Form Of Symbolic Violence Research Articles

Rewritten in stone: imperial heritage in the sacred place of the nation

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between architectural transformations and the reshaping of memory in post-imperial urban space. It reflects on two forms of symbolic violence: first, iconoclastic acts of reshaping space to reflect national self-determination and moving away from empire, and second, acts that embody the recovery of imperial legacies. It analyzes the recent restoration of the Habsburg-built Alba Iulia citadel in the eve of Romania’s Centennial celebrations of the 1918 Alba Iulia assembly which proclaimed the unification of Transylvania with Romania. It interrogates the intentionality of architectural transformations and how this heritage project expresses the frictions between memory narratives centred on the nation and forms of imperial duress and nostalgia. It traces how the after-lives of empire materialize in the built environment, as they do in the attitudes and yearnings of the cultural elite. Moreover, it reflects on parallels between European post-imperial and Global South post-colonial nation-building.

Violence

Violence

Discourse on the shifting of local beauty: Concepts in an Easternization era

The desire to be beautiful among Indonesian women today is influenced by the construction of beauty from outside of the culture. The popular culture of parts of East Asia has entered Indonesia and the Eastern concept of beauty has brought in a different paradigm compared to the local beauty of the Indonesian people. This study is a descriptive qualitative study involving discourse analysis that examines the shift in the construction of beauty held by Indonesian women in the decades 1990-2000 and 2001-2010 through the cosmetic advertisements that appeared on television. Through this research, the shift in the concept of beauty and the discourse hidden behind the present construction of beauty will be revealed. The results found that in the early 1990s, Indonesian women were still oriented towards the reality of the condition that Indonesian women’s skin is tanned. This shifted to the concept of fair skin being preferred using traditional ethnic materials in Indonesia. From the 2000s up until the present, the increasingly popular culture of Japan and Korea has made Indonesian women want white skin like Japanese and Korean women. The change is driven by the desire to be beautiful by those who have experienced the shift in the discourse and beauty concept. Capitalists, as the owners of capital, always want to reap the benefits of every phenomenon that occurs in society. The use of different taglines on the beauty products is a beauty discourse construction strategy in itself and it is a form of symbolic violence against women.

Re-thinking recovery in post-conflict settings: Supporting the mental well-being of communities in Colombia

ABSTRACTAddressing mental health needs is a central focus of the Colombian Government’s framework for socio-political reconstruction following over 60 years of conflict. Informed by WHO standards, country efforts utilise biopsychosocial models that prioritise individual psychological and psychiatric conditions. However, increasing scrutiny of the deployment of Western approaches to mental health and recovery in the global south suggests a need to explore the best route to improving mental health outcomes. Our research contributes to these debates through a qualitative study of local understandings of mental health recovery related concepts among internally displaced persons in Colombia. Analysis of focus groups with 40 internally displaced men and women established definitions for emotional distress and recovery as parallel processes linked to the fracture and rebuilding of social worlds and family life. Definitions were shaped heavily by cultural, political, economic and legal contexts of everyday survival, often linked to experiences of structural and symbolic forms of violence. We conclude that a locally informed mental health recovery model that stretches beyond individual experiences of mental ill-health to promote ideas of collective social change would be best suited to addressing mental health needs of internally displaced groups in Colombia. Implications for practice are discussed.

The politics of clothing in postcolonial Indian democracy

Since colonial times, clothing has had a phenomenal and perhaps complex political implication in Indian politics. The political leaders Mahatma Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, Jawaharlal Nehru and others had used their attire to exhibit their politics and ideology. In postcolonial India, the ideological battle between different political parties and the various ideological movements have often used clothing as one of the most effective medium to express their loyalty, identity and differences. However, the politics of clothing, its colours and the style of wearing in the democratic Indian context have received little academic attention. This article attempts to explore some aspects of clothing in postcolonial Indian democracy through an in-depth study. The researcher engages in an ethnographic investigation to understand the ways in which different political ideologies are exhibited through clothing and how it is used to display their political identity in public spaces. The article argues that beyond a system of governance, democracy contributes to shaping people’s imagination of clothing, create meaning for specific colours, style of wearing and pave the way for physical and symbolic forms of violence and conflict.

Revisiting BISFT Summer School 2006, Harriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, ‘What’s God got to do with it? – Politics, Economics, Theology’

This article addresses research that deals with approaches to psychological and social trauma and ways to manage its disruptive power. In the first instance I apply this to the life of my great-grandmother in order to help understand why her life became unbearably difficult, the treatment she received as a female ‘hysteric’ in the 1940s and most importantly the impact that her life has continued to have through four generations of family life. In the second instance, I apply trauma theory to the history of forgetting women and its implications for feminist action and recovery with specific reference to Feminist Theology. I suggest that there are powerful connections between the individual and collective forgetting of women’s lives, and that this forgetting is premised on forms of symbolic violence. I turn to the work of psychiatrists Judith Herman, and Russell Meares and feminist theologian Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, in order to provide an account of forgetting, remembering and finally recovery.

