Suffixed Forms Research Articles

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES ON "PERCY JACKSON THE SEA MONSTER" NOVEL BY RICK RIORDAN

The English word formation in morphology in this analysis will investigate the morphology of English word formation in this research. The form, purpose, and meaning of derivational suffixes in the novel were the study's problems. This research aims to figure out what kind of derivational suffixes there found in the data source. The data for this analysis came from Rick Riordan's E-book novel Percy Jackson and the Sea Monster. The data in this study was collected using the documentation process. This study's data was analyzed using a qualitative approach. The study revealed four derivational suffix types: nominal Suffix, verbal Suffix, adjectival Suffix, and adverbial Suffix. Based on the observation and readings of the e-novel of the study, the purpose of the study is to describe word-forming the derivational Suffix and what the Suffix that mainly uses by Rick Riordan's in the novel Percy Jackson and the Sea Monster. The researcher found four derivational suffixes from the novel: verb, adverb, noun, and adjective. Moreover, the data collected from the novel are 363 data of words forming the derivational Suffix.

New and old puzzles in the morphological conditioning of coronal stop deletion

AbstractThis paper probes the well-documented morphological effect on coronal stop deletion (CSD, also called /t,d/-deletion), by which there is more deletion in monomorphemes like mist than in regular past tense forms like missed. We observe that there are, in principle, additional morphological distinctions that could be made within each category: for instance, the “regular past” category contains perfect and passive participles; the “monomorpheme” category typically contains compounds and suffixed forms. We demonstrate that several of these newly introduced distinctions actually have significant effects on CSD rates in a corpus of Philadelphia English. And we argue that these new distinctions are worth attending to because they have consequences for two existing accounts of the basic morphological effect. In each case, we show that the existing accounts do not straightforwardly capture the additional significant distinctions we identify, calling the explanatory power of those accounts into question.

Introduction

Introduction

Ecolexicone and Morphology in Mandailing Agriculture Community

This study aimed to analyze the ecolexicon and morphology by typology in the community of Mandailing (BM) agriculture. Qualitative methods were used. Data were collected using several stages such as interviews, self-examination, documenting and note-taking. The study was carried out in areas where income was dominated by farming, precisely in South Tapanuli Regency. The results showed that the biotic environment in the lexicon was 36 or around 70.5%, and the abiotic environment was 15 or around 29.5%. The typology of words was dominated by nominal (39), verbs (7), and adjectives (2). Based on the exposure to ecolexicon forms and typologies found in the Mandailing language, several conclusions can be drawn: the lexicon found in BM has affixations such as prefixes (si-); there are other prefixes (ma-, mam-, mar-, mang-); and the suffix form (-on) is often used to express farming activities, when associated with nouns, which is an activity that is carried out to indicate the type of rice and banana. The main reason for the loss of the lexicon is that many traditional activities have been replaced by modern means.
 Keywords: Ecolinguistic, Mandailing, Community Agriculture

Affixation Category of Palembang Malay Language Reviewed From Perspective of Morphological Typology

Abstract This research is related to affixation category of Palembang Malay language, which is a regional part of the Sumatra region exactly South Sumatra. In particular, this study uses category of affixation in the form of prefixes and suffixes (suffiks) used by Dryer's (2013) in researching the Nualu language in Seram island which belongs to the Polynesian Malay ethnic. This research reveals that on Palembang Malay language affixation, the first affixation category was the form of 6 (six) categories of prefixes (awalan) in Palembang Malay language, among others; N-, di-, peN-, be-, te-, and se-.Second, there are found 5 (five) types of suffixes (akhiran) in Palembang Malay language, such as; -ke, -la, -an, -nyo, and –i. The third is found 3 (three) simulfix (awalan-akhiran) which is the type of bound form of the prefix one with another prefix, such as: ke-.. . -an, pe-. . . -an, and be-. -an. Finally, there were found 3 (three) main categories of morphophonemic process prefixes in Palembang Malay language, such as; a) there are four types of prefixesN-in Malay language Palembang has many allomorphs: m, n, ny, ng. b) there are six types of prefixespeN- connected with words, so the prefix will change to: pem-, pen-, peny-, peng-, pel-, orpe-. c)there are four prefixesbe- that has allomorphs bel-, ber, and be- .The Grand theory approach used in this study has been stated by Velupillai (2012) and Lieber (2009).

НИКОБАРСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ И ДРЕВНЕ-КХМЕРСКИЙ: ПАДЕЖНЫЙ МАРКЕР TA

Nicobarese languages Car and Nancowry, which are modern vernacular languages of the indigenous population of the Nicobar Islands, and Old Khmer — the language of epigraphic inscriptions of 7th–15th A.D, possess a considerable fragment of grammatical system, which coincides in almost every detail. That is functional domain of the marker ta, which has two functions: marker of dependent predications of different types and marker of noun phrases with different syntactic and semantic roles. This fact is somewhat challenging since Nicobarese and Khmer are distant relatives, typologically different, they have different status and temporal affiliation. The present article deals with the second function of ta, which is called case marking function. Ta in the function of dependent predication marker was described in detail in [Погибенко, 2020б]. In Nicobarese and Old Khmer languages dependent predication marker ta has left vestiges in the form of prefix in deverbal nouns, adjectives and adverbials. In Nicobarese it is also found in adjectives derived from nouns. In the present article it is suggested that the case marker ta has also left vestiges in the form of suffix in verbs of location and dislocation and in prepositions. In Old Khmer ta marks indirect object and circumstantial noun phrases covering several semantic roles: location, addressee, recipient, deprivative, temporative. In Nicobarese it is also found in instrument and comitative noun phrases and, in contrast with Old Khmer, in direct object and displaced agent noun phrases, the latter in passive VPA sentences. In the compared languages case marking ta is gradually replaced by prepositions via the strategy of dubbing. It is suggested that the case-marking function of ta could have evolved during syntactic compression of a subordinate clause with the dependent predication marker.

Asymmetries in the processing of affixed words in Bengali

Prefixes and suffixes display distinctive linguistic behaviors. Not only does a crosslinguistic asymmetry exist between them in terms of structural properties, combinatorial constraints, and frequency, but there is also extensive evidence that prefixes and suffixes are processed differently. To further investigate the differences in how prefixes and suffixes are processed, we conducted five crossmodal priming experiments in Bengali, a language rich in derivational morphology. Although all combinations of stems, prefixes, and suffixes provided facilitation, we found that stems primed related prefixed forms to a greater degree than they primed related suffixed forms. Furthermore, morphologically related prefixed forms primed other prefixed forms more than suffixed forms primed related suffixed forms. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the asymmetry in how prefixes and suffixes are processed is due not only to differences in perception, reading, and inhibition from the phonological cohort, but also to the salience of the morpheme boundaries in affixed word representations during recognition.

Stem alternations in Kiranti and their implications for the morphology–phonology interface

Stem alternation is present in the verbal inflection of all documented Kiranti languages, where it ranges from the straightforward phonologically conditioned (e.g. Athpariya and Chintang) to the purely morphological and baroque (e.g. Khaling and Dumi). This paper surveys stem alternation patterns across the whole family. Its main finding is that, unlike the morphological stem alternations of West Kiranti, the phonologically-conditioned stem alternations of East Kiranti are characterized by a very striking distributional similarity (often identity) across languages, even in the presence of quite drastic affixal changes. This and other findings suggest that these stem alternation patterns should be regarded as a (morphomic) grammatical phenomenon of its own right, despite being derivable from the forms of suffixes. Furthermore, comparison with West Kiranti suggests that this coextensiveness with a coherent phonological environment actually enhances some typically morphomic traits such as diachronic resilience and productivity.

SPEECH VARIATION OF BENTENG SOMBA OPU COMMUNITY

The research aims to describe the speech variation of the Benteng Somba Opu community. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data were gaining from the verbal speech of the Benteng Somba Opu community in the form of dialogue. Data collection techniques conducted by doing observation and recording techniques. The data analysis carried out through data identification, data classification, data interpretation, and description of the result based on the sociolinguistics theory. The results of the research show that the Benteng Somba Opu community speech variation marked by using suffix, prefix, particle, and code-mixing. The suffix form contains -mi, -ma, -mo, -na, -nu, -ni, -ka, -ki, -ko, -ku, -ji, -pi, -di, -i, and - e. The prefix form marked by na-, ku-, ta-, and -i. The particle seems to the words, iyo, tong, tomma (i), mako, mami, paeng, dih, and tawwa. Code mixing conveyed using the English language (off and reward), and Arabic (alhamdulillah). Those variations are adjusting with the level of social, position, age, and familiarity between the speaker and the addressee in the Benteng Somba Opu community, resulting in a good, respectful, and polite speech.

Morphemic analysis of Uzbek nouns with Finite State Techniques

The article developed a mathematical model that describes the morphemic description of the structure of nouns in the Uzbek language. The developed model takes into account all forms of word-forming suffixes, affixes and creating word forms that belong to the lexical category of nouns. For the created mathematical model of word forms, an algorithm for morphemic parsing and determining the pre-ownership of word forms using finite automation is developed.

