Transparent Form Research Articles

Responsibility of Financial Management Institution Amil Zakat for

Knowing the understanding and preparation of financial reports by financial managers as a form of transparency is the aim of this study. Multiple case studies at the national amil zakat institution which is part of the regional zakat organization forum (FOZDA) in Madiun with descriptive qualitative analysis as the research method used. To collect data, the methods of observation, documentation and in-depth interviews were used to address informants who are in each of the zakat institutions that are members of the FOZDA. The results of this study indicate that the understanding of accounting, financial reports and applicable standards of the financial managers of the amil zakat institution is different, which is caused by the educational background, years of service and position of the institution in Madiun, whether as a branch office, unit or outlet. However, office governance, finance, management and human resources in institutions can work together, so that the compliance of the amil zakat institution in carrying out accounting (accounting) which produces output in the form of financial reports can run well, as a form of transparency and accountability to donors.

Pengelolaan Dana Desa untuk Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Mulya Subur Kecamatan Pangkalan Lesung Kabupaten Pelalawan

The purpose of this study was to analyze the management of Village Funds for community empowerment in Mulya Subur Village, Pangkalan Lesung District, Pelalawan Regency with the application of village financial management. In this study, the indicators used are village financial management in Permendagri Number 113 of 2015 concerning Village Financial Management in the form of transparency, accountability, participation, and budget discipline and discipline. This type of research is qualitative with the data sources used in the form of primary data and secondary data. Data was collected through observation, interviews, documentation with data analysis techniques through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the management of the Mulya Subur Village Fund has not been carried out optimally as well as the management of the Village Fund. This is because the participatory implementation is still constrained by the lack of community participation in opening up space for participation. In addition, community participation is still passive. In the management of the Village Fund, it is also still focused on physical development activities.

From Zero to Infinity: Customized Atomistic Calculations for Crystalline Solids —Applications to Graphene and Diamond

We demonstrate that a suitable atomistic method with judicially selected nanoclusters/ nanocrystals (in real space) supplemented with general symmetry and dimensionality arguments, can give surprisingly good results for macroscopic properties of the infinite crystalline solid, such as bandgaps, cohesive energies, as well as aromaticity (if any), at minimal computational cost and maximum physical insight. For graphene on top of these properties the present approach can successfully describe in real space and illuminate many of its exotic properties, which are usually introduced in k-space, such as Dirac points or topological insulators. An early version of this methodology has been very successfully applied and extrapolated to Si, Be, BeH, CdSe, MgH, crystals and nanocrystals, with almost chemical accuracy in most cases. Here, after a pedagogical and critical review of the earlier results, we introduce a new combined and expanded approach to comparatively describe the electronic and cohesive properties of diamond and graphene. For the later a drastically enlarged sequence of “nanocrystals” of well-chosen geometries and sizes up to 1440 atoms or 8190 electrons is used to verify earlier predictions and results. We have obtained in a simple and fast way the bandgap (5.4 eV) and the cohesive energy (7.34 eV/atom) of diamond with almost chemical accuracy; and we have fully rationalized (in a different perspective and prospective) the electronic and cohesive properties of graphene, with a tentative value of cohesive energy of 7.52 eV/atom. Strangely enough this value is larger than the one for diamond and is currently under investigation. Finally, we suggest that this methodology in its current simple and transparent form can be a first-line diagnostic, functional, and inexpensive computational tool. This is particularly true for quick assessments and comparative estimates, size-dependence studies, or cases where standard k-space methods or other advanced techniques either fail or demand unavailable computational resources.

Dana Desa Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Desa Di Kabupaten Pesawaran

The Birth of the Village Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages makes villages have an important role for regional autonomy, and village fund policies. With the existence of village funds as a source of village income originating from APBN transfers, sources of village original income (PADes) can be optimally supported if management is carried out properly. This study aims to determine the effect of village funds on PADes and analyze the use of village funds for village development activities. The study was conducted in a survey in 12 villages using descriptive analysis and paired sample T test. The results showed that there was no difference in PADes before and after village funds were given. This means that the presence or absence of village funds given to villages does not affect the increase in PADes received. 70 percent of villages in Pesawaran Regency the amount of PADes received is still zero or even decreased from the previous year. The management of village funds still has many shortcomings, both in the form of transparency to orderly rules ranging from independent villages to underdeveloped villages. 90 percent of villages utilize village funds for physical development activities and only Sukaraja Village (independent villages) which is larger utilize village funds for community development/empowerment activities.

