Subject Formation Research Articles

The Transcultural Streams of Chinese Canadian Identities by Jessica Tsui-Yan Li

Reviewed by: The Transcultural Streams of Chinese Canadian Identities by Jessica Tsui-Yan Li Jacqueline Ng Jessica Tsui-Yan Li. The Transcultural Streams of Chinese Canadian Identities. Quebec: McGill Queen's University Press, 2019. 204 pp. Images. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $34.95 sc; $110.00 hc. Affirming the momentous impact of Chinese Canadians on socioeconomic power and cultural imprints in Canadian society, The Transcultural Streams of Chinese Canadian Identities, edited by Jessica Tsui-Yan Li, presents a timely, far-reaching book discussing how Chinese Canadians have been undergoing acute challenges of social survival and negotiating their ethnic identities and power relations in Canada over the past decades. The term "Chinese Canadian" refers to anyone of Chinese descent who settles, lives, or works in Canada and has a transcultural and transnational identity. To review the postcolonialist stereotypical definition of Chinese Canadians as immigrants of expatriation or deracination, Transcultural Streams adopts an interdisciplinary approach to study the multiple collective identities of Chinese Canadians, suggesting an imperative need to rethink the identities of Chinese Canadians who are perceived as "socially privileged" in their homeland but are yet devalued or marginalized as the "so-called Other" (6) in Canada. The compelling arguments of this volume are strategically arranged in: Part 1: Revisiting migrant transcultural identities; Part 2: Re-evaluating challenges and struggles of Chinese Canadians; and Part 3: Reshaping and Re-positioning Chinese Canadian identities. This book uses a multidisciplinary, mixed-method approach to explore the intersectionality and heterogeneity of Chinese Canadian identities from the critical lenses of renowned scholars, academic researchers, cultural producers, poets and literary writers who jointly contribute to the "intersectional discourse" in order to highlight the "diversity and fluidity of Chinese Canadian identities in the face of various forms of subjugation and power imbalance" (10). Part 1 (Chapters 1–3) revisits the transcultural identities of Chinese Canadians, mainly those early immigrants from Hong Kong around the late 1960s, from historical, sociocultural, linguistic, and literary perspectives. A dramatic influx of Hong Kong immigrants to Canada resulted mainly because they foresaw political uncertainties in their home country as the handover of Hong Kong's sovereignty was approaching, and their worries about the colony's future was intensified by the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989. These Chinese immigrants, however, were found to have low attachment to Canadian society as they had to endure cultural conflicts and institutional racism in [End Page 135] the new country. They were expected to consistently negotiate their job opportunities, lifestyle, and power relations with local residents. In light of their detachment from the mainstream in Canada, many Hong Kong immigrants decided to remodel their family structure to "astronaut" families (13), with one parent (usually the father) returning to Hong Kong to work and financially support their families, while the mother and the children were left in Canada to receive Western education and maintain their Canadian citizenship. They were perceived by Canadian society simply as Chinese foreigners living in Canada, while in their homeland, "they were considered sojourners, or Huaqiao, Chinese living temporarily outside of China" (175). These Chinese Canadians could hardly find strong roots in their cultural identities when they were exposed to different values, perceptions, traditions, customs, and practices across cultural and national boundaries. Part 2 (Chapters 4–6) re-evaluates the prevailing challenges of Chinese Canadians by articulating their persistent struggles in the social, economic, gender and cultural contexts. Although most Chinese Canadians were reassured that they were not obligated to assimilate into a melting pot, they still encountered tough integration problems during identity transition. Upon their arrival to Canada, many Chinese Canadians, particularly immigrant women, have experienced "downward social and occupational mobility" (102). Regardless of whether most Chinese Canadians were wealthy investors or well-educated professionals in their homeland, they were marginalized with overflowing impediments in the new country including limited employment opportunities, non-recognition of earned qualifications, low household income, language barriers and racial discrimination which have all made it difficult for Chinese Canadians to achieve social engagement and acculturation. They consequently preferred staying within their comfort zone in which they were less likely to experience social isolation, exclusion, and racism. The idealism of preserving dual identities for Chinese Canadians is still a long...