“Not all fish are equal: a Bourdieuan analysis of ableism in a financial services company”

Responding to recent calls to extend our understanding of ableism as a powerful organizing principle of the workplace, this study examines how ableism operates as a form of symbolic violence, constraining the career opportunities of disabled employees in a financial services company. Drawing on Bourdieuan theory, we analyze how the ‘rules of the game’ structuring the organizational field and the habitus of disabled individuals jointly shape those individuals’ ability to accrue economic, social, cultural as well as symbolic capital, taking up different positions in a particular social space. A Bourdieuan approach centered on social practice allows us to develop a fuller understanding of the mechanisms through which valued forms of capital are unequally distributed within an arbitrary social order that privileges certain competences favoring able-bodied over disabled workers, and of disabled workers’ own role within such mechanisms.

The uses and abuses of "vulnerability" in EU asylum and refugee protection: Protecting women or reducing autonomy?

El concepto de vulnerabilidad se ha convertido en el centro de la legislación y la política europeas de asilo y refugio en los últimos años. La adopción de medidas especiales diseñadas para ofrecer una mayor protección a los solicitantes de asilo vulnerables puede considerarse un paso positivo. Ahora bien, la forma en que se ha definido la vulnerabilidad es cuestionable. Con demasiada frecuencia, la vulnerabilidad se reduce a una categorización simplista y esencializada, que también es altamente generizada y racializada. Las mujeres son clasificadas como "vulnerables" a priori, sin una consideración real de las causas estructurales y contextuales de esta vulnerabilidad. Si bien ser clasificado como "vulnerable" puede aumentar las posibilidades de protección dentro de los sistemas de asilo y refugio de la UE, los impactos en quienes son clasificados como vulnerables pueden ser sentidos como formas de violencia simbólica que reducen la agencia y la autonomía. En base a entrevistas con solicitantes de asilo y refugiados, así como en un análisis de las recientes directivas de asilo de la UE, este artículo propone repensar los usos de la vulnerabilidad en las políticas de asilo de la UE para proporcionar una mejor protección al tiempo que reconozcan la agencia y la autonomía de los solicitantes de asilo y de los refugiados.

Representation of Symbolic Violence in Women's Body In Online Media (Case Study at Tribunnews in Covering the Case of Online Prostitution by Artist Vanessa Angel)

The research aims to explain the form of symbolic violence against a woman as a victim of online prostitution crime in the online news framing. It took an example of news on the victim of online prostitution crime Vanessa Angle case on Tribunnews published during January 2019. There are three findings from the research include news frames of the victim of online prostitution crime victims, 3 form of symbolic violence and the factors affecting the process of news framing. The result of data analyses found two of news frame, in the form of (a) economic frame (b) law and morality frame. The realization of symbolic violence contained in both of frames, include: (a) gender bias of affecting the framing process by Tribunnews found in this research are: (a) patriarchy and misogyny ideologies (b) benefit of business interest and (c) vision and mission of editorial.

STRUCTURATION IN INTERNATIONAL POLICING AT INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DIVISION OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE: A CRITICAL STUDY OF AGENCY-STRUCTURE PRACTICES

The Indonesian National Police (POLRI) deals with the rapid development of transnational crimes penetrating into legal business and the governmental body of the country. The community of global security works together to address this issue through international policing. International Policing is police practices involving multinational citizens or jurisdictions (Deflem, 2007, pp. 701-705). The dynamics of International Policing in POLRI are implemented through the mechanism of international treaties, international operations, international missions, capacity building, exchange of information and technology and benchmarking. The study of international policing examines various phenomena, understandings, dynamics and policing models in America, Europe, Asia and other parts of the world. This study tries to explain international policing by not merely emphasizing interaction between agencies, but also considering the dynamics of interaction between organizations (structures). Therefore, the contribution of Anthony Giddens in the theory of structuration will be crucial in understanding this phenomenon. The theoretical framework by Giddens certainly contains weaknesses, namely the inability to explain the strategies of power, in terms of strategies in language usage, differentiation and forms of symbolic violence. Thus, it needs to be enhanced by the theory of Genetic Structuralism by Bourdieu to explain the various factors helping in strengthening structures such as political policies (the Presidential Decree and the Regulation of Chief of Police) as well as agencies and structures of police. The study throughout 2014 to 2017 explains system continuity (duality), not a dualistic system change, in which agents keep their distance from structures. The method applied in this study is the paradigm of constructivism-criticism through indepth-interview, document study, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD).

