Spray Forming Research Articles

Understanding the Environmental Distribution and Potential Health Risks of Pollutants from Deodorant Products: A Review

Deodorants are frequently used personal care products; however, questions have been raised concerning their possible toxicity to cause air and water pollution, and their potential impact on human health. The degree to which deodorant ingredients, such as fragrance chemicals, antibacterial compounds, aluminium compounds, and preservatives, are toxic depends on their chemical composition. Many of these chemicals have been connected to adverse health effects, such as skin rashes, allergic reactions, endocrine disruption, and respiratory problems. Understanding these chemicals’ toxicity is crucial for determining any potential risks to human health. Spray formulations have the potential to release volatile organic compounds into the air, such as propellants and fragrance chemicals, which can be harmful to human respiratory health and lead to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Improper disposal and wastewater treatment can lead to the contamination of water bodies, potentially impacting aquatic ecosystems and human water supplies. This review provides an overview of the toxicity of deodorant ingredients in various formulations, including sprays, roll-ons, and sticks. The partition coefficients Log Kaw (air-water partition coefficient), Log Koa (airorganic carbon partition coefficient), and Log Kow (octanol-water partition coefficient), values of deodorant ingredients were summarized for assessing their potential for long-range transport, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulation in organisms.

Wind Tunnels and Their Uses to Study Variables Affecting Precision Applications of Agricultural Sprays

Highlights Wind tunnels were extensively used to study precision applications of agricultural sprays. Use of wind tunnels significantly contributed to the broad-reaching impact of precision applications. Wind tunnels provide controlled conditions to study a plethora of wide ranging spray variables. Abstract.The objective of this study was to review publications that were representative of wind tunnels and their uses to study variables affecting precision applications of agricultural sprays. Precision application involved the deliberate engineering of sprayers for accurate formation and dispersal of droplets and sprays to enhance spray deposits on targeted crop, foliage, or pest for increased agricultural production with reduced adverse effects to neighboring ecology and the environment. Categorical themes of wind tunnel uses were (1) spray atomization, (2) adjuvant effects, (3) spray drift, (4) spray, air movement, crop foliage interactions, (5) UAV applications, (6) airflow around sprayer, and (7) spray test methods and collections. A discovery was that nozzle design had more impact on droplet size than spray formulation, which emphasized the importance of spray nozzle selection for atomization, and that air induction (AI) venturi nozzles consistently provided reduced spray drift potential. On occasion, some adjuvants marketed as drift reduction agents acted in an opposite manner and decreased droplet size. Wind tunnel use for spray drift had the broadest range of variables studied among conceptual applications and included various nozzles, boom height, product active ingredients, adjuvants, and other variables. Deposits decreased in foliage from upper, middle, to lower foliage heights and decreased with increased wind speed. Low wind turbulence in the canopy did not contribute to deposition. Foliage deposition depended more on droplet size and local ambient winds. Canopy porosity limited the droplet size to less than 100 µm for contribution to deposits internal to the foliage. Wind tunnel use for UAV applications was mostly focused on spray drift for UAV variables such as rotor configurations and payload for mounted or tethered UAV. An ultimate recommendation was to use AI nozzles, reduce application speed, and to use a suitable adjuvant – which was similar to other applications. Contrasting results for the impact of airflow around sprays were reported for vortices around fan spray discharge of a nozzle versus a 4-nozzle boom study that found no differences in velocity and turbulence fields due to the presence or no presence of spray discharge. Spray test methods and collections determined in wind tunnels primarily focused on collection efficiencies for a wide range of spray collectors. Collection efficiencies varied with collector and droplet size. Keywords: Keywords.,Boom sprayer,Droplet size,Droplet trajectory,Nozzle classification,Spray deposit,Spray drift,Spray nozzles.