The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical and Qualitative Assessment in Music Education ed. by David J. Elliott, Marissa Silverman, and Gary E. McPherson

Reviewed by: The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical and Qualitative Assessment in Music Education ed. by David J. Elliott, Marissa Silverman, and Gary E. McPherson Michael Gale The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical and Qualitative Assessment in Music Education. Edited By David J. Elliott, Marissa Silverman, and Gary E. McPherson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. [xx, 550 p. ISBN 978-0-190-26518-2. £110] Of all the issues faced by music educators today, the question of assessment is perhaps the thorniest. Few topics provoke as much impassioned polemic, and this collection of twenty-seven essays by contributors from across the globe certainly makes no apology for that. This book is unashamedly ideological in tone, espousing the 'praxial philosophy' outlined by David J. Elliott in his influential Music Matters: A New Philosophy of Music Education (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). For Elliott, music education should be a fundamentally experiential (rather than theoretically grounded) world, and the meanings and values attached to musical activity are inescapably contextually and socially defined. This vision is incompatible with the standards-based assessment protocols that, according to Elliott and his co-editors here, have been imposed upon modern-day educators through an increasingly dominant state-led neoliberal agenda. As a result, the testing of students now frequently eclipses all other considerations, not least the nurturing of creativity and self-exploration. This substantial volume is divided into four sections: the first ('Foundational Considerations') presents the editors' introduction and six further essays, followed by three sets of case studies gathered under rather loose headings ('Methodological Practices', 'Creativity', and 'International Perspectives') to form a set of lively and (mostly) engaging writings. Together, they offer a remarkably unified philosophical credo, providing contrasting snapshots of educational practice from areas as diverse as Australia, Iran, Nepal, Scandinavia, South Africa, and the U.S. A broad range of professional specialisms is explored, including classroom-based teaching, whole-class instrumental instruction, music therapy, special needs education, and beyond. In their introductory essay, the editors immediately nail their ideological colours to the mast, revealing the three key premises that underpinned their conception of this volume: 1). 'musics are made by and for people', and all musical activities are 'social endeavors and encounters' (p. 15)—ideas which are both central to Elliott's praxial philosophy. 2). music is part of everyday human experience, so music education should emphasise the processes and activities of musicmaking rather than treating musical works themselves as objects for veneration (p. 16). 3). music encompasses a wide range of diverse values which are 'invariably grounded in social experience'; music is contextually defined, and these values are 'functions of its service to various human needs and interests' (p. 17). [End Page 185] Following this, the remaining essays in Part 1 spell out a firm consensus, using a variety of philosophical and theoretical tools to echo and amplify the editors' distaste for prevailing models of testing and assessment. In Chapter 2, 'Institutional Music Education and Ranking as a Form of Subjectification: The Merits of Resistance and Resilience', Lise C. Vaugeois makes a powerful case for viewing ranking and grading as mechanisms for social division and control, while Kathryn Jourdan and John Finney (Chapter 3) fruitfully bring the philosophical ideas of Emmanuel Levinas to bear upon their rather exasperated observations on standard assessment practices in U.K. classrooms. Jourdan and Finney rightly challenge the narrowness of a mode of learning shaped primarily by exam board-defined questioning—but, like many of the chapters in this book, they stop short of offering far-reaching practical solutions to this pervasive problem. In Chapter 4, 'The Primacy of Experience: Phenomenology, Embodiment, and Assessments in Music Education', Andrea Schiavio is also guilty of this same sleight of hand. After sharing a provocative vision of musical learning that embraces embodied knowledge (as well as cognitive), and intersubjective interactions of various kinds (pp. 74–75), Schiavio eventually retreats, stating simply that 'the development of such new music assessment approaches goes beyond the limitations of this chapter' (p. 76). Drawing this opening group of essays to a close, Lauren Kapalka Richerme's invocation of poststructuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze (Chapter 7), also squirms uncomfortably in this hinterland between theory and practice, outlining...

