Suffixed Forms Research Articles

How well do schoolchildren and adolescents know the form and meaning of different derivational suffixes? Evidence from a cross-sectional study

AbstractAs children advance through school, derived words become increasingly common in their reading materials. Previous studies have shown that children’s knowledge of derivational morphology develops relatively slowly, but there is more to learn about this development. This study examined differences in knowledge of the form and meaning of suffixes across grade levels (Grades 3, 5, and 8) and different types of derivational suffixes (adjectives and nominals). We assessed 309 English-speaking children on word reading and receptive vocabulary tests and two tasks designed to assess the form (orthographic knowledge) and meaning (semantic knowledge) of 28 derivational suffixes (14 adjectives and 14 nominals). Overall, our findings showed a significant improvement in identifying and understanding derivational suffixes from Grade 3 to Grade 5 and a smaller, but still significant, improvement from Grade 5 to Grade 8. Our findings regarding suffix types were mixed. While written forms of adjectives were identified more accurately than nominals across all grades, this advantage did not extend to the students’ understanding of the meaning of the suffixes. These results highlight the distinction between the identification of suffixes and the understanding of their meaning. We discuss our results in relation to suffix frequency in children’s reading materials.

Diatesis Pasif Persona Pertama Tunggal dalam Tindak Tutur Lokusi Menjelaskan oleh Warga Sumberejo, Ambulu, Jember

As one of grammatical semantics topics, the passive voice of singular first person is used to show the relationship between singular first person (me) and action through the form of passive verbs in a sentence that contain grammatical meaning. The formulation of this research problem is what are the semantic constructions of the passive voice of singular first person in locutionary speech acts explaining based on the strategy in Sumberejo, Ambulu, Jember? This qualitative descriptive research is included in communication ethnographic research. Data was collected through listening and speech methods. Data that has been successfully collected is then presented using categorical, descriptive, and distributional methods. The theories used are Chomsky's generative transformation theory (1965) and Searle's speech act theory (1979). Based on this study, a total of 6 types of passive voice of singular first person in locutionary speech acts explaining in Sumberejo Village, Ambulu District, Jember Regency by dividing the types of passive voice of singular first person based on the form of suffixes and the nature of passive verbs with the type of locutionary speech act explaining based on the strategy. The types of locutionary speech acts explain based on their 5 strategies, then the types are crossed with 5 types of passive voice, singular first person, based on the form of suffixes and the nature of passive verbs

Using Morphological and Etymological Approaches In Teaching Foreign Language

Etymology is the study of the history of the form of words and, by extension, the origin and evolution of their semantic meaning across time. It is a subfield of historical linguistics, and draws upon comparative semantics, morphology, semiotics, and phonetics. Etymology refers to the origin or derivation of a word.(also known as a lexical change) Etymology is important in teaching because it gives both the teacher and the learner the ability to understand the interconnectedness of history with language. Understanding the interconnectedness of words with each other and the way that words have brought people together and divided them over the centuries has distinctive effects on a pedagogical process. Etymology is the key that unlocks both knowledge and a love of knowledge. Many English learners have their first language as one that is a Latin-based Romance language as Spanish. Many others have a language that is commonly spoken in that is also a Latin-based language. When we teach vocabulary, including the etymology of the word makes it much more likely that our students who are learning English will understand the word better and more quickly. Even students who are not native speakers of a Latin-based language can still benefit from etymology because etymology is the ultimate two-for-one special. When you know one prefix, you probably get access to dozens or even hundreds of applications of that prefix. In this way, etymology becomes somewhat like a master key where, by teaching a single definition we unlock that word, but by teaching the etymology, we unlock many. With etymology, learners start to understand the interconnectedness of language and culture, as well as the interconnectedness of history with language. They had better understand the interconnectedness of words with each other and the way that words have brought people together and divided them over the centuries. Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic study today. The term (morphology ) is Greek and is a make-up of morph-meaning “shape, form’”, and –ology which means “ the study of something”. For English teachers, etymology is a threshold concept, alongside its linguistic brother morphology (morphology being the study of forms of words, including prefixes, root words and suffixes, etc.), Many methodologists and teachers do believe that knowledge of etymology facilitates the guessing, recognizing, understanding, and remembering the meanings of words and that this approach is the very heart of word study. The paper presented the use of morphological and etymological approach in teaching foreign language.