SIMULTANEOUS REVERSE PHASE-HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (RP-HPLC) ESTIMATION OF AZELASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE, FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE, AND PHENYL ETHYL ALCOHOL IN DYMISTA (MEDA) NASAL SPRAY

This work reported a reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography method for quantitative estimation of Azelastine Hydrochloride, Fluticasone Propionate, and Phenylethyl Alcohol in Nasal Spray formulation. The assay involved an isocratic elution of these components by using Intersil Octadecylsilane (C18) column (25 cm x 4.6 mm x 5 μm) using mobile phase composition of Buffer: Solvent Mixture (40:60 %v/v) and pH adjusted to 6.5 with dilute orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.4 mLmin-1 and the analytes are monitored at 254 nm. Separation was completed within 20 minutes. Calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient more than 0.99 over a concentration range of 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, and 150% for Azelastine Hydrochloride, Fluticasone Propionate and Phenylethyl Alcohol. The method was proven to be accurate between 50 to 150% with 98 to 102 % recovery of the actives from a spiked placebo. The method was shown to be precise yielding acceptable results for the system reproducibility and method repeatability. All the validation parameters were within the acceptance range according to International Conference on Harmonization norms. The developed method is simple and rapid which could be applied for routine estimation of the formulation.

Nanotherapeutic potential of antibacterial folic acid-functionalized nanoceria for wound-healing applications.

Aim: The functionalization and characterization of antibacterial nanoceria with folic acid (FA) and elucidation of their in vivo wound-healing application. Materials & methods: Functionalization of nanoceria were done with FA using a chemical method and their antibacterial activity, cellular biocompatibilityand in vivo wound-healing application were evaluated. Results: Thefunctionalization of nanoceria with FA was done with 10-20nm size and -20.1mV zeta potential. The nanoformulation showed a bacteriostatic effect along with biocompatibility to different cell lines; 0.1% w/v spray of FA-nanoceria demonstrated excellent wound-healing capacity within 14days in aWister rat model. Conclusion: The antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of the FA-nanoceria makeita promising therapeutic agent as a unique spray formulation in wound-healing applications.

Topical delivery of natural extract for accelerated wound healing

The present research work aimed at developing a topical dosage form from onion extract for accelerated wound healing action. Onion extract was subjected to phytochemical screening, Gas Chromatograpgy-Mass Spectral analysis, in silico studies against selected proteins involved in wound healing process. It was assessed further for in vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro scratch assay on mouse fibroblasts cell line. Topical film forming onion extract spray formulations were prepared using Eudragit RS-100 as the film forming polymer using mixture of both stinging and non-stinging solvents. Gels were prepared using carbopol as gelling agent. Topical gels and film forming sprays were prepared and compared for wound healing. Gel formulations prepared with carbopol-940 and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose showed better physico-chemical properties. The developed formulations were characterized for pH, viscosity, swelling index, spreadability, drug content, density, spray pattern, spray angle, drying time, average weight per dose, drug content and in-vitro permeation studies. The invitro cytotoxicity assay revealed cytocompatibility of the onion extract with L929 cell lines and possessed significant wound healing potential at concentration of 0.062 %v/v when subjected to in vitro scratch wound healing assay.

Badem yetiştiriciliğinde yapraktan deniz yosunu uygulamalarının meyve kalitesi ve verime etkisi

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foliar seaweed treatments on almond cultivation in practice. 
 Material and Method: The study material consisted of ‘Nonpareil’ and ’Texas' almond varieties grafted on GF-677 rootstock. 4000 ppm seaweed was applied in the form of foliar spraying on the 10th day after full blooming. 
 Results: While the nut weights were high in the fruits of the control group in both varieties, the kernel weights were the same in the fruits of the control group and seaweed-treated group. Compared with the control, the nut weights of seaweed-treated almonds were low, while kernel weights were high. Therefore, the kernel ratio of seaweed-treated fruits was found to be 6% higher in the ‘Texas’ variety and 14% higher in the ‘Nonpareil’ variety compared to the control group. In addition, seaweed applications increased the yield per tree by 11.18% in the ‘Texas’ variety and 12.12% in the ‘Nonpareil’ variety because of increasing the fruit set in almond trees. 
 Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it was concluded that 4000 ppm seaweed treatment applied in the form of foliar spraying on the 10th day after full blooming in almond cultivation can make positive contributions to almond cultivation.

Development of a live biotherapeutic throat spray with lactobacilli targeting respiratory viral infections.