FIGURA MAJKE U ROMANU "UŽAS PRAZNINE" PETERA HANDKEA

Peter Handke is a multi-award winning Austrian author, one of the most famous authors in German language; the writer who has a great influence on contemporary world literature. In this work the attention is on the novel A Sorrow Beyond Dreams (1972), that is the mother’s figure as a central charachter in the novel. The aim of this paper is also the analysis of traumatic experience in mother’s life in the novel A Sorrow Beyond Dreams. Thematic concepts were observed and realized through the mother’s figure and some histrorical and socio-political circumstances that led to the mother’s suicide are highlighted. In that context the cyclic structure of the novel is noticed. That structure is framed by birth and death motives. The main coclusions are concered with the cause of the mother’s suicide which was interpreted in two ways: as a resignation or an attempt of resistance. Repression of emotions that is repressively imposed is portraid on mother’s body, so the body is interpreted as the text itself which severs us to understand her trauma. These traumas were connected with the consequences of the Second World War and interpreted in the context of Freud’s psychoanalysis.

РИНОК РЕСТОРАННИХ ПОСЛУГ ПРИЧОРНОМОРСЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ У ПЕРІОД КОРОНАКРИЗИ

The article considers the specifics of the market of restaurant services in the Black Sea Region of Ukraine at the present stage of “restart” of enterprises in this sector of service. The aim of the study was to study the current state of the market of restaurant services in Odesa, Kherson and Mykolaiv regions and identify trends in the development of food establishments in the Black Sea region as the most popular domestic tourism destinations in Ukraine in the coronavirus crisis. Catering establishments of the city of Odesa traditionally remain leaders in the market of restaurant services of Ukraine; trends of reset of the restaurant industry in Odesa, Kherson and Mykolaiv regions correspond to those in Europe and the world have been identified. We have used a set of general and special methods in this article (they are historical and logical method, method of analysis and synthesis, diagram method, scientific abstraction). We reviewed the literature, business websites and used some professional interpretations. Catering establishments of the city of Odesa traditionally remain leaders in the market of restaurant services of Ukraine as the monitoring of the market environment of the hospitality industry for 2020-2021 have been proven. The restaurant business and the catering sector are implementing a variety of trade formats and new thematic concepts implemented through culinary diversity and different price levels while maintaining high standards of quality, healthy and balanced food that meets the urgent needs of consumers. Maintaining health in the context of coronavirus is a priority. At the same time, the trend of prevalence of fast food remains quite stable, with the expansion of the niche market for pizza, burgers and sushi in the study region, which in turn determines the specifics of the restaurant business in the Black Sea Region during the coronavirus crisis. The international experience of successful restaurant enterprises shows that the unalterable way of survival in the conditions of global competition and coronavirus crisis should be built on an innovative basis with active use of modern scientific and technical achievements, as well as the readiness of food establishments for innovations.

Foucault on Christianity: The Impasse of Subjectivation

ABSTRACT The last volume of Foucault's History of Sexuality, Confessions of the Flesh, offers a detailed excursion into Early Christianity and its distinct mode of subjectivation. But it also discloses a paradox that was already apparent in some of Foucault's published interventions: that his studies of Christian (and Ancient) ascetic practices contribute to foreclosing the analytical terrain that the notion of “subjectivation” opened up. The following remarks aim to show how, in turning to Christianity, Foucault leads the promising concept of subjectivation into a philosophical impasse.

ARGUMENTS FOR EMPOWERMENT INTERVENTIONS FOR TEACHERS IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS

The general purpose of the study was to explore the results of the intervention in terms of qualitative analysis of the reports of the participants in the intervention at a period of 6 months after the completion of the training. To achieve the objective, a semi-structured interview was adapted using a model (Toma, 2010) previously used to collect data also about an empowerment intervention. Open-ended questions were asked covering issues related to the conceptual dimensions, general themes and practical applications of strengthening the intervention. The target group consisted of 13 female participants working as teachers in the pre-university environment. Participants reported progress in the direction of correct and efficient self-assessment, capitalization of individual resources, modelling of core beliefs through new affirmations learned and orientation towards decision and action.