On the Eastern Turkic Grammatical Characteristics in the Mirajname Text Found in the Kitab of Ibn Abraham Koricki

The manuscripts of the Lithuanian Tatars are comprised of religious works written in the Arabic script like Kitab, Tafsir, Hamail, Tajvid. These manuscripts preserved texts concerning such languages as Chagatai Turkic, Old Anatolian Turkish, Belarusian and Polish. Especially the type of manuscripts named Kitab is important as it bears relation to the Turkish language, because in the type of Kitab, Slavic translations are found between the lines of some Turkish texts. One of the texts found within the type of Kitab is the text of the mirajname that belongs to the period of the Old Anatolian Turkish. Since XIVth century numerous examples of mirajname have occurred in Turkish literature, however its appearance in the manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars is a curious case. In this article the Eastern Turkic grammatical features in the mirajname text found in the Kitab of Ibn Abraham Koricki that belongs to the period of the Old Anatolian Turkish shall be analyzed and generally the reasons of the appearance of the Eastern Turkic forms of words and suffixes in the mirajname text written according to the grammatical characteristics of Western Turkic shall be discussed.

Labial harmony in the Hikâyet-i Üveysü’l-Karanî

Dudak uyumu, Türkçenin en belirgin özelliklerinden biridir. Bu özellik Eski Türkçe döneminde büyük oranda korunmuş ancak Batı Türkçesinde bozulmaya başlamıştır. Eski Anadolu Türkçesi dudak uyumu bakımından Türkçenin en istikrarsız dönemidir. Bunun altında birtakım fonetik tesirler yatmakla beraber bazı kelimelerde herhangi bir sebebe bağlı olmadan uyumu bozucu yuvarlaklaşmaların olduğu görülmektedir. Uyumu bozan yapılar Klasik Osmanlıcada uyuma bağlanmıştır. Fakat bu süreç hemen olmamış, bir süre ek veya kelimelerin uyumu bozan şekillerinin yanında uyumlu şekilleri de kullanılmıştır. Türkçe gibi geniş alanlara yayılmış ve imparatorlukların dili olmuş bir dilin oluşumları, dönüşüm ve değişimleri için belli bir zaman aralığına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Eklerin tarihi süreçte uyuma bağlanma hızlarının ve uyum sağlama durumlarının tespiti için geçiş dönemi eserlerinin incelenmesi şarttır. 15. yüzyılın sonlarıyla 16. yüzyılın başlarında yaşadığı kabul edilen Sabâyî mahlaslı müellifin kaleminden çıkmış olan Hikâyet-i Üveysü’l- Karanî adlı eserin barındırdığı örnekler üzerine yapılmış bu çalışmanın dudak uyumunun sağlanma sürecinin, bu süreçte Anadolu yazı dilinin tarihsel değişimlerinin ve bugünkü sistemli yapısını borçlu olduğu geçiş aşamalarının aydınlatılmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşüncesindeyiz. Eserde eklerin ikili kullanımlarına sıkça rastlanmaktadır. Çalışma neticesinde daima düz veya yuvarlak ünlülü olan kelime ve eklerin tespiti yapılmış ve örneklendirilmiştir. Fakat asıl önemli olan ve dönemi aydınlatabilecek yapılar ikili kullanımlardır. Bu ikili kullanımlar, kelimelerde olabildiği gibi eklerde de görülebilmektedir.

The Development of Morphological Knowledge and Spelling in French.

The Frenchorthographic system is particularly difficult to learn because nearly 30% of words in the lexicon end with a silent letter. One metalinguistic skill that has been identified to facilitate spelling acquisition in French is morphological knowledge. This cross-sectional study investigated the construct of morphological knowledge, its development and its role in building accurate orthographic representations in a sample of francophone elementary students. We proposed that morphological knowledge, a superordinate process, encompasses children’s implicit use of morphemes in everyday language and their conscious, targeted manipulation of morphemes. In the present study, we assessed children’s recognition of morphogrammes, the silent-letter endings (SLEs) of root words that become pronounced in suffixed forms (e.g., the silent t in chant/ʃã/ [song] → chanteur /ʃãtœʀ/ [singer]). When spelling root words, children may mark morphogrammes by recalling morphologically related words in which the morphogramme is not silent – thus, morphological knowledge was hypothesized to positively predict morphogramme spelling. One hundred and twenty-three children in grades 1–3 were assessed on four measures of morphological knowledge, two measures of spelling recognition and a dictation of pseudowords to explore their inclusion of silent-letter endings in novel words. As expected, morphological tasks that required explicit morphological manipulations were harder than implicit ones. Moreover, first graders struggled to complete explicit morphological tasks, while third graders were near ceiling performance on implicit tasks. Nevertheless, the four tasks converged on a single morphological knowledge construct as confirmed by a factor analysis. Importantly, morphological knowledge explained unique variance in children’s accurate representation of silent-letter endings after controlling for grade, reading for pleasure and general orthographic recognition of words. Finally, children rarely used silent-letter endings when spelling pseudowords; however, when they did, they displayed sensitivity to the appropriate phonological context for the letter used. The findings are in accord with theoretical models suggesting that the representations of letters without phonological value are difficult to construct and may remain fuzzy.