Respiratory viruses such as influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses initiate infection at the mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract (URT), where the resident respiratory microbiome has an important gatekeeper function. In contrast to gut-targeting administration of beneficial bacteria against respiratory viral disease, topical URT administration of probiotics is currently underexplored, especially for the prevention and/or treatment of viral infections. Here, we report the formulation of a throat spray with live lactobacilli exhibiting several in vitro mechanisms of action against respiratory viral infections, including induction of interferon regulatory pathways and direct inhibition of respiratory viruses. Rational selection of Lactobacillaceae strains was based on previously documented beneficial properties, up-scaling and industrial production characteristics, clinical safety parameters, and potential antiviral and immunostimulatory efficacy in the URT demonstrated in this study. Using a three-step selection strategy, three strains were selected and further tested in vitro antiviral assays and in formulations: Lacticaseibacillus casei AMBR2 as a promising endogenous candidate URT probiotic with previously reported barrier-enhancing and anti-pathogenic properties and the two well-studied model strains Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1 that display immunomodulatory capacities. The three strains and their combination significantly reduced the cytopathogenic effects of RSV, influenza A/H1N1 and B viruses, and HCoV-229E coronavirus in co-culture models with bacteria, virus, and host cells. Subsequently, these strains were formulated in a throat spray and human monocytes were employed to confirm the formulation process did not reduce the interferon regulatory pathway-inducing capacity. Administration of the throat spray in healthy volunteers revealed that the lactobacilli were capable of temporary colonization of the throat in a metabolically active form. Thus, the developed spray with live lactobacilli will be further explored in the clinic as a potential broad-acting live biotherapeutic strategy against respiratory viral diseases.

A mechanistic physiologically based model to assess the effect of study design and modified physiology on formulation safe space for virtual bioequivalence of dermatological drug products.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are widely accepted tools utilised to describe and predict drug pharmacokinetics (PK). This includes the use of dermal PBPK models at the regulatory level including virtual bioequivalence (VBE) studies. The current work considers the Topicort® Spray formulation, which contains 0.25% desoximetasone (DSM), as an example formulation. Quantitative formulation composition and in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) data were obtained from the public literature to develop a mechanistic model using the multi-phase, multi-layer (MPML) MechDermA IVPT module in the Simcyp Simulator. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation functionality was used to simulate in vivo PK for various scenarios and predict a 'safe space' for formulation bioequivalence using the VBE module. The potential effect of vasoconstriction, impaired barrier function, and various dosing scenarios on the formulation safe space was also assessed. The model predicted 'safe space' for formulation solubility suggesting that a 50% change in solubility may cause bio-in-equivalence, whereas viscosity could deviate by orders of magnitude and the formulation may still remain bioequivalent. Evaporation rate and fraction of volatile components showed some sensitivity, suggesting that large changes in the volume or composition of the volatile fraction could cause bio-in-equivalence. The tested dosing scenarios showed decreased sensitivity for all formulation parameters with a decreased dose. The relative formulation bioequivalence was insensitive to vasoconstriction, but the safe space became wider with decreased barrier function for all parameters, except viscosity that was unaffected.

Efficiency of applying Fe and Zn singly or in various combinations as nano and non-nano forms of foliar spray on snap bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris).

Efficiency of applying Fe and Zn singly or in various combinations as nano and non-nano forms of foliar spray on snap bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris).

Efficacy of a 0.5% Propolis -0.9% Pomegranate Buccal Spray Treatment Compared with 2% Miconazole Gel for Denture Stomatitis Treatment in Elderly Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Natural products have attracted interest as an alternative to synthetic medi-cations for the treatment of oral diseases due to their efficacy and safety. Propolis and pomegranate extracts have both demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of denture stomatitis. However, use of the two compounds together has not been tested for this purpose. A comparison was made of the efficacy of a commercially available propolis-pomegranate buccal spray formulation for the treatment of denture stomatitis, compared with miconazole gel, based on stomatitis lesions and Candida spp. concentrations in mouth rinses. This was an experimental study, characterized as an open-label, parallel two-armed, non-inferiority randomized clinical trial. Forty elderly adults aged < 60 years with denture stoma-titis were randomly allocated to two groups. The patients applied a buccal spray containing 0.5% propo-lis and 0.9% pomegranate extracts or 2% miconazole gel, a standard treatment recommended in Brazil, to the inner surface of their dentures three times a day for 14 days. They were examined at days 1, 7, 14 and stomatitis lesions were categorized according to Newton's score. Mouth rinses were made with saline solution at days 1 and 14 and then assessed for Candida spp. Both treatments reduced the Newton's score, with clinical cure rates of 75 and 40% for the miconazole and propolis-pomegranate groups, respectively. The Candida concentrations in the mouth rinse decreased significantly only in the miconazole group. The propolis-pomegranate spray was less effective than the miconazole treatment. Howev-er, clinical improvement was also observed in patients treated with the propolis-pomegranate buccal spray.