Eliciting Care Management Preferences with Engaged Caregivers and Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment

The goal of this study was to engage individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in developing a survey instrument that assists in the selection and prioritization of meaningful treatment outcomes in health care decision making. A multi-stakeholder advisory panel was engaged throughout the first qualitative phase of the study. 15 in-depth, guided interviews were conducted with caregiver-care recipient dyads who had been recently diagnosed with MCI. In addition to questions about meaningful outcomes, individuals were asked about quality of life and the severity of their symptoms using the Functional Attainment Staging Tool. 14 thematic concepts identified in an earlier, non-engagement-based caregiver study were all endorsed as relevant to the dyads interviewed. However, participants included 6 more thematic concepts, many of which were focused on social and community factors relevant to health care decision making. Engaging patients and caregivers allowed for focused dialogue within the interviews on shared treatment goals.

Injury severity analysis of pedestrian and bicyclist trespassing crashes at non-crossings: A hybrid predictive text analytics and heterogeneity-based statistical modeling approach

Non-motorists involved in rail-trespassing crashes are usually more vulnerable to receiving major or fatal injuries. Previous research has used traditional quantitative crash data for understanding factors contributing to injury outcomes of non-motorists in train involved collisions. However, usually overlooked crash narratives can provide useful and unique contextual crash-specific information regarding factors associated with injury outcomes. The main objective of this study is to harness the rapid advancements in more sophisticated qualitative analysis procedures for identifying thematic concepts in unstructured crash narrative data. A two-staged hybrid approach is proposed where text mining is applied first to extract valuable information from crash narratives followed by inclusion of the new variables derived from text mining in formulation of advanced statistical models for injury outcomes. By using ten-year (2006−2015) non-motorist non-crossing trespassing injury data obtained from the Federal Railroad Administration, statistical procedures and advanced machine learning text analytics are applied to extract unique information on contributory factors of trespassers’ injury outcomes. The key concepts are systematically categorized into trespasser, injury, train, medical, and location related factors. A total of 13 unique variables are extracted from the thematic concepts that are not present in traditional tabular crash data. The analysis reveals a positive statistically significant association between presence of crash narrative and trespasser’s injury outcome (coded as minor, major, and fatal injury). Compared to crashes with minor injuries, crashes involving major and fatal injuries are more likely to be reported with crash narratives. A crosstabulation of new variables derived from text mining with injury outcomes revealed that trespassers with confirmed suicide attempts, trespassers wearing headphones, or talking on cell phones are more likely to receive fatal injuries. Among other factors identified, trespassers under alcohol influence, trespasser hit by commuter train, and advance warnings by engineer are associated with more severe (major and fatal) trespasser injury outcomes. Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity and controlling for other factors, fixed and random parameter discrete outcome models are developed to understand the heterogeneous correlations between trespasser injury outcomes and the new crash specific explanatory variables derived from text mining – providing deeper insights. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.

The superhero in me: Connectivity between the dual identities of inner superhero and outer alter-ego