Tulajdonnevek a nyelvatlaszokban

The study offers an overview of the proper names included in Hungarian linguistic atlases. First, the lexicons of these atlases are examined, emphasising the reasons behind the low number of proper names. The linguistic atlases printed in Hungarian to date contain 6090 entries, but only 81 proper names. Anthroponyms can be found in 20 atlases, mostly in suffixed forms or nicknames. Other proper names include toponyms and the names of planets. Atlases from Romania are unique in this regard as the same headwords were collected most consistently. Existing linguistic atlases can be better utilised by onomastic research in geographic common nouns and words that have become anthroponyms (the names of professions, crafts, adjectives for internal or external characteristics) are also considered, as the number of these is much greater than that of proper names.

Das Augenblickchen und das Stückelchen.

This study deals with the diminutive suffixes -chen and -elchen in the Moselfranconian base dialects on both sides of the Luxo-German state border. It covers the entirety of the state of Luxembourg as well as the Moselfranconian dialects of German within the area of investigation of the Linguistic Atlas of the Central Rhine (MRhSA). The study examines the Wenker questionnaires from the end of the 19th century that were collected by Georg Wenker and John Meier as well as a second and third series of data in the form of Wenker questionnaires that were collected in the 1920s by Richard Huss and data from the MRhSA collected in the 1980s. Building on Edelhoff (2016), who analyses the development of diminutive plurals and plural diminutives in German and Luxemburgish dialects, and Edelhoff (2017a, 2017b) this study provides a closer look on the forms of the diminutive suffix in the singular, particularly of the two lexemes Augenblickchen ,moment.dim’ and Stückchen ,piece.dim’. It is not only a matter of general concern to show the spatial distribution of the suffix forms ‑chen and ‑elchen in the base dialects, but it attempts to shed some light on language-dynamic processes taking place. Specifically, this involves taking a closer look at the following questions: 1) Can language change in the direction of the prestige variety of Central Luxemburgish on the Luxemburgish and in the direction of Standard German on the German side of the state border be shown, in the sense of the Language Dynamics Approach (Schmidt/Herrgen 2011)? 2) Can Edelhoff’s (2016) constatation that the state border has become a dialect border with regard to the use of the diminutive plural suffix also be demonstrated for the diminutive singular suffix variants ‑chen and ‑elchen? 3) Is there geolinguistic evidence for the thesis that the morphological variant ‑elchen is a fusion of the suffixes -lein and -chen? This article provides a preliminary answer to these questions and sketches some lines of inquiry for future research.

PENANDA LINGUAL PADA RAGAM TUTURAN NASKAH KUNO TUNTUNAN MELAKUKAN HUBUNGAN SUAMI ISTRI

Ancient text is an important historical relic as it carries certain messages. The messages is the real proof and moral teaching of ancient time. Language used here has its own uniqueness, especially lingual sign and context that is related to directive speech. This research studies directive speech variety in ancient text Tuntunan dalam Melakukan Hubungan Suami-Istri (TDMHSI) which consists in the lingual sign and context. TDMHSI text has the code 07_01666 and is stored in the Banda Aceh Public Museum. Located in Sultan Alaidin Mahmudsyah street, Banda Aceh. This text consists of 36 pages. This research aims to reveal sign and context of the TDMHS’s directive speech. The method applied was observation and the technique used were editing and dictation. Observation method applied aims to analyzed speech types, lingual sign and context of the TDMHSI’s text compare to other texts. Editing technique is useful to provide text closely similiar to the real one. Dictation text is used by writing what was dictated by Malay-Arabic language expert. This technique is needed to match the editing result so that information is not overlapped. This research found that there are 5 directive speech, whic are: prohibition (14 data), ordering (13 data), sugesting (5 data), begging (4 data), and reminding (1 data). Other lingual sign found are in the form of suffix as the basic form of directive speech, and context used as the basic dterminant directive speech.