Efficacy and safety of a new mometasone furoate nasal spray formulation in patients with acute rhinosinusitis: a randomized clinical trial

Common inflammatory airway disorders, such as seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, acute sinusitis, and nasal polyposis, can have a significant impact on patient health and quality of life. Intranasal corticosteroids are recommended as part of treatment plans for each of these illnesses because they reduce inflammation and thus symptoms. In order to compare the efficacy and safety of a new nano formulation of mometasone furoate nano-nasal spray (MF-NNS) with a commercially available nasal spray called mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, 20 rhinitis patients were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial (10 to 50 years). Patients were given 50 mcg MF-NNS doses in the morning and evening. This regimen was administered as a nasal spray for a 3-week efficacy and safety phase. The primary endpoints changed from baseline in the subjects’ congestion as determined by the physicians’ assessment of allergic rhinitis. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate all efficacy end points. More clinical trials have shown that MF-NNS reduces both objective and subjective markers of inflammation in adults, adolescents, and children.

A sensitive, heart-cutting, two-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of mometasone furoate in human plasma: Application for a bioequivalence study in nasal spray formulations

AbstractWe developed and validated a sensitive, heart-cutting, two-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC‒MS/MS) method to determine the concentration of mometasone furoate in human plasma after nasal spray administration. Isotopically labeled mometasone furoate-13C,d6 was used as an internal standard (IS). Plasma samples were prepared using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. With this 2D-LC strategy, the analytes were trapped in the first dimension (1D) column, and only judiciously selected portions of the 1D effluent were transferred to the second dimension (2D) column for further separation to obtain high-resolution information. MS/MS quantification was performed in positive ionization mode via multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM). This analytical method was fully validated according to related regulatory guidance, and the results showed that the method is robust and sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic investigation of mometasone furoate with satisfactory linearity from 0.25 to 30 pg mL−1. This method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence (BE) study of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal sprays in healthy volunteers.

Development of Oral Microemulsion Spray Containing Pentacyclic Triterpenes-Rich Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Extract for Healing Mouth Ulcers.

Several publications have shown that Centella&amp;nbsp;asiatica (L.) Urb. and its active constituents (pentacyclic triterpenes) are effective in wound healing. The pentacyclic triterpenes-rich C. asiatica extract (PRE) was prepared following a previous study by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and fractionation with macroporous resin. This method provided the pentacyclic triterpene content in the extract up to 59.60% w/w. The PRE showed potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production with an IC50 value of 20.59 ± 3.48 μg/mL and a potent fibroblast proliferative effect (165.67%) at concentrations of 10 μg/mL. The prepared microemulsion consisted of a water: oil: surfactant mixture of 2: 2: 6, using coconut oil: clove oil (1:1) as the oil phase and Tween 20: Span 20 (2:1) as the surfactant mixture and 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% PRE. Cell proliferation, migration, and collagen production of the microemulsion base and microemulsions containing 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% PRE were evaluated. The results revealed that the microemulsion containing 1% PRE had the highest proliferation effect (136.30 ± 3.93% to 152.65 ± 3.48% at concentrations of 10 μg/mL), migration activities (100.00 ± 0.0% at 24 h), and collagen production in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells when compared with other formulations or blank. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of microemulsions containing 1% PRE was slightly lower than standard indomethacin. Anti-inflammation of the microemulsion containing PRE exhibited a dose-dependent trend, while 5% PRE was more potent than the standard drug. Considering the potent wound-healing activities and the good anti-inflammatory activity of the microemulsion containing PRE, the microemulsion with 1% PRE was identified as the most suitable oral spray formulation for oral ulcer treatment.

Combined use of lactoferrin and vitamin D as a preventive and therapeutic supplement for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Current evidence.