In this article, the author shares their processes and reflections from a somatic and pedagogical research project conducted at a Title I middle school in Tempe, Arizona. The project, ‘The superhero in me: Connectivity between the dual identities of inner superhero and outer alter-ego’ explores the duality, perceived dualism and duel-ism of the embodied middle school experience through the lens of superheroes and alter-egos. The research served several purposes: (1) exploration into how to communicate Laban Movement Analysis and Bartenieff Fundamentals along with key somatic concepts, such as self-awareness, self-control and autonomy to early adolescent learners in a way that is accessible and relatable, (2) facilitating an embodied understanding of the dualism between personal inner and outer identities, expressivity, attitudes and tendencies, with the aim of helping early adolescent students improve navigation of the challenging contexts they encounter (such as conflicting self and social identities, vulnerabilities, insider/outsider feelings, body image, self-confidence and the desire to be both unique and to fit in), (3) providing an opportunity for adolescent students to explore perceptions of inner and outer identities and the duel between these identities as carried within their own bodies and (4) creating an opportunity for students to collaboratively generate choreography. The dance classroom community chosen for this project had prior experience in dance within the school’s existing programme, specific learning challenges and opportunities for somatic knowledge development. Preliminary research and classroom observations unveiled thematic concepts (such as body image issues, low self-confidence and conflicting perceptions of self-identity) which informed teaching strategies, curriculum and subject matter. The framework of the curriculum considered critical theories of development, somatic practice, philosophy and collaborative inquiry. Questions that inspired the research included: how do early adolescent students construct understanding of their individual identities and experiences in a meaningful somatic way? How do we create lessons that integrate somatic exploration, social emotional learning and choreographic practice into early adolescent dance class? What is it about the adolescent experience that makes superheroes so compelling? What do superheroes tell us about ourselves?

Discourse, Critique and Subject in Vocational Language Education in Germany: An Outline of the Concept of Critical Foreign Language Didactics

The paper offers an attempt at including the critical-discursive perspective in the reflection on vocational language education in Germany; its aim is to outline a base for critical foreign language didactics drawing on the critical and post-Foucauldian discourse analysis. The first part of the paper forms a reconstruction of the enmeshment of vocational language education in a number of contexts (political, migrational, and integrative). Constituting a transformative variant of language didactics and examining vocational language education, critical foreign language didactics will be perceived as a research program pertaining to the reflection on education and pedagogical activity (under the framework of critical pedagogy), teaching and learning (from the standpoint of the critical trend in general didactics), and language education and its specificity within teaching and learning particular languages (in the context of foreign language didactics). The final part of the paper will present methodological implications by indicating potential directions for – and levels of – vocational language education analysis. It will also offer an attempt at their further clarification aimed at a critical analysis of subject formation and forms of subjectification.

Provider perspectives of implementation of an evidence-based insomnia treatment in Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care: barriers, existing strategies, and future directions

BackgroundCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a highly effective nonpharmacological intervention that is widely considered the gold standard for insomnia treatment. Insomnia is a prevalent and debilitating public health concern. Up to one third of the general population struggles with chronic insomnia, greatly increasing the risk for chronic pain and inflammation, depression and suicide, and cognitive decline. Over the last 10 years, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) evidence-based psychotherapy training program has trained nearly 1000 providers to deliver CBT-I in hospitals and clinics nationwide. Despite increased access, most patients with insomnia receive sleeping medications instead of CBT-I. This is particularly concerning for vulnerable populations, like older adults, who may be at increased risk of harms from medications. The goal of this study was to obtain a broad range of perspectives on CBT-I implementation from providers who commonly utilize and deliver CBT-I. This work identifies barriers and successful strategies used to overcome these barriers to guide future implementation efforts promoting evidence-based sleep care.MethodsSemi-structured interviews, using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) as a guide, were conducted with 17 providers from five Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities (8 primary care physicians, 4 primary care psychologists, and 5 CBT-I coordinators). We used a thematic analysis approach in which common ideas were identified across interviews and then grouped into larger conceptual themes. Data were concurrently collected and analyzed with rapid assessment process (RAP) techniques.ResultsFindings suggested implementation barriers and facilitators related to the CFIR constructs of intervention characteristic (e.g., providers unfamiliar with primary evidence of CBT-I effectiveness), inner setting (e.g., sleep as a low relative priority in primary care), and outer setting (e.g., lack of external incentives for increasing CBT-I use), as well as several successful strategies, including use of local champions and supportive opinion leaders.ConclusionsThese findings suggest promising opportunities to improve implementation of CBT-I, especially at facilities with less well-established CBT-I programs. Formal implementation trials are needed to systematically determine the real-world impact of strategies such as enlisting CBT-I champions, informing opinion leaders about CBT-I services, and promoting network weaving among primary care, mental health, and sleep clinics.