African Nightclubs of Lisbon and Madrid as Spaces of Cultural Resistance

Abstract The main objective of this article involves describing how African nightclubs of Lisbon have become spaces for cultural resistance against certain representations of African-ness, taking Madrid as a contrasting case. Since the 1970s, the so-called African nightclubs of Lisbon have constituted spaces for gathering and nurturing a sense of community for immigrants from Portuguese-speaking Africa. Commonly regarded suspiciously by most Portuguese citizens, commodification of the couple dance labelled kizomba during the 1990s helped changed their status. However, most African research participants do not recognise their beloved dance in the commodified version of kizomba. In this context, I analyse the commodification process as a form of symbolic violence that disguises postcolonial structural inequalities and unsolved conflicts through a discourse of neutral “approaching of cultures” on the dance floor. Moreover, from the point of view of a meritocratic symbolism, this discourse portrays the performances displayed at African discos as “basic” and unworthy. After exploring several ways of resistance to commodified kizomba displayed by African discos clientele, I conclude reflecting on the increasing symbolic power of global industries for naming social groups, structuring practices and exercising symbolic violence in late modernity.

Kekerasan Simbolik Dalam Tradisi Perkawinan Masyarakat Tolaki Sulawesi Tenggara

The position of customary institutions in traditional societies has two faces; be a protector and solution for the community, but can also be a dominant and even compelling force. This study will examine the marriage traditions of the Tolaki community that move between apparent compromise and potential conflict. Indigenous marriages implicitly indicate a form of symbolic violence that constructs false compromise in Tolaki society as well as potential latent conflicts. Symbolic violence can be found in several forms, namely injustice in the opportunity to marry women from any group; and rejection of procedures and marriage procedures. This condition is caused by social differences in the community; there is no legitimacy of the crime and the same opportunities; differences in interests between various parties; and the dominance of the indigenous elite. However, the marriage practices of the Tolaki community bring change with the loosening of the system and the social structure of the Tolaki community which was originally "closed." This can open up equal opportunities for all segments of society to get a life partner so that a more egalitarian society can be created.

SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN SEPASANG MATA DINAYA YANG TERPENJARA SHORT STORY BY NI KOMANG ARIANI

Sepasang Mata Dinaya yang Terpenjara short story expressed various problems related to the imbalance of social structure between women and men in Bali society. This is done in a structured and continuous to become a convention that is rooted down to the smallest social structure in society that is family. From the problems above, the research defined that the social problems present in those literary work included to the scope of sociological problems in literature work. The formulations of the problems in this research are as follows: 1) What is the scope of symbolic violence contained in Sepasang mata dinaya yang terpenjara? 2) How does the symbolic violence forms contained in a short story Sepasang mata dinaya yang terpenjara? To answer the research question, the researcher used literary theory related with the approach of sociology Pierre Bourdieu. The method used in this analysis is qualitative descriptive. The result of the analysis shows that the short story reveals various problems related to the inequality of social structure between women and men in Balinese society which has been formed in a structured and continuous culture that is rooted down to the smallest social structure in the family. From the dichotomy of these structures then arise forms of symbolic violence adopted from Bourdieu’s terminology. This form of symbolic violence is experienced in layers by agents who have more capital and dominate such as the parents of Dinaya, her husband, and the people who apply the patriarchal culture. This form of symbolic violence is reflected in: symbolic violence by parents (including Dinaya's mother) against her child (Dinaya). symbolic violence of an individual Man (Dinaya's husband) against his wife (Dinaya), and Symbolic Violence by Society (cultural norms) on Balinese women.

Intergenerational encounters on the metro: Young people's perspectives on social control in the media city

• Metro is a unique public space in which social order is negotiated with strangers. • Youth experience sexual harassment, labelling and racism by adults on the metro. • The norm of silence makes them vulnerable when dealing with these experiences. • The meanings of these experiences can be analyzed as a form of symbolic violence. • Symbolic violence restricts young people's engagements in the public sphere.

Academic Women: Lived Experiences in Contexts of Inequality

[full article in English]
 This article builds on the results of a research project into the professional experience of seven academic women in universities and research centers in Catalonia, Spain. The aim of the Project was to explore the personal and professional experience of three generations of women in the process constituting their identity as university teachers, researchers and managers. The writing of their professional life histories has enabled us to investigate how they, as women, have become the types of higher education teachers, researchers and managers that they were becoming, and we wished to delve into the relationship between their personal experiences and the development of their professional careers. In this process, we have revealed the strategies of adaptation, resistance and creation developed by women, the forms of symbolic violence that they experience and the changes through which their careers have passed within the context of an institution that is still continuously revealed by different studies to be deeply discriminating and unequal for women.