Suffix Denoting Negation in Japanese

This study aims to discuss suffixes that express negation in Japanese. Various forms of suffixes express negation in Japanese. Depending on the word attached. This study of suffixes that express negation in Japanese uses an appropriate descriptive method. Suffixes that express negation in Japanese can be attached to verbs, adjectives, and nouns. The suffixes that express negation in Japanese for verbs are masen, shimasendeshita, nai, na, and nakerebanarimasen. The suffixes expressing nouns' negation are jaarimasen, jaarimasendeshita, nu, zu, and mai. The suffixes that express negation on adjectives are jaarimase, kunai, nakrebanarimasen, and na.

Affixations in Javanese Transitive Verbs that Change the Constituents from Divalent to Trivalent

This paper aims to describe the affixations in Javanese transitive verbs that affect the valency of a sentence from divalent to trivalent. Other studies have explored the grammaticality of transitive verbs’ valency, but none have investigated the details of Javanese verbs’ morphological structure in relation to the phonemic structure. The data are extracted from Javanese transcription of YouTube videos and certain magazine articles. This paper employs a generative qualitative method equipped with various technical analyses. The analysis includes investigations of several forms of affixation in Javanese transitive verbs that result in a shift regarding a sentence’s valency. The analysis continues by addressing similarities in the verb phonemes that exhibit a certain affixation. The findings show at least three forms of prefix, five forms of vowel modification, and two forms of suffixes that can add a sentence’s argument when applied in a specific composition of phonemes.

An Analysis of Derivational Suffixes Used in @Wetheurban Instagram Posts

The title of this research is "An Analysis of Derivational Suffixes Used in @Wetheurban Instagram Posts." The purpose of this research was to identify the forms of derivational suffixes and explain their function and meaning used in Instagram posts by @Wetheurban. The data for this research was derived from Instagram posts by @Wetheurban, which created this Instagram to increase personal power by 1000%.The data was collected by reading and highlighting the Instagram account @Wetheurban. The data for this study was analyzed qualitatively. This study used Plag's (2002) theory from his book "Word -Formation in English". The analysis showed four types of derivational suffixes: 14 nominal suffixes, 2 verbal suffixes, 10 adjectival suffixes, and 2 adverbial suffixes. Derivational suffixes have two functions: class-maintaining suffixes and class-changing suffixes. Suffixes found in the data source each have their own meaning, such as person or having something to do with X, result of X, state or quality, tending to, connected with, and so on.

Cross-Language Tourism News Retrieval System Using Google Translate API on SEBI Search Engine

Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) is responsible for retrieving information stored in a language different from the language of the query provided by the user. Some translation methods commonly used in CLIR are Dictionary, Parallel corpora, Comparable corpora, Machine translator, Ontology, and Transitive-based. The query must be translated to the target language, followed by preprocessing and calculating the similarity between the query and all documents in the corpus. The problem is the time and accuracy of query translation. Moreover, the queries are not written as complete sentences according to certain language rules. Stemming, for example, every language has its own method. Indonesian has basic words and affixes in the form of prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and confixes, while English only has suffixes. Stemming takes a long time in text processing. In the Indonesian search engine (SEBI), the provision of cross-language tourism news retrieval is realized using the Google Translate API, which translates the Query and all documents into English, Porter's stemming technique to convert each term to its general form, and cosine similarity to calculate similarity. This approach can deliver cross-language tourism news instantly while increasing the precision and efficiency of the SEBI search engine, although some improvements are needed to provide a more precise and efficient similarity computation.

Evidence for prosodic correspondence in the vowel alternations of Tgdaya Seediq

This paper brings new evidence for PROSODIC CORRESPONDENCE, where prosodic units (e.g. main-stressed nuclei and prominent syllables) of morphologically related forms are compared. Since prosodic correspondence was formalized in Crosswhite’s (1998) analysis of Chamorro, it has received almost no empirical discussion. I argue that Tgdaya Seediq (Austronesian, Atayalic) has vowel alternations that should be analyzed using prosodic correspondence. In Seediq, unsuffixed and suffixed forms tend to share the same stressed syllable nucleus. This VOWEL MATCHING pattern cannot be explained as surface harmony, but it can be explained as the result of a constraint enforcing vowel identity of main-stressed nuclei in morphologically related forms. Unlike the categorical alternations analyzed by Crosswhite (1998), Seediq vowel matching is gradient and only emerges on a statistical level. Nevertheless, prosodic correspondence appears to be active in the synchronic grammar of Seediq; in a production experiment, speakers applied vowel matching to novel forms and even over-generalized it to environments not predicted by lexical statistics. Vowel matching is modeled in Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar (Goldwater & Johnson 2003), a stochastic variant of OT. I use prosodic correspondence to enforce vowel matching, and Zuraw’s (2000, 2010) dual listing approach to capture the discrepancy between lexical and experimental results.