Foucault on Raymond Roussel: The Extralinguistic Outside of Literature

Madness, Language, Literature (2019) brings together a series of unpublished works on literature that belong to Michel Foucault’s first stage of production. This article focuses on those works that express a concept of madness as social partition or outside, and also on those that elucidate the concept of the ‘extralinguistic’ of literature. The combined reading of these texts sheds light on a concept of the extralinguistic outside of literature that enables Foucault to overcome a concept of ontological outside and, therefore, using literature, think on this discourse’s historical possibilities of resistance. As a result of this new reading, I analyse some fundamental aspects of this early Foucault. First, his development of a politics of literary form in the 1960s. Second, I propose that Foucault’s studies on literature in the 1960s were a kind of laboratory in which he was already raising some questions concerning his political history of truth. And, lastly, I examine the capacity of literature to make visible a part of reality that remains hidden (the excluded), the processes by which literature creates (language’s mechanism of self-representation), the possible forms of subjectivation that the fiction of every episteme allows (what Foucault calls verisimilitude), and the formulation of novel forms of being (that he later developed as aesthetics of existence).

Recommendations From the Twitter Hashtag #DoctorsAreDickheads: Qualitative Analysis.

BackgroundThe social media site Twitter has 145 million daily active users worldwide and has become a popular forum for users to communicate their health care concerns and experiences as patients. In the fall of 2018, a hashtag titled #DoctorsAreDickheads emerged, with almost 40,000 posts calling attention to health care experiences.ObjectiveThis study aims to identify common health care conditions and conceptual themes represented within the phenomenon of this viral Twitter hashtag.MethodsWe analyzed a random sample of 5.67% (500/8818) available tweets for qualitative analysis between October 15 and December 31, 2018, when the hashtag was the most active. Team coders reviewed the same 20.0% (100/500) tweets and the remainder individually. We abstracted the user’s health care role and clinical conditions from the tweet and user profile, and used phenomenological content analysis to identify prevalent conceptual themes through sequential open coding, memoing, and discussion of concepts until an agreement was reached.ResultsOur final sample comprised 491 tweets and unique Twitter users. Of this sample, 50.5% (248/491) were from patients or patient advocates, 9.6% (47/491) from health care professionals, 4.3% (21/491) from caregivers, 3.7% (18/491) from academics or researchers, 1.0% (5/491) from journalists or media, and 31.6% (155/491) from non–health care individuals or other. The most commonly mentioned clinical conditions were chronic pain, mental health, and musculoskeletal conditions (mainly Ehlers-Danlos syndrome). We identified 3 major themes: disbelief in patients’ experience and knowledge that contributes to medical errors and harm, the power inequity between patients and providers, and metacommentary on the meaning and impact of the #DoctorsAreDickheads hashtag.ConclusionsPeople publicly disclose personal and often troubling health care experiences on Twitter. This adds new accountability for the patient-provider interaction, highlights how harmful communication affects diagnostic safety, and shapes the public’s viewpoint of how clinicians behave. Hashtags such as this offer valuable opportunities to learn from patient experiences. Recommendations include developing best practices for providers to improve communication, supporting patients through challenging diagnoses, and promoting patient engagement.

“Sign Me Up, I’m Ready!”: Helping Patients Prescribed Sleeping Medication Engage with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