Lactoferrin is a multifunctional protein that exhibits anti-inflammatory, immune regulating and anti-infective properties. One of its receptor sites is located on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The binding of lactoferrin with heparin sulfate proteoglycans may prevent the first contact between the virus and host cells, thus preventing subsequent infection. Given that lactoferrin may act as a natural mucosal barrier, an intranasal treatment together with its oral intake can be hypothesized to prevent the spread, infection and inflammation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Moreover, the literature reports that vitamin D plays an essential role in promoting immune response. With its anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, vitamin D is critical for activating the immune system's defenses, improving immune cell function. Different studies also demonstrate that lactoferrin is a potential activator of the vitamin D receptor. In this sense, the combined use of lactoferrin (through an association of oral intake and a nasal spray formulation) and vitamin D could represent a valuable therapy for COVID-19 treatment and prevention. However, further randomized clinical trials are needed before recommending/prescribing them.

AmyP53, a Therapeutic Peptide Candidate for the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Safety, Stability, Pharmacokinetics Parameters and Nose-to Brain Delivery.

Neurodegenerative disorders are a major public health issue. Despite decades of research efforts, we are still seeking an efficient cure for these pathologies. The initial paradigm of large aggregates of amyloid proteins (amyloid plaques, Lewis bodies) as the root cause of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases has been mostly dismissed. Instead, membrane-bound oligomers forming Ca2+-permeable amyloid pores are now considered appropriate targets for these diseases. Over the last 20 years, our group deciphered the molecular mechanisms of amyloid pore formation, which appeared to involve a common pathway for all amyloid proteins, including Aβ (Alzheimer) and α-synuclein (Parkinson). We then designed a short peptide (AmyP53), which prevents amyloid pore formation by targeting gangliosides, the plasma membrane receptors of amyloid proteins. Herein, we show that aqueous solutions of AmyP53 are remarkably stable upon storage at temperatures up to 45 °C for several months. AmyP53 appeared to be more stable in whole blood than in plasma. Pharmacokinetics studies in rats demonstrated that the peptide can rapidly and safely reach the brain after intranasal administration. The data suggest both the direct transport of AmyP53 via the olfactory bulb (and/or the trigeminal nerve) and an indirect transport via the circulation and the blood-brain barrier. In vitro experiments confirmed that AmyP53 is as active as cargo peptides in crossing the blood-brain barrier, consistent with its amino acid sequence specificities and physicochemical properties. Overall, these data open a route for the use of a nasal spray formulation of AmyP53 for the prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases in future clinical trials in humans.

New Insights for Improving Agriculture Soils through Nanotechnology

Different efforts have been made especially in the fields of nanotechnology that employed various combinations of nanoparticles to overcome the stresses occurred in the agricultural lands. Nanoparticles that potentially designed through nanotechnology applied to the soil in the form nanofertilizers that increased the yield also good impact on soil composition. Application of nano-SiO2 improves also seed germination throiugh rooting applications, chlorophyll content with proline accumulation. Soil composition also improved the overall fruits and vegetables varieties in such a way that nanoparticles makes intact combinations with inner layers of soil. Biological applications of iron sulfate (FeSO4) in the form of foliar spray also showed excellent resistance to the salinity stress tolerance in the case of sunflower cultivars. Nano zeolite; another type of newly modified materials efficient for long term delivery of nutrients and minerals in soil composition and mineral balance ensures for plant growth. Nanopesticides can be used for efficient crop protection also promote plant stress tolerance and soil enhancement. Nano-Si that improves the various other stresses in plants species such as nickle and chromium. Nanotechnology has several advantages over other technologies due to cost efficient and simple to use and imply on more effective treatment and remediation methods.

Microstructure Comparison for AlSn20Cu Antifriction Alloys Prepared by Semi-Continuous Casting, Semi-Solid Die Casting, and Spray Forming