BANYUMASAN VERB NOMINALIZATION: A TYPOLOGY STUDY

In Cross-Language Typology Studies, there are types of language universality to the languages in it. The focus of this research is that the researcher wants to see what affixes can form verb nominalization in Banyumasan Javanese and also identify the semantic function that results from each of these affixes in Banyumasan Javanese. The results of this study indicate that Banyumasan Javanese (BJB) and Central Javanese (BJS) have nominals in the form of prefixes, suffixes, and confixes. BJB has a variety of types equivalent to BJS. However, in these two languages, both have the nominal confix -an.

The plural suffix of adjectives and nouns in Tigre

Abstract The plural suffix in nouns and adjectives in Tigre has three distinct surface forms: a VC syllable, -at/-am; a CVC syllable, -jat/-jam, and a second CVC syllable, -tat/-tam. In this paper we argue that the suffix has a single underlying form, and it manifests predictably based on the final syllable of the stem. This paper provides an account for this behavior in the framework of Optimality Theory, arguing for an underlying VC representation. Additionally, we show that the different forms of the plural suffix are at least partially motivated. Our analysis reveals a conspiracy to preserve superheavy CVVC syllables when possible, along with an emergence of the unmarked effect regarding syllabification.

Contrast Preservation in Mandarin R-suffixation: A comparative study of Beijing and Liaoning dialects

Two dialects of Mandarin Chinese, Beijing and Liaoning, display different patterns in r-suffixation, a morphophonological process. This paper investigates the low vowel rhymes: /an/, /a/, /aŋ/ in the two dialects. In Beijing, /an/ and /a/ undergo neutralization with the addition of the diminutive /-r/ suffix (Zhang 2000). But in Liaoning, the two rhymes maintain their contrast in the suffixed forms by each employing a different /r/ allophone for the suffix. /an/ selects for the retroflex rhotic [ɻ], while /a/ opts for the non-retroflex, or bunched, [ɹ] in Liaoning. I present a contrast preservation analysis to account for the difference between the two dialects. The analysis is set in the framework of Flemming’s (1995) Dispersion Theory. It employs MinDist constraints and PreserveContrasts-BD, which is a modified version of Flemming’s MaximizeContrasts, adapted to refer to output-output mapping. I argue that the overarching objective for both dialects is to maintain salient contrasts between the suffixed forms, but they differ in whether they prioritize preserving the three-way contrasts of low vowel rhymes or maintaining enough auditory distance between the suffixed rhymes. Liaoning prioritizes preserving the three-way contrasts, ranking PreserveContrasts-BD alongside MinDist, whereas Beijing is less preoccupied with keeping three suffixed forms, ranking PreserveContrasts-BD below MinDist. This is why the contrast between /an/ and /a/ is preserved in Liaoning via /r/ allophony, but neutralized in Beijing. Acoustic evidence for the two allophones of the r-suffix is provided. Segmental processes involving the low vowel and the nasal coda are also discussed.

Etymology in English Classroom

Etymology is the study of the history of the form of words and, by extension, the origin and evolution of their semantic meaning across time. It is a subfield of historical linguistics, and draws upon comparative semantics, morphology, semiotics, and phonetics. Etymology refers to the origin or derivation of a word.(also known as a lexical change). Etymology is important in teaching because it gives both the teacher and the learner the ability to understand the interconnectedness of history with language. Understanding the interconnectedness of words with each other and the way that words have brought people together  and divided them over the centuries has distinctive effects on a pedagogical process.  Etymology is the key that unlocks both knowledge and a love of knowledge. Many English learners have their first language as one that is a Latin-based Romance language as Spanish. Many others have a language that is commonly spoken in that is also a Latin-based language. When we teach vocabulary, including the etymology of the word makes it much more likely that our students who are learning English will understand the word better and more quickly. Even students who are not native speakers of a Latin-based language can still benefit from etymology because etymology is the ultimate two-for-one special. When you know one prefix, you probably get access to dozens or even  hundreds of applications of that prefix, In this way, etymology becomes somewhat like a master key where, by teaching a single definition we unlock that word, but by teaching the etymology, we unlock many. With etymology, we start to understand the interconnectedness of language and culture, as well as the interconnectedness of history with language. We had better understand the interconnectedness of words with each other and the way that words have brought people together and divided them over the centuries. For English teachers, etymology is a threshold concept, alongside its linguistic brother morphology ( morphology being the study  of forms of words, including prefixes, root words and suffixes, etc. ), Many methodologists and teachers do believe that knowledge of etymology facilitates the guessing, recognizing, understanding, and remembering the meanings of words and that this approach is the very heart of word study. The paper presented etymology in linguistic and methodological frameworks and showed the importance of using it as an approach in teaching English.