No More Equal: Critical Discourse of Symbolic Violence to Woman in the Television

This research will explain the forms of symbolic violence against women contained in the framing of television news. This study took the case of victims of sexual crimes news named Dedeuh Alfisahrin in the period April 2015 on 4 (four) news show on TV One. The purpose of this study is to explain the ideological contestation and the dynamics of constructing news of victims of sexual crimes, symbolic forms of violence contained in the construction of news and the factors influencing the news construction process. This study uses critical discourse analysis developed by Mitchel Lazar. This study has found there are two frames of victims of sexual crimes in 4 (four) news, namely: (a) economy (b) law-morality. These forms of symbolic violence are contained within the two forms of news framing found in this study. The symbolic forms of violence are: (a) Meaning of gender bias (b) Gender biased logic and (c) The value of moral bias. There are 3 (three) factors influencing TV One’s editorial in constructing news of victims of sexual crimes: (a) Ideology of patriarchy and misogyny (b) business advantage and (c) purpose and vision of media editor.

Symbolic violence and the effort to silencing women in their positions as leaders (critics of the women leaders’ habitus in advertising agencies)

The objective of this study perceives how the advertising agencies assign women to the position of the company leader as a patriarchal effort (as "the right hand" of the capitalists) to “muted” women in "comfortable" place. This research applies Pierre Bourdieu's Habitus-Field-Capital theory and its implications in the form of symbolic violence. This descriptive research applies constructivism paradigm. Obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with women leaders of advertising agencies, the data are examined using hermeneutic phenomenology. As a result, it becomes more and more difficult for female CEOs in advertising agencies--as a part of the media text producer--to recognize the acts of that violence. They rather duplicate and mimicking the symbolic violence in the texts they produce. Involving women in the agencies does not necessarily yield to the gender-perspective texts as the automatic reflection of their thoughts, habits, and acts. It occurs because each social field is always full of subjective-contestation discourse which potentially generates dominating behaviors among the actors.

Like Bees to a Flower: Attractiveness, Risk, and Collective Sexual Life in an AIDS Epidemic

We examine how men's shared understandings of women's physical attractiveness are influenced by concerns about risk in the context of a generalized AIDS epidemic. Using 180 conversational journals—descriptions of informal conversations about sex occurring in Malawi between 1999 and 2011—we show that men deploy discourses of risk to question and undermine the status advantages enjoyed by attractive women. Men simultaneously portray attractive women as irresistibly appealing and as destructive to men. Men engage in two types of collective responses: First, men work to discipline themselves and each other, reframing attractiveness as illusory and unworthy of pursuit; and second, men endeavor to discipline attractive women themselves, portraying them as evil temptresses that must be suppressed and reasserting their masculine dominance through harassment and violence. These findings reveal how men's classifications of women as sexual objects operate as forms of symbolic violence, legitimating and naturalizing their gendered domination over women.

Honorary authorship and symbolic violence.

This paper invokes the conceptual framework of Bourdieu to analyse the mechanisms, which help to maintain inappropriate authorship practices and the functions these practices may serve. Bourdieu's social theory with its emphasis on mechanisms of domination can be applied to the academic field, too, where competition is omnipresent, control mechanisms of authorship are loose, and the result of performance assessment can be a matter of symbolic life and death for the researchers. This results in a problem of game-theoretic nature, where researchers' behaviour will be determined more by the logic of competition, than by individual character or motives. From this follows that changing this practice requires institutionalized mechanisms, and change cannot be expected from simply appealing to researchers' individual conscience. The article aims at showing that academic capital (administrative power, seniority) is translated into honorary authorship. With little control, undetected honorary authorship gives the appearance of possessing intellectual capital (scientific merit). In this way a dominant position is made to be seen as natural result of intellectual ability or scientific merit, which makes it more acceptable to those in dominated positions. The final conclusion of this paper is that undemocratic authorship decisions and authorship based performance assessment together are a form of symbolic violence.

Canada vs Britain in the imperial accountancy arena, 1908–1912: Symbolic capital, symbolic violence

This paper examines a struggle between Canadian accountants and their British confreres (led by the ICAEW) that took place in the period 1908–1912. The ICAEW, with the assistance of the British Colonial Office, tried to roll-back and/or construct on terms advantageous to itself, modifications initiated by Canadian chartered accountants to the deployment of the ‘CA’ designation within Canada. The ultimately successful resistance of the Canadian state-profession axis mitigated the possibility that locally trained accountants would be pushed down the professional status hierarchy. It thus helped to unify Canadian accountants and enhanced the possibility that colonial profession-state axes elsewhere in the British Empire would also assert their autonomy; as illustrated by the case of South Africa in the 1920s. The struggle is characterised, deploying selected concepts from Bourdieu's theoretical corpus, as involving the deployment of various forms symbolic capital to activate, over time, forms of symbolic violence at the different-but-interacting levels of profession and state. It involved, that is, cross-border multi-level ‘exchanges’ of symbolic violence in the political field over which state apparatus could allocate symbolic capital differentially to competing groups in the accountancy field who could in turn deploy it as symbolic violence within that field.