A Review of Transparent Sensors for Photoacoustic Imaging Applications

Photoacoustic imaging is a new type of noninvasive, nonradiation imaging modality that combines the deep penetration of ultrasonic imaging and high specificity of optical imaging. Photoacoustic imaging systems employing conventional ultrasonic sensors impose certain constraints such as obstructions in the optical path, bulky sensor size, complex system configurations, difficult optical and acoustic alignment, and degradation of signal-to-noise ratio. To overcome these drawbacks, an ultrasonic sensor in the optically transparent form has been introduced, as it enables direct delivery of excitation light through the sensors. In recent years, various types of optically transparent ultrasonic sensors have been developed for photoacoustic imaging applications, including optics-based ultrasonic sensors, piezoelectric-based ultrasonic sensors, and microelectromechanical system-based capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers. In this paper, the authors review representative transparent sensors for photoacoustic imaging applications. In addition, the potential challenges and future directions of the development of transparent sensors are discussed.

Financial instrument of the new economy or a pyramid scheme: The issues of cryptocurrency security

Subject. This article discusses cryptocurrency as a new financial instrument in the global financial system. Objectives. The article aims to consider the current situation of cryptocurrencies and justify the advantages and risks of their use. Methods. For the study of cryptocurrency, Blockchain technology, and Bitcoin and the US dollar relationship, we used a comprehensive approach based on systems, functional and structural, and correlation analyses. Results. Based on the analysis of the trends in the cryptocurrency market formation, the problematic aspects of their legal regulation, the investment aspect, and the changes in the cryptocurrency exchange rate against the US dollar, the article identifies some shortcomings of this financial instrument from the point of view of supervisory bodies. Conclusions. Cryptocurrency really has significant prospects to become a valuable financial tool in the world economy, despite the rather critical problems of their regulation. Cryptocurrency can be a substitute for the US dollar in international settlements due to its advantages in the form of transparency and decentralization, especially given the fact that in 2019–2020, the governments of a number of countries (EU, Russia) began to actively develop legislation to regulate this area.

Comunicación Integral y transparencia en las organizaciones del tercer sector / Integral Communication and transparency of the third sector organizations

Third sector organizations are organizational structures that contribute to the countries social welfare. This type of organizations requires their audiences support and understanding in order to accomplish their organizational objectives and, to obtain such support, they must communicate in a transparent form with their audiences. Transparency must be understood as a third sector organizations ethical duty with a view to announce their audiences not only detailed information about the use of financial resources but also to keep them informed about their actions, decisions and daily behaviors. Third sector organizations must manage their transparency and best practices not as designed action within a logistical or merely operational plan, but as the core idea of a strategic plan that allows them to create bonds of trust with strategic audiences such as: collaborators, donors, volunteers, government, other third sector organizations and society. When the audiences notice that a third sector organization puts their transparency and best practices into practice as an ethical and voluntary attitude for making visible and explaining each one of their actions, decisions, projects, profits and results, they will not hesitate to participate with it and offer their unconditional support. Comprehensive communication plays a fundamental role in the transparency strategic management of the third sector organizations, since it is through it that the audiences are able to know in detail the organization actions. Owing to, currently, digital media own a great reach, third sector organizations transparency and best practices must be communicated using digital media in a proper form. That is, organizations must not only design strategies to strengthen their transparency, but they also must communicate them with their audiences. With that said, the objective of this research was to analyze and to compare through a content analysis the comprehensive communication level in digital media owned by the third sector organizations from Mexico and Spain with NGO certification accredited to communicate their transparency and best practices to their audiences via their website and official social media: Facebook and Twitter. The third sector organizations sample was of 104 Spanish organizations and 104 Mexican organizations. This research was performed through a quantitative content analysis. Such analysis is digital and it was carried out in the official website and in two social media: Facebook and Twitter. It is a cross-sectional research, since the information gathering was performed during the period January-August, 2020. The research stages were: definition of the sample, definition of variables, information coding and analysis and interpretation of results. The study categories were determined from the nine transparency and best practices principles of Lealtad y Confío foundation; indications based on international standards recommended by the ICFO (International Committee on Fundraising Organizations). The main findings were that the communication level in the Spanish third sector organizations was better than in the Mexican organizations; however, both organizations have the challenge to efficiently communicate their transparency using digital media. Although it is true that Spain owns a better level of transparency and best practices comprehensive communication in digital media compared to Mexico, it has merely focused in taking advantage of its website, leaving the advantages of social media, Facebook and Twitter, aside.