REDUPLICATION OF VERB IN MUNA LANGUAGE

This research aims at describing the types and functions of verb reduplication in Muna language. Problems of the research are: (1) what types of verb reduplication in Muna language? (2) what are the functions of reduplication found on verb in Muna language? Data of the research were taken by using the techniques of noting, translation, introspection, and elicitation. The achieved data were analyzed by following the steps: (1) made the classification, (2) determine the basic element (stem) of every reduplication, (3) pay attention to the process of reduplication, (4) and determine the function of reduplication occur on verbs. Results of the research are as follows:There are three types of verb reduplication in Muna language, namely: full, partial, and affixed reduplications. Partial reduplication of verb in Muna language consists of regressive and progressive reduplications. In affixed reduplicaton, the kinds of affixes role in the reduplication process are: suffix –I which presents in the forms of suffix –pi, -ni, -li, and –mi; prefix sa-; and confix po-li. Full reduplication on verb in Muna language functions to state repeatitive activity and relax condition or activity done to relax. On the other hand, partial reduplication in the form of regressive reduplication functions to state repeatitive and serious activities, whereas the progressive one states reciprocal activity done by people in group. The last one, affixed reduplication that attached by suffix -pi, -li, and –mi states repeatitive and suffix –ni states an activity done seriously. Reduplication with prefix sa- states frequentive activity and the reduplication attached by confix po-li that states reciprocality and repeatitive activity. Key Words: Reduplication, Verb, Affix, Morphological Process, And Muna Language

Motivations for Consonant Epenthesis in Nonstandard Suffixed Forms of Korean Nouns

This paper investigates variation in the treatment of consonant clusters in stem-final position in Korean nouns. Consonant clusters undergo obligatory simplification when nouns are in isolation (e.g., /talk/ [tak] ‘chicken’). Consonant deletion may also occur in nonstandard Korean when a vowel-initial suffix is attached to nouns (e.g., /talk/ [ta.ki] ‘chicken-nom’). Another nonstandard variant discussed in this study is the suffixed forms of nouns with consonant epenthesis—particularly with [s]-epenthesis (e.g., /talk-i/ [tak.si] ‘chicken-nom’). The epenthetic consonant has received little or no attention, or neglected as a speech error in previous research. However, results from a production experiment show that [s]-epenthesis occurs consistently in terms of its position and quality. I propose this is motivated by the Base identity effect required both at the segmental and suprasegmental levels. In addition, the quality of the epenthetic consonant is also consistent: that is, only [s] but not any other consonant is epenthesized. I ascribe this to the frequency effects by which speakers epenthesize a consonant that is frequent in onset position overall in Korean.

MORPHOLOGICAL SUFFIXES IN THE ARTICLE OF THE JAKARTA POST ONLINE NEWSPAPER

This study was designed in the form of descriptive qualitative research with the aim at describing the most frequently used suffix in the article entitled “British Company to Invest $200m in West Java waste-to-fuel Plants” from online newspaper The Jakarta Post that published on 4th of March 2019. Documentation is the techniques of data collecting used in this study by reading, analyzing the text, gathering, and counting the suffixes used. The result showed that there are 83 data of suffixes found with 62 data are inflectional suffixes consist of 37% suffix –s (31 data), 18% suffix –ed (15 data), 18% suffix –ing (15 data), and 1% suffix –er (1 data). The rest of 21 data found are derivational suffixes, consist of 1% suffix –able, –ant, –ate, –ation, –ition, –in, –or, –ship, and –ty with each suffix consist of 1 data. The other forms of derivational suffixes found are 5% suffix –ion (4 data), 5% suffix –ly (4 data), 3% suffix –ment (2 data), and 3% suffix –y (2 data). Thus, the writers concluded that inflectional suffixes with the form of suffix –s is the most frequently used suffix in the article.

Teaching the German Superlative

The basic form of the superlative suffix in German is ‐st (kleinst‐), with some adjectives requiring a longer form, ‐est (lautest‐). While the superlative has long been a topic in teaching materials, the accuracy of textbook treatments continues to be less than satisfactory. The difficulty arises in characterizing the adjectives that require the longer form of the suffix. Grammars provide no standard treatment of the superlative and fail to present concise generalizations, crucial to the language learner. This paper provides a new analysis of the superlative that incorporates the insights revealed in an evaluation of accounts of the superlative in three grammars of German. Stress, secondary as well as primary, the feature [coronal], and the recognition of complex segments are argued to be crucial for describing the environments in which ‐e‐ must be inserted before the ‐st suffix. The rule describing these environments is stated both in formal terms and in terms that are accessible to the language learner, and suggestions are provided for teaching.