FEATURES OF THE TRANSLATION OF KOREAN ETIQUETTE FORMS OF POLITENESS INTO RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH (on the example of KYUNG SUK SHIN’S novel “Please look after mom”)

The politeness category demonstrates significant national specifics in terms of linguistic expression, in the forms in which this category is implemented. There is a particular interest in the comparison of the politeness category in European and East Asian linguistic cultures, which are so noticeably different from each other in many ways. The article discusses the features of the translation of the national specifics of the politeness category of the Korean language into other languages, namely, into Russian and English, using the example of Kyung Suk Shin's novel “Please look after mom”, which reveals various traditional and special features of the Korean language, culture and society. The politeness category is inherent in all languages, however, it has differences in composition, means of employing language tools and functions. Comparative analysis of translations of the work “Please look after mom” allows us to conclude that the Korean language has a complex system of politeness forms, which indicates the socio-personal relationships between speakers, listeners and the persons in question, which is the distinguishing feature of the Korean language from other languages. The peculiarities of the politeness category in the Korean language include the fact that it is expressed in polite forms of verbs (namely verb endings), nominal suffixes, and various forms of addresses and personal pronouns.

ANALYSIS SUFFIXES ON REPORT TEXT “WASHINGTON D.C”

Suffix is one component that can be used to form new words in English. The suffix used in this case is a beginning suffix. The purpose of this study to finding the form, function and meaning of the beginning suffix found in "WASHINGTON DC" in the Report Text. The form, function and meaning of the beginning affixes found are classified According to the theory by Plag (2002) in his book "Word-Formation in English." The results of this study indicate that there are four types of suffix, namely "nominal suffixes," "verb suffixes," "adjectival suffixes" and "adverbial suffixes." In this study the author uses qualitative research, to analyze the suffix in the report text "Washington DC". Qualitative research as the study of the real of phenomena mainly suitable for answer the questions of why the thing is not inspect, and focusing on intervention improvement. It can be said that there are four forms of suffixes found in the data source, namely nominal suffix, verbal suffix, adjectival suffix and adverbial suffix. In Indonesia there are seven types of suffixes, namely: -an, -I, -kan, -kah, -ku, -mu, -nya, -pun. Research findings showed that beginning suffixes was found in the washingthon D.C., they are suffix -al, -s, -ist, -ion, -ing, -ed, -ly, - ous, -ence, in Indonesia we found suffixs -kan, -an, -nya.

Asynchronization at the phonology-morphology interface: A case study of an atypically developing Hebrew-acquiring boy

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a case study of an atypically developing Hebrew-acquiring boy (YV), in comparison with three typically developing boys. Drawing on data from longitudinal studies, we examined the development of two verbal suffixes, -im ‘ms.pl.pres’ and -ti ‘1.sg.past’, with reference to two prosodic structures that these suffixes assume – word final codas for -im and trisyllabic words for -ti (e.g. bon-ím ‘they build’, kará-ti ‘I read’). We found that YV’s developmental trajectory was similar to that of the three boys in both phonology and morphology, each module independently; the deviant phenomena were found at the interface between phonology and morphology. The typically developing boys produced the relevant phonological structures in bare stems before they produced them in suffixed forms. YV, however, proceeded in the opposite order; he produced the final m in -im verbs before mastering word final codas in bare stems; similarly, he produced trisyllabic forms in -ti verbs before mastering them in bare stems. We attribute this deviance to asynchronization between phonological (prosodic) and morphological development. That is, YV’s phonology lagged behind his morphology, but this lag did not block the morphological development as it would have in synchronized development.

APPLICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN MALANG JAVANESE

Malang Javanese has special characteristics due to many migrants in Malang that can affect the use of the Javanese language. Since many mother tongues of different places are spoken there, Malang Javanese can be expected to show divergences from the Standard Javanese seen in applicative constructions. This research aimed to identify and describe the applicative marker and formulate its tendency. A qualitative approach was used to gain a deeper result. The data were taken from Twitter in the form of intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive sentences. Then, the data were collected using copy-paste technique and processed using AntConc so that all sentences containing the applicative marker must be collected. The theories applied were grammatical roles by Palmer, applicative constructions by Peterson, and Javanese grammar. The research result showed that the applicative constructions in Malang Javanese were in the form of suffix -no and -i. The roles of the suffix -no were used to promote benefactive and locative obliques to the core argument. Next, the role of the suffix -i was to promote benefactive recipients oblique to the core argument. An interesting finding showed an unusual pattern of the applicative construction that had no suffix marking or no-applicative marking. The use of the suffix -no and the suffix -i were not always categorized as applicative markers. By comparing the applicative constructions in Standard Javanese, it was found the same roles for each suffix.