FIMAP: Feature Importance by Minimal Adversarial Perturbation

Instance-based model-agnostic feature importance explanations (LIME, SHAP, L2X) are a popular form of algorithmic transparency. These methods generally return either a weighting or subset of input features as an explanation for the classification of an instance. An alternative literature argues instead that counterfactual instances, which alter the black-box model's classification, provide a more actionable form of explanation. We present Feature Importance by Minimal Adversarial Perturbation (FIMAP), a neural network based approach that unifies feature importance and counterfactual explanations. We show that this approach combines the two paradigms, recovering the output of feature-weighting methods in continuous feature spaces, whilst indicating the direction in which the nearest counterfactuals can be found. Our method also provides an implicit confidence estimate in its own explanations, something existing methods lack. Additionally, FIMAP improves upon the speed of sampling-based methods, such as LIME, by an order of magnitude, allowing for explanation deployment in time-critical applications. We extend our approach to categorical features using a partitioned Gumbel layer and demonstrate its efficacy on standard datasets.

Сонет як вишуканий стиль творів неокласиків

. The study is based on the analysis of the genre canon of the sonnet through the prism of reading the events of the 20-33s of the twentieth century, which demonstrates the scale and unusual perception of ancient heritage in the works of M. Rylsky and M. Zerov. The aim of the research is to present a new reading of refined and strict style in Ukrainian literature through the prism of the creative genius of Ukrainian neoclassicists of the first third of the last century. Materials and methods of research. Historical and culturological approaches are used in the work to understand the depth of artistic thinking and literary heritage of the Ukrainian neoclassical school. The sonnets by M. Rylsky and M. Zerov differ. Rylsky allowed deviations from the metric tone, rhyming is not always canonical. The works of M. Zerov mostly need at least a brief explanation of historical and cultural realities, names, because they are less related to modernity than Rylsky’s sonnets. They echo more with antiquity. M. Rylsky, dedicating a poem to M. Zerov, did not follow his translational style; he was not a strict copyist of ancient standards, but became a real innovator, who created unique and yet very simple, natural, transparent forms based on ancient, Ukrainian and Russian classical themes. The genre canon of the sonnet implies conceptuality. Іt is a balance between the stable and the variable, a dialogue with yourself, with the world; this is the beauty of dramatic trembles of poetic content. Finally, this is a distinctive stylistic thinking which attracts primarily the poets of the rationalist mindset.

The Gut-Brain-Microbiome Axis and Its Link to Autism: Emerging Insights and the Potential of Zebrafish Models.

Research involving autism spectrum disorder (ASD) most frequently focuses on its key diagnostic criteria: restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, altered sensory perception, and communication impairments. These core criteria, however, are often accompanied by numerous comorbidities, many of which result in severe negative impacts on quality of life, including seizures, epilepsy, sleep disturbance, hypotonia, and GI distress. While ASD is a clinically heterogeneous disorder, gastrointestinal (GI) distress is among the most prevalent co-occurring symptom complex, manifesting in upward of 70% of all individuals with ASD. Consistent with this high prevalence, over a dozen family foundations that represent genetically distinct, molecularly defined forms of ASD have identified GI symptoms as an understudied area with significant negative impacts on quality of life for both individuals and their caregivers. Moreover, GI symptoms are also correlated with more pronounced irritability, social withdrawal, stereotypy, hyperactivity, and sleep disturbances, suggesting that they may exacerbate the defining behavioral symptoms of ASD. Despite these facts (and to the detriment of the community), GI distress remains largely unaddressed by ASD research and is frequently regarded as a symptomatic outcome rather than a potential contributory factor to the behavioral symptoms. Allowing for examination of both ASD’s impact on the central nervous system (CNS) as well as its impact on the GI tract and the associated microbiome, the zebrafish has recently emerged as a powerful tool to study ASD. This is in no small part due to the advantages zebrafish present as a model system: their precocious development, their small transparent larval form, and their parallels with humans in genetics and physiology. While ASD research centered on the CNS has leveraged these advantages, there has been a critical lack of GI-centric ASD research in zebrafish models, making a holistic view of the gut-brain-microbiome axis incomplete. Similarly, high-throughput ASD drug screens have recently been developed but primarily focus on CNS and behavioral impacts while potential GI impacts have not been investigated. In this review, we aim to explore the great promise of the zebrafish model for elucidating the roles of the gut-brain-microbiome axis in ASD.