ABSTRACT Objective/Background Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) provides safe and effective insomnia care without the risk of harm associated with sleeping medications. Unfortunately, few patients with insomnia engage with CBT-I, with most using sedative hypnotics instead. This study conducted focus groups with patients with insomnia who were treated with sleeping medication, including older adults, women, and patients with chronic pain. The goal was to explore the perspectives of high-risk, CBT-I naïve patients on increasing access and engagement with CBT-I. Participants Participants included 29 Veterans with insomnia who had been prescribed sleeping medication in the last year and had not previously engaged with CBT-I. Methods Semi-structured 90-min focus groups were used to 1) explore messages and appropriate channels for a CBT-I social marketing campaign, 2) determine patient preferences for self-management CBT-I tools, and 3) determine patient opinions on alternative provider-delivered forms of CBT-I. Thematic analysis was used to identify conceptual themes. Results Three main themes were identified. First, patient education is necessary but not sufficient. Patients recommended multiple outreach attempts through multiple channels to motivate tired and overwhelmed insomnia patients to engage with CBT-I. Second, patients gravitated toward a stepped-care approach. Most would start with self-management CBT-I tools, moving on to provider-delivered CBT-I if needed. Finally, patients appreciated being able to choose from a menu of CBT-I delivery options and would use multiple options simultaneously. Conclusions These findings suggest promising opportunities to increase the use of CBT-I for high-risk patients through patient education and provision of self-management CBT-I tools.

Technical and Social Considerations of Tools from Roman-period Ceramic Workshops at Sagalassos (Southwest Turkey)

Archaeology has maintained a long-standing interest in ‘the tool’. In light of recent theoretical approaches to tools and technology, this paper presents the results of material analysis on a corpus of artifacts used in red-slipped ceramic production from Roman-period Sagalassos in southwest Turkey. Conceptual themes concern technological choices and the process by which tools were selected and appropriated for use in ceramic production. The tools demonstrate a variety of activity patterns—from reuse and adaptation to design and production. Objects were accordingly employed in complex and creative ways to meet the technical requirements of the artisan. Such needs in some instances also seem to reflect the role of the individual artisan within the organization of the workshop, whereby individuals demarcated their own toolsets within a larger production setting. Patterns of adaptation also highlight a need for interpretive flexibility when assigning functionality and social meaning to material culture. Such processes of selection appear to have been socially situated within the broader urban, suburban, and rural material worlds of Sagalassos.

Symbiont-mediated cytoplasmic incompatibility: what have we learned in 50 years?

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is the most common symbiont-induced reproductive manipulation. Specifically, symbiont-induced sperm modifications cause catastrophic mitotic defects in the fertilized embryo and ensuing lethality in crosses between symbiotic males and either aposymbiotic females or females harboring a different symbiont strain. However, if the female carries the same symbiont strain, then embryos develop properly, thereby imparting a relative fitness benefit to symbiont-transmitting mothers. Thus, CI drives maternally-transmitted bacteria to high frequencies in arthropods worldwide. In the past two decades, CI experienced a boom in interest due to its (i) deployment in worldwide efforts to curb mosquito-borne diseases, (ii) causation by bacteriophage genes, cifA and cifB, that modify sexual reproduction, and (iii) important impacts on arthropod speciation. This review serves as a gateway to experimental, conceptual, and quantitative themes of CI and outlines significant gaps in understanding CI’s mechanism that are ripe for investigation from diverse subdisciplines in the life sciences.

Antisubjugation and the Equal Protection of the Laws

This Article challenges 150 years of conventional wisdom regarding whether the Fourteenth Amendment protects people against “private” violence and secures “positive” rights to governmental aid. The conventional wisdom is that it does neither; this Article argues that it does both. More specifically, it contends that (1) the original meaning of the Equal Protection Clause imposes an affirmative duty on states to protect the life, liberty, and property of all people; (2) the original function of the Clause was to prevent subjugation of people’s lives, bodies, and possessions by state and nonstate actors; and (3) the Supreme Court has since its 1883 decision in the Civil Rights Cases misinterpreted the letter and undermined the spirit of the Equal Protection Clause by denying (1) and neglecting (2). Scholars have long criticized the Court’s reasoning in The Civil Rights Cases and more recent state-action and positive-rights decisions like DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services and United States v. Morrison. But the leading alternative theories of the Equal Protection Clause either deny that the Fourteenth Amendment contains any state-action/no-positive-rights limitations or hold that equal protection of the laws entails only a narrow duty to protect people against violence. Against the former, I ground my constitutional objection to the state-action doctrine in the original meaning of the Equal Protection Clause. Against the latter, I claim that the affirmative duty to protect guarantees not only protection against violence but protection against other forms of subjugation—that is, subjection of the bodies and possessions of some to the untrammeled will of others. An arrestee may be subjugated through a physically coercive police interrogation; an evictee may be subjugated through a civil proceeding that deprives them of their home; a criminal defendant may be subjugated by being detained owing to failure to make bail. Putting constitutional theory in conversation with ongoing social movements, I suggest that the “Civil Gideon” movement and the Movement for Black Lives might find constitutional resources in the letter and the spirit of the Equal Protection Clause. Finally, I propose that Congress is best-situated among federal institutional decisionmakers to thwart subjugation and that the Court’s lack of confidence in its own institutional competence ought no longer serve as an excuse for disabling Congress from enforcing the Equal Protection Clause.