JENIS DAN BENTUK AFIKSASI DALAM BAHASA TIDORE (TINJAUAN MORFOLOGI)

This research aims to describe the types and forms of affixation in the Tidore language used by speakers in the village of Maitara. This research was a qualitative descriptive research. The sample or informants in this study were the speakers of the Tidore language in the village of Maitara, the city of Tidore Islands, which had been selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data collection method is in the form of listening and speaking. The data in this study were analyzed using the expansion technique and the mark reading technique. The types of affixation in Tidore include prefixes and suffixes. The prefix form in Tidore language in Maitara village is in the form of ma-, la-, se-, sa-, and to-, while the suffix form in Tidore language used by speakers in Maitara village, Tidore Islands city only has one form, namely -i .

AFFIXES FORMING INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL VERBS IN KULISUSU LANGUAGE

Kulisusu language is the main communication tool in religious, traditional, and cultural activities. Development and study of regional languages to improve the language quality is needed. This is one way to respond to linguistic problems from phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, sentences to discourse. However, this study only focuses on morphemes in form of affixes. Therefore, the researcher is interested in describing affixes forming inflectional and derivational verbs in Kulisusu language. This is beneficial for being inventory materials to develop Kulisusu language. This is a field research using qualitative descriptive method. Data collection was by interviewing, listening, and recording technique. The results showed affixes in Kulisusu language can form inflectional and derivational verbs. Inflectional verbs have 19 affix forms consisting of 8 prefix forms like: po-, mo-, pe-, me-, te-, in-, peka-, andmeka-,2 infix forms like: -um-, and-in-7 suffix forms like: -po, -mo, -o, -ako, -aka, -sakoand –si, and 2 confix forms namely: pa-oandpe-mo. Derivative verbs are divided into two types, namely, denominal verbs and deadjectival verbs. Denominal verbs have 12 affix forms consisting of 5 prefix forms namely: po-, mo-, pe-, me-,andko-,2 infix forms like: -um-and-in-, 2 suffix forms like: -akoand-aka,and 3 confix forms such as: po-i, mo-iandi-o.Deadjectival verbs have 5 affix forms consisting of 3 prefix forms namely: pa-, pompa-andmompa-, 1 suffix form like: -kiand 1 confix form like: pa-o.

Comparative Forms of Adjectives by Suffix –an in Toba Batak

The objectives of this study is to investigate word formations of comparative forms of adjectivesby suffix [-an] in Toba Batak. Comparative forms of adjectives by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak areconstructed without considering the number of syllables of the base forms of adjectives as those inEnglish. Besides, the attachments of suffix [-an] to adjectives in Toba Batak to constructcomparative forms do not require any phonological rules as those when attaching prefix [um-] toconstruct comparative form in Toba Batak. The stress of the words modified with suffix [-an] is insuffix [-an] itself. The meaning of suffix [-an] denotes comparative forms. It signifies moremeaning than what is indicated in the base forms of the adjectives to which suffix [-an] is attached.In short, word formation of comparative form by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak can be done to alladjective bases in very simple way inflectionally.

COMPARISON OF STEMMING AND SIMILARITY ALGORITHMS IN INDONESIAN TRANSLATED AL-QUR'AN TEXT SEARCH

The long history of information retrieval did not begin with Internet. Prior to widespread public daily use of search engines, in the 1960s information retrieval systems were discovered in commercial and intelligence applications. There are two stages in Information Retrieval in doing its main job which is to preprocessing text and to calculate similarity between term (word) and query (keyword) user searched for in a document. Stemming is final stage of pre-processing in an information retrieval system. The way stemming works is to remove affixes from a word, in form of prefixes, suffixes and insertions into form of basic word. Thus, in this paper we did compare search on information retrieval system without using stemming algorithm, using stemming Porter, Nazief & Adriani and Enhanced Confix Stripping with similarity method used is cosine similarity and dice similarity. Based on test results, text search ability on dice similarity is faster in stemming process with Porter Stemmer and ECS algorithms. While in Nazief & Adriani algorithm and without stemming, cosine similarity is faster than dice similarity.