Antifriction alloys such as AlSn20Cu are key material options for sliding bearings used in machinery. Uniform distribution and a near-equiaxed granularity tin phase are generally considered to be ideal characteristics of an AlSn20Cu antifriction alloy, although these properties vary by fabrication method. In this study, to analyze the variation of the microstructure with the fabrication method, AlSn20Cu alloys are prepared by three methods: semi-continuous casting, semi-solid die casting, and spray forming. Bearing blanks are subsequently prepared from the fabricated alloys using different processes. Morphological information, such as the total area ratio and average particle diameter of the tin phase, are quantitatively characterized. For the tin phase of the AlSn20Cu alloy, the deformation and annealing involved in semi-continuous casting leads to a prolate particle shape. The average particle diameter of the tin phase is 12.6 µm, and the overall distribution state is related to the deformation direction. The tin phase of AlSn20Cu alloys prepared by semi-solid die casting presents both nearly spherical and strip shapes, with an average particle diameter of 9.6 µm. The tin phase of AlSn20Cu alloys prepared by spray forming and blocking hot extrusion presents a nearly equilateral shape, with an average particle diameter of 6.2 µm. These results indicate that, of the three preparation methods analyzed in this study, semi-solid die casting provides the shortest process flow time, whereas a finer and more uniform tin-phase structure may be obtained using the spray-forming process. The semi-solid die casting method presents the greatest potential for industrial application, and this method therefore presents a promising possibility for further optimization.

Resistance, cross-resistance and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki in Earias vittella (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Transgenic cotton expressing (Cry) endotoxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is cultivated in various regions of the world to manage spotted bollworm, Earias vittella, a serious pest of cotton and okra crops. However, the development of resistance to Bt toxins is a major challenge to the management and the current laboratory study was conducted to investigate the development of resistance in E. vittella against Bt toxins, the stability of Bt resistance and the patterns of cross-resistance found to other insecticides. A field-collected strain of E. vittella that showed moderate level of resistance to a commercial spray formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis sub species kurstaki (Btk) (Dipel®) was further exposed to Dipel continuously for eight generations (G1-G8). At G1, the resistance ratios (RR) for Dipel, an organophosphate triazophos, the pyrethroids bifenthrin, lambda (λ)-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, the pyrole chlorfenapyr and the avermectin emamectin benzoate were 31, 21, 113, 157, 25, 19 and 14 µg a.i. /mL, respectively compared with a laboratory susceptible (Lab-PK). At G9, after eight generations of selection with Dipel, the LC50 value for Dipel was significantly greater (P < 0.01) compared with G1, with a corresponding 128- fold increase in the resistance ratios (RR) for Dipel-SEL compared with Lab-PK. In contrast, the LC50 values for triazophos, bifenthrin. lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, chlorfenapyr and emamectin benzoate all decreased significantly (P < 0.01) for Dipel-SEL at G9, indicating a lack of cross-resistance to Dipel. When Dipel-SEL was left unselected for five generations (G9-G13), bioassays at G14 showed a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in the LC50 value for Dipel with a corresponding 3-fold decline in the RR; suggesting that resistance to Dipel in Dipel-SEL was unstable. The apparent instability of Dipel resistance in the Dipel-SEL E. vittella strain and the apparent absence of cross-resistance to various other classes of insecticides provides the opportunity for resistance management program involving the rotational use of such compounds with Dipel.

Gel Carriers for Plant Extracts and Synthetic Pesticides in Rodent and Arthropod Pest Control: An Overview.

Insecticides and rodenticides form the basis of integrated pest management systems worldwide. As pest resistance continues to increase and entire groups of chemical active ingredients are restricted or banned, manufacturers are looking for new options for more effective formulations and safer application methods for the remaining pesticide ingredients. In addition to new technological adaptations of mainstream formulations in the form of sprays, fumigants, and dusts, the use of gel formulations is becoming increasingly explored and employed. This article summarizes information on the current and potential use of gel (including hydrogel) and paste formulations against harmful arthropods or rodents in specific branches of pest management in the agricultural, food, stored product, structural wood, urban, medical, and public health areas. Due to the worldwide high interest in natural substances, part of the review was devoted to the use of gels for the formulation of pesticide substances of botanical origin, such as essential or edible oils. Gels as emerging formulation of so called “smart insecticides” based on molecular iRNA disruptors are discussed.

Formulation and Evaluation of Alugbati-Based Nasal Spray: A Preliminary study for the Adjunct Management of Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is a nasal inflammation produced by an allergic reaction to allergens that affects a significant number of Asian populations, particularly in tropical countries like the Philippines. The Philippine Bureau of Plant Industry promotes Basella alba, also known as Alugbati, which has been reported to have cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. The purpose of […]