How Older People Experience the Age-Friendliness of Their City: Development of the Age-Friendly Cities and Communities Questionnaire.

The World Health Organization engages cities and communities all over the world in becoming age-friendly. There is a need for assessing the age-friendliness of cities and communities by means of a transparently constructed and validated tool which measures the construct as a whole. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire measuring age-friendliness, providing full transparency and reproducibility. The development and validation of the Age Friendly Cities and Communities Questionnaire (AFCCQ) followed the criteria of the COnsensus-based Standards for selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN). Four phases were followed: (1) development of the conceptual model, themes and items; (2) initial (qualitative) validation; (3) psychometric validation, and (4) translating the instrument using the forward-backward translation method. This rigorous process of development and validation resulted in a valid, psychometrically sound, comprehensive 23-item questionnaire. This questionnaire can be used to measure older people’s experiences regarding the eight domains of the WHO Age-Friendly Cities model, and an additional financial domain. The AFCCQ allows practitioners and researchers to capture the age-friendliness of a city or community in a numerical fashion, which helps monitor the age-friendliness and the potential impact of policies or social programmes. The AFCCQ was created in Dutch and translated into British-English.

Hospitality artisan entrepreneurs’ perspectives of sustainability

Artisan entrepreneurs are argued to be creative disruptors of business norms influencing societal, political and economic change. Yet, studies of small- and medium-sized hospitality artisan enterprises are few, especially studies of their sustainability practice. This interpretive study used qualitative in-depth interviews with eight New Zealand hospitality operators who are deemed artisan entrepreneurs to glean exploratory insights into their perspectives of sustainability in their enterprises. Thematic analysis revealed four overarching conceptual themes that captured the artisans’ journeys against the tide of conventional business mores towards sustainable practice. The themes were the backstory, a road less travelled, tribe of journey-makers and rewards of the journey. The findings highlight that the sustainable hospitality business model demands much more than the conventional equivalent. As such, the findings reveal a sustainability consciousness as the driving motive and important starting point. The study also provides some evidence to confirm hospitality artisan entrepreneurs as creative disruptors in the global sustainable business agenda.

Is social licence a response to government and market failures? Evidence from the literature

The term ‘social licence to operate’, introduced in the 1990s, has increasingly been used to describe the social and environmental standards for firms to meet. Formally, a firm with a social licence is said to enjoy (intangible) ongoing acceptance or approval by communities and other stakeholders that: (1) are affected by the firm and/or their activities; and (2) can influence the profitability of the firm. While the mining industry was the first to identify the need to obtain a social licence to operate, other sectors also recognise its importance. Growth in the frequency and breadth of the terms use has contributed to a substantial body of research. A focus of this research has been the benefits and costs experienced by affected stakeholders as a result of a firm's activities. This suggests that social licence is, partly at least, an economic issue. We conducted a systematic review (with a final database of 651 documents) of the social licence literature to identify what conceptual themes have emerged, and discuss how these conceptual themes relate to fundamentals of welfare economics. By introducing economic perspectives, it was found that social licence concerns stem from government and market failures, namely: (1) negative externalities; (2) undersupply of/threats to public goods; and (3) use of socially valuable assets to generate private profits. We argue that classifying social licence concerns in this way brings clarity to the social licence literature.