Spray Forming Research Articles

Novel nasal formulation of xylometazoline with hyaluronic acid: In vitro ciliary beat frequency study

Acute viral rhinosinusitis (viral ARS), or commonly referred to as the “common cold”, is caused by respiratory viruses that cause disruption of the airway epithelial barrier and mucociliary dysfunction. Treatment of ARS is mainly symptomatic, with xylometazoline, a direct-acting α-adrenoceptor agonist, commonly used as a nasal decongestant. Unfortunately, this treatment does not resolve the epithelial dysfunction observed in ARS, and its use might negatively impact the nasal mucosa causing issues such as dryness, stinging, burning, rebound congestion, as well as atrophy. In light of this, a novel nasal spray formulation containing both xylometazoline and hyaluronic acid (HA) was developed to provide a more effective and safer treatment for viral ARS. HA is a natural polysaccharide known to hydrate and moisturise the upper respiratory tract, maintain the integrity of the nasal mucosa, and promote mucociliary clearance and wound healing. To investigate the potential of this combination, this study was conducted using the nasal MucilAirTMin vitro model and high-speed phase-contrast microscopy to examine the effect of xylometazoline and HA on ciliary function by measuring ciliary beat frequency and their cytotoxicity by morphological, histological and ultrastructural analysis. This research is the first to assess the effects of a specific dose and molecular weight of HA as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in nasal spray formulations. The combination of a fast-acting decongestant and an additional active agent targeting nasal epithelial dysfunction has the potential to provide an improved, reliable and safe treatment for viral ARS, and may serve as the basis for future clinical studies.

Modeling and Analysis of Metal Liquid Film Flow Characteristics during Centrifugal Spray Forming

Liquid films are an important part of liquid metal granulation in the process of centrifugal spray forming. The size of the granulated particles has an important influence on the density, grain size and microstructure uniformity of the deposited blanks. The particle size is closely related to the flow characteristics of liquid films. Therefore, enhancing our understanding of the flow characteristics of liquid films can provide guidance for forming blanks. In this study, force analysis of a liquid film on the surface of a high-speed rotating centrifugal disc used in centrifugal spray-forming technology was carried out using D’Alembert’s principle and Newton’s law of viscosity. Then, combined with the principle of mass conservation, a theoretical model of the smooth flow of the liquid metal film was established. The experimental values obtained by Leshev were compared with our values to verify the correctness and accuracy of the model. Through the model, the influencing factors of the liquid film flow were obtained, such as the centrifugal disc speed, centrifugal disc radius, inlet volume flow rate and kinematic viscosity. Taking A390 aluminum alloy as the research object, the influence of the process parameters on the thickness, velocity and trajectory of the liquid film was revealed theoretically, and the relationship between the process parameters and the trajectory length and liquid film thickness was clarified. Modeling and analysis can not only help us to understand the flow of a liquid film, but also help us to predict the relevant parameters, which is convenient for the accurate and rapid regulation of the process to obtain the desired flow parameters. Therefore, the research content of this paper is of great significance for the preparation of billets with a uniform microstructure and excellent mechanical properties.

Effectiveness of Cold Spinal Spray on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Hypertension—A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: The application of cold to the spine is documented as favourable for reducing blood pressure in patients with hypertension (HTN). However, hydriatic application in the form of a cold spinal spray (CSS) has not yet been explored.Objective: To find the effectiveness of CSS on cardio autonomic variables among males with HTN. Methods: One hundred male patients with HTN visiting the outpatient service were included in this randomized controlled trial. A single session of CSS (15°C–19°C) was given to 50 patients for a period of 20 minutes for the study group, and the control group was made to lie down on the spinal spray tub for 20 minutes without any intervention. Baseline blood pressure and short-term heart rate variability (HRV) measurements were obtained prior to the intervention, followed by a subsequent assessment after a 20-minute interval for both groups. Results: Following 20 minutes of CSS a significant decrease was observed in systolic blood pressure (136.48±14.15 mmHg to 126.20±13.18 mmHg, p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (87.96±6.77 mmHg to 84.06±6.84 mmHg, p<0.006), pulse pressure (48.44±11.99 mmHg to 42.08±10.88 mmHg, p<0.007), and mean arterial pressure (104.09±8.12 mmHg to 98.05±7.88 mmHg, p<0.001). No significant changes were noted in HRV variables in either of the two patient groups. Conclusion: The current study findings suggest that a single session of CSS intervention could lower both systolic & diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in male hypertensive patients. Further studies are needed to find the long-term effect of CSS among patients with HTN.