UN Food Systems Summit 2021: Dismantling Democracy and Resetting Corporate Control of Food Systems

This article analyzes the development and organization of the United Nations Food Systems Summit (UNFSS), which is being convened by UN Secretary General António Guterres in late 2021. Although few people will dispute that global food systems need transformation, it has become clear that the Summit is instead an effort by a powerful alliance of multinational corporations, philanthropies, and export-oriented countries to subvert multilateral institutions of food governance and capture the global narrative of “food systems transformation.” This article places the upcoming Summit in the context of previous world food summits and analyzes concerns that have been voiced by many within civil society. It elaborates how the current structure and forms of participant recruitment and public engagement lack basic transparency and accountability, fail to address significant conflicts of interest, and ignore human rights. As the COVID-19 pandemic illuminates the structural vulnerabilities of the neoliberal model of food systems and the consequences of climate change for food production, a high-level commitment to equitable and sustainable food systems is needed now more than ever. However, the authors suggest that the UNFSS instead seems to follow a trajectory in which efforts to govern global food systems in the public interest has been subverted to maintain colonial and corporate forms of control.

Out of the Blue and into the Black: Mobility and Sculptural Opacity in the Work of Flaka Haliti and Serge Alain Nitegeka

Modernist sculpture is often interpreted through its transparent capacity. In both Clement Greenberg's formalism and the technological and sociological experiments of the avant-garde – especially Lazlo Moholy-Nagy and Vladimir Tatlin – transparency, the capacity to see through a work and view it from multiple perspectives, binds aesthetic taste to ideologies of belonging. And yet the realities of border militarization and forced displacement means these transparent forms are more readily located in the architecture of border fences and camps. Kosovar Flaka Haliti and Burundian Serge Alain Nitegeka create abstract sculptures that directly confront the reality of constrained mobility. Haliti's Speculating on the Blue examines Kosovo's post-conflict agency as constructed by the EU and NATO, where its exclusion extends to refugees entering Europe through the Balkans. And Nitegeka's site-specific installations, informed by his experiences of forced displacement, evoke border fences and improvized shelters common to refugee camps. Rather than the universal schema of Greenbergian transparency, Haliti and Nitegeka evince an “opacity,” theorized by Martiniquais poet/critic Édouard Glissant as a wilful resistance to universal legibility, asserting an irreducible individual agency. Declaring a “right to opacity,” both artists consider how the particular histories of conflict, displacement, and humanitarian intervention relate to other contexts through a recognition of difference. Following Glissant's theory of relation, Haliti and Nitegeka propose new conceptions of commonality where the utopian becomes concrete. Haliti considers the possibility of dissolving partition, as Nitegeka's 100 Stools addresses the need for hospitality and dignity for immigrants in South Africa's xenophobic climate.

Transparency as metajournalistic performance: The New York Times’ Caliphate podcast and new ways to claim journalistic authority

Transparency is increasingly touted as a strategic tool for elevating journalistic authority. Despite this push, literature has overlooked how transparency can be utilized for authority purposes in audiovisual artefacts. In this paper, we conduct a qualitative thematic analysis of The New York Times’ podcast Caliphate to examine how transparency is strategically weaponized to stake a claim to journalistic authority. Based on the premise that transparency is a metajournalistic performance – a type of journalism about journalism that is performative in acting on people’s perception of journalistic authority – we identify three of those metajournalistic performances in the podcast: Revealing the journalistic process, Constructing the reporter’s persona and Reaffirming the journalistic culture. Together, they exhibit a form of self-celebratory transparency that strategically performs boundary-setting, definitional control and legitimization functions, in a bid to impress audiences and have them recognize the journalistic authority of the Caliphate reporters and The Times. We conclude with the implications of these strategic performances of transparency. First, how it can be used by reporters to reinstate verticality over audiences. Second, how the journalistic culture (norms, values, practices, etc.) can be transparently projected outward (to the public) or inward (to the journalist themself) to elevate authority – a new concept for journalism studies. Third, how metajournalistic performances of transparency may reveal power dynamics within the journalistic field.

