderant engagement of the right posterior fusiform gyrus (BA19) for processing musical notes. Also involved were other brain regions belonging to the word reading circuit, including the left-sided visual word form area (VWFA) and frontal eye-fields (FEFs).DiscussionThis finding provides an explanation for the infrequent appearance of musical alexia cases (previously observed only in patients with left hemispheric lesions). It also suggests how musical literacy could be a rehabilitative and preventive factor for dyslexia, by promoting neuroplasticity and bilaterality in the reading areas.

Childrens Acquisition of Past Tense Verbs

Language acquisition is a major process for children as they grow up. They start to learn the grammar, the use of sounds, and the words, and try to use language to express themselves. This study, will discuss the past theories on language acquisition of past tense verbs, and combine these theories with the present suggestions on how to improve teaching methods and childrens learning. Past tense verbs contain a variety of changes in word forms, generally including regular changes and irregular changes. Regular changes are the addition of the -ed suffix after the original form of words, while irregular changes are diverse and can be divided into different types. Errors will keep occurring as kids learn these types of grammatical rules. Nonetheless, children will progressively acquire the terms and grammar over time. Thus, it will be exceptionally helpful for students to acquire and generalize the acquisition of past tense verbs to increase their learning efficiency.

The Role of Nahwu and Sharf Sciences in Arabic Language Learning

Language is a tool for thinking, expressing and communicating. One of the basic competency development areas in kindergarten is language development. Language allows children to translate experiences into symbols that they can use to communicate and think. The study of sharaf or Arabic morphology is about word forms. In Arabic, syntax is known as nahwu. Sharif (2017:97) says, "Syntax is the study of the relationship between words, phrases, clauses, and sentences with other words, phrases, clauses, and sentences". So learning Nahwu is learning the rules of phrase arrangement in sentences. Morphology is a branch of linguistics that identifies the basic units of language and studies the intricacies of word forms and the effect of word changes on the meaning of parts of speech. In Arabic linguistics, the term morphology is known as sharaf. The word sharaf itself means word transformation that results in a change in word form, which results in a change in meaning, and the word transformation is known as At-Tashrif. The results of the At-Thasrif process produce wazan or scales which then become the standard for Arabic word formation. Arabic morphology has emerged as an independent discipline from the linguistics of the parent Arabic language. The author uses qualitative research methods, namely with literature studies or in other languages called literature studies. Literature study or literature study is part of a scientific work which contains a discussion of previous research and also from scientific references that are relevant to the research that the author describes in the work that the author wrote.

Kurdish Sorani Dialect Morphology Generation Using a Concatenative Strategy

In natural language processing, morphological generation refers to the creation of the appropriate inflected forms of words based on a predetermined set of morphological rules. However, it might be difficult to generate morphology in languages with intricate morphological systems, like the Kurdish Sorani dialect. The concatenative morphology-based unique technique to morphological generation in Kurdish Sorani is proposed in this research. The suggested strategy tries to get over the drawbacks of current approaches and enhance the precision and effectiveness of morphological generation in Kurdish Sorani. The suggested technique generates all conceivable subjective and objective pronouns in both positive and negative forms, together with the various verb tenses for Kurdish morphology. The study presents a detailed examination of Kurdish Sorani’s morphology and points out the difficulties in coming up with the right verbforms. The authors suggest a concatenative morphology-based morphological generating system that comprises of a morphological analyzer and a morphological generator.