EVALUATION OF LOCAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN ANIMALS WITH EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTITIS

Main etiological factor in the development of generalized periodontitis is considered to be the presence of periodontopathogens of the red complex, namely Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Bacteroides forsythus in the oral cavity. Among the widely used local therapeutic agents for periodontal diseases, researchers highlight chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine is available in the form of toothpaste, mouthwashes, gels, sprays, and inserts (PerioChip). In dentistry, the antiseptic is commonly applied in concentrations of 0.2%, 0.12%, and 0.06%. The aim of this study was to propose and evaluate new local therapeutic agents in experimental animals with modeled chronic periodontitis. The study included 36 experimental animals. We suggested using an insert with subgingival application, soaked with chlorhexidinebased official products – Dentaid Perio-Aid Gel and Perio-Aid Protect Gel. The animals were divided into groups as follows: Group I intact rats, Group II modeled periodontal pathology without treatment on the 7th day of modeling, Group III rats with experimental periodontitis without treatment on the 12th day of modeled pathology, Group IV rats with experimental periodontitis treated with an insert soaked in 0.12% chlorhexidine gel (Dentaid Perio-Aid Gel), and Group V rats with experimental periodontitis treated with an insert soaked in 0.2% chlorhexidine gel + hyaluronic acid (PERIO-AID Protect Gel).
 The experimental periodontitis was induced using an ultrasonic device. On the 7th and 12th days of the experiment, the rats from Groups IV and V were treated according to the specified scheme, preceded by removal of dental deposits using manual instruments. Group IV was treated with an insert with subgingival application soaked in Dentaid Perio-Aid Gel, and Group V was treated with an insert soaked in Perio-Aid Protect Gel. Euthanasia of the rats and sampling of blood and periodontal tissues (gingiva, alveolar process) were performed on the 7th and 12th days in the animals with modeled periodontitis. The assessment of the modeled pathological process was based on clinical examination and biochemical analysis. After the experiment, it was observed that the probable reduction in antioxidant defense during the treatment of experimental animals with Dentaid Perio-Aid Gel and Perio-Aid Protect Gel, applied on the insert, was associated with a decrease in lipid peroxidation. At the same time, alkaline phosphatase activity increased, both in serum and in the homogenate, which may indicate activation of bone formation processes.

Selected adjuvants increase the efficacy of foliar biofortification of iodine in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain.

Agronomic biofortification of crops is a promising approach that can improve the nutritional value of staple foods by alleviating dietary micronutrient deficiencies. Iodine deficiency is prevalent in many countries, including Australia, but it is not clear what foliar application strategies will be effective for iodine fortification of grain. This study hypothesised that combining adjuvants with iodine in foliar sprays would improve iodine penetration in wheat, leading to more efficient biofortification of grains. The glasshouse experiment included a total of nine treatments, including three reference controls: 1) Water; 2) potassium iodate (KIO3) and 3) potassium chloride (KCl); and a series of six different non-ionic surfactant or oil-based adjuvants: 4) KIO3 + BS1000; 5) KIO3 + Pulse® Penetrant; 6) KIO3 + Uptake®; 7) KIO3 + Hot-Up®; 8) KIO3 + Hasten® and 9) KIO3 + Synerterol® Horti Oil. Wheat was treated at heading, and again during the early milk growth stage. Adding the organosilicon-based adjuvant (Pulse®) to the spray formulation resulted in a significant increase in grain loading of iodine to 1269 µg/kg compared to the non-adjuvant KIO3 control at 231µg/kg, and the water and KCl controls (both 51µg/kg). The second most effective adjuvant was Synerterol® Horti Oil, which increased grain iodine significantly to 450µg/kg. The Uptake®, BS1000, Hasten®, and Hot-Up® adjuvants did not affect grain iodine concentrations relative to the KIO3 control. Importantly, iodine application and the subsequent increase in grain iodine had no significant effects on biomass production and grain yield relative to the controls. These results indicate that adjuvants can play an important role in agronomic biofortification practices, and organosilicon-based products have a great potential to enhance foliar penetration resulting in a higher translocation rate of foliar-applied iodine to grains, which is required to increase the iodine density of staple grains effectively.