Multi-objective benchmark for energy management of dual-source electric vehicles: An optimal control approach

This paper proposes a novel method to develop a multi-objective optimal energy management strategy (EMS) for hybrid battery/supercapacitor (SC) electric vehicles. The method is based on an alternative approach of using Pontryagin’s minimum principle (alt-PMP), which is superior to dynamic programming in terms of computational effort while obtaining better performance. The novel multi-objective EMS allocates the battery and SC powers to minimize the battery degradation and the SC subsystem losses. The proposed approach deduces transparent analytical forms of the optimal solutions, which have been rarely discussed in the literature. The results form a Pareto optimal (nondominated) front displaying the trade-offs associated with the objectives, which can serve as a benchmark to evaluate other real-time control strategies. Numerical investigations are carried out to validate the advantages of the proposed method. The benchmark role of the obtained nondominated front is illustrated by comparing it to the well-known filter-based strategy. Moreover, this study shows the conversion of the Pareto front to an “ultimate utopia point” corresponding to the ideal case of the SC subsystem efficiency. The proposed approach can be extended to dimensioning problems, to develop real-time EMS, and to more complex multi-source systems in future works.

P‐4.6: One‐way Observable Aero Signage Display Which Enables to Make Transparent View from Back Side Using Dye‐doped Optical Prisms

The authors had developed the origami‐oriented seven‐segment numeric display for aero signage. However our proposed display has a defect that one ends up perceiving wrong messages when he watches them from back side. The keyword of this research is 'invisible.' Suppose that you look Arabic numerals on glass windows. Which does it mean ‘85’ or ‘28’? You end up watching the mirrored images when you view from back side. So let us make the mirrored image invisible. This is our research goal and motivation. In 2019, the authors proposed the unidirectional observable aero signage using prisms and total internal reflection. This paper shows our one‐way observable sevensegment numeric display which enables to make perfectly transparent view form back side using novel dye‐doped resin blocks without color panels or paints. Moreover the authors describe a unidirectional observable dot matrix display which enables to make transparent view from back side.

Unconventional Image‐Sensing and Light‐Emitting Devices for Extended Reality

AbstractExtended reality (XR) refers to a space where physical and digital elements coexist and comprises three elements, namely, environment, human, and computer, which interact with each other. Image sensors and displays are the core elements of XR systems because visual information is important for recognizing and judging objects. Recently, new features of image sensors and displays that are useful for developing next‐generation XR systems have been reported. For example, a miniaturized version of image sensors with the superb object detection and recognition capability offers new opportunities for machine vision technology. Furthermore, transparent and deformable displays are the key components of XR systems because they not only provide highly realistic virtual image information but also serve as efficient user interfaces. Herein, the recent progresses in such unconventional image sensors and display technologies are reviewed. First, image sensors with features of wavelength‐selective photodetection for color discrimination, neuromorphic image acquisition for facile pattern recognition, and curved image sensor designs inspired by biological eyes for miniaturization and unconventional imaging performances are discussed. Then, light‐emitting device technologies focusing on devices with transparency and deformable form factors are described. Finally, the review is concluded with a brief summary and a future outlook.

Transparency in US Trade Policymaking: Inclusive Design or Exclusionary Process?

ABSTRACT This article aims to deconstruct the concept of transparency in trade policymaking and analyse its consequences on the redistribution of power among stakeholders. To do so, it examines the presidency of Barack Obama (2009–2016), who repeatedly promised to make transparency one of its central governing principles. The study relies on policy analysis of legislative reform, executive orders, and recent trade agreements as well as discursive analysis of government sources. It reveals that while transparency has gained traction in the trade sphere, it can have diverging meanings and even opposite effects. By providing greater information to the public, transparency mechanisms can foster inclusiveness and democratic accountability to the benefit of civil society actors. However, transparency rules also have exclusionary effects that can not only shut out non-state actors but also constrain democratically elected governments under the logic of free market expansion. Under the Obama administration, efforts to bring greater accountability to the trade policy process mostly failed, while the transparency narrative was instrumentalised to pursue national economic objectives and impose greater market disciplines on America’s trading partners. Evidence shows that the prevalence of exclusionary forms of transparency over inclusive mechanisms persisted under the Trump presidency.

Financing Municipal Water and Sanitation Services in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements

We estimate the impacts of two interventions implemented as field experiments in informal settlements by Nairobi’s water and sanitation utility to improve revenue collection efficiency and last mile connection loan repayment: (i) face-to-face engagement between utility staff and customers to encourage payment and (ii) contract enforcement for service disconnection due to nonpayment in the form of transparent and credible disconnection notices. While we find no effect of the engagement, we find large effects of enforcement on payment. We also find no effect on access to water, perceptions of utility fairness or quality of service delivery, on the relationships between tenants and property owners, or on tenant mental well-being nine months after the intervention. To counterbalance the increase in payments, property owners increased rental income by renting out additional space. Taken together these results suggest that transparent contract enforcement was effective at improving revenue collection efficiency without incurring large social or political costs. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Developing the concept of autonomous control of the quarry vehicles movement

Introduction. The article presents the results of studies related to the description of the synthesis and further analysis of the dynamic behavior of unmanned vehicles (UMVs) operating at coal opencast mines and other mining enterprises. The relevance of the research topic is dictated by the need to create safe and effective conditions for overburden / mining and mining transportation operations. This is ensured, among other things, by the operation of unmanned heavy-duty dump trucks. Purpose of the work: in the course of the research, a concept was developed for the formation of route parameters and models of the dynamics of movement of UMVs along technological routes. Methodology. The paper describes the technology for generating and processing signals in control subsystems as part of an automated dispatching system and an on-board subsystem for autonomous control of the UMV. Research methods include the study of the shapes and characteristics of current trajectories (CT) in relation to a nominal axial trajectory (NAT). In this case, a current trajectory of the UMV is considered within the framework of the so-called S-frames, which are formed as geolocations on a certain working UMV route from a bench face to the place of unloading and vice versa. As a variable characterizing the UMV behavior on a current trajectory, a 1D-signal with a time dependent frequency is adopted, the nature of the change of which is determined by the CT dynamic shape relative to the NAT. Results. Such chirp signals – together with the wavelet transforms technique introduced into consideration – allow us in a semantically transparent and information-rich videographic form to display and subject to further processing signals characterizing the current behavior of a UMV on a route. The resulting parameters of such secondary wavelet representations of the current UMV dynamics (wavelet maps) are further planned to be used in the subsystem of dynamic modal control of the UMV movement in the open pit. Conclusions. The results of the studies carried out make it possible to form current routes of UMV movement according to the models generated based on the analytical tools accompanying the dynamics of the UMVs, proposed in the work.

Названия берега и форм берегового рельефа в говорах Костромской области: ландшафтно-географический аспект

One of the most detailed systems of terms in regional dialect systems of the language is the terminology of rivers and river valleys, lakes and lake basins. We explore the repertoire of folk geographical terms used in the patois of the Kostroma Region, which are associated with such part of the river valley as the coast. We analyze language units, on the one hand, in the coordinates of the lexical and semantic group, on the other, in relation to the designated objects. We identify the correspondence of terms and their semantics to the nominated forms of coastal relief. In the plan “Program of collecting information for the lexical atlas of Russian folk patois” we consider the general names of the coast and the names that actualize its morphological characteristics – the names of low, low-level and high steep coast, the names of coastal relief forms, such as a cape and a sandbank. At the lexical and semantic level, we trace the connection of local names with the terminological system of the geographical landscape. The repertoire of the terms group under consideration includes mainly words with a transparent inner form, their semantics reflect the features of the coastal relief. At the same time, in the Kostroma Region’s patois, words of obscure origin are encountered, which can be attributed to the substrate vocabulary. In general, the nomenclature of the terms under consideration fits into the concept of the vocabulary continuity of the Kostroma patois.