Study on the impact of exogenously applied methyl jasmonate concentrations on Solanum lycopersicum under low temperature stress

BackgroundTo decipher the capability of Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) in resisting cold stress in Solanum lycopersicum assessment regarding various physiological parameters in response to diverse doses of MeJA was done. Low temperature (LT) were given to the plants with MeJA (J1C, J2C, J3C) or without MeJA (LT) application. MeJA in the form of foliar spray was given before stress, during stress and after stress. Three concentrations of MeJA were used under normal and LT stress conditions that includes of J1 (0.5 µM), J2 (10 µM), and J3 (15 µM).ResultsOxidative stress, growth characteristics, stress tolerance parameters, antioxidant response and photosynthetic parameters were investigated. In our current study we observed that oxidative stress markers declined by MeJA supplementation under cold stress conditions. MeJA boosted antioxidant enzyme activity along with photosynthetic parameters. The best concentration of MeJA was J2 based on results obtained. This is the first study related to MeJA best dose screening in Solanum lycopersicum under LT stress conditions.ConclusionThe LT stress in the Solanum lycopersicum plant was reduced by MeJA. The adverse consequences of LT stress can be significantly attenuated by the J2 concentration of MeJA. So, the optimal concentration of MeJA supplied exogenously to LT stressed Solanum lycopersicum can be a smart strategy to mitigate harmful impact of LT stress on detox system and overall growth of plant.

Development and validation of a simple method for the determination of triamcinolone acetonide in nasal spray

A rapid, convenient, and sensitive analytical technique for quantitative analysis of triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) in pharmaceutical nasal spray dosage form using the blue tetrazolium colorimetric reaction and UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated. Beer’s law of the developed method was proven in the concentration range of 10–40 µg/mL and showed a specific linear relationship with coefficient value R2 = 0.998. The LOQ level was 9.99 µg/mL, with (RSD = 0.26%). From precision assay, RSD values have been obtained for the repeatability and intermediate precision, which were found to be (RSD = 1.65%) and (RSD = 2.01%), respectively, indicating that the method is reproducible. Recovery studies showed mean recoveries in the range of (100.08–103.65 %), meeting the acceptance criteria for accuracy. In addition, we compared the results of the developed method UV–Vis spectrophotometric procedure with those of a well-established official USP analytical procedure (HPLC), and the results showed good agreement. The proposed UV method represents a potential alternative to the official USP analytical assay procedure (HPLC) for estimating TAC in nasal spray forms. Furthermore, it has the potential to be implemented in routine use for rapid qualitative and quantitative determinations for TAC.

Variasi Jenis Diluent terhadap Mutu Fisik Tablet Temu Putih (Curcuma zedoaria) menggunakan Metode Cetak Langsung

White Tumeric (Curcuma zedoaria) is a plant that contains curcuminoid compounds and essential oils on its rhizomes, which are helpful as an anticancer. This study aims to determine which filling material (diluent) is good as a filler for white meeting tablets (Curcuma zedoaria). Tablets are made using the direct printing method with the types of fillers (diluent) used are ludipress, starch 1500, and Spray Dried Lactose. The resulting tablets were carried out still angle and flow properties tests, compression index tests, weight uniformity tests, size uniformity tests, tablet hardness tests, tablet brittleness tests, and crush time tests. In the test of stationary angle and flow properties and compression index in ludipress filler materials, the flow property value was 10.42 g/s, the stationary angle value was 27.77º, and the compression index was 10%. In the starch filler material 1500 obtained a flow property value of 4.17 g/s, a stationary angle of 34.40º, and a compression index of 30%; in the formulation of Spray Dried Lactose obtained a flow property value of 10.18 g/s, a stationary angle of 27.74º, and a compression index of 5%. Variations of the diluent Spray Dried Lactose type show optimal results for white temu tablet filler (Curcuma zedoaria).

Wetting Properties of Simulated and Commercial Contaminants on High Transmittance Superhydrophobic Coating.

The large and necessary diffusion of huge solar plants in extra urban areas implies the adoption of maintenance strategies especially where human intervention would require high costs and logistic problems. Animal dejections like bird droppings and agricultural sprays are environmental agents able to significantly decrease light absorption and, in some cases, cause serious damage to the electric conversion systems in a photovoltaic panel. In this work, the performance of a superhydrophobic (SH) coating in terms of durable self-cleaning properties and transparency has been studied in the presence of commercial and simulated contaminants on glass reference and solar panel surfaces. Wettability studies have been carried out both in static and dynamic conditions in order to compare the compositional effect of commercial liquids used as fertilizers or pesticides and molecules like pancreatin as model substances simulating bird droppings. From these studies, it can be observed that the superhydrophobic coating, independently from the surface where it is applied, is able to repel water and substances used such as fertilizers or pesticides and substances simulating bird droppings, maintaining its properties and transparency. This kind of approach can provide information to design suitable spray formulations without the above-mentioned drawbacks to be used in natural environment areas and agrosolar plants.

Outbreak of Army Worm, <i>Leucania albistigma</i> Moore on Maize with Notes on Taxonomy and Management

Army worms and cut worms are pests of crops and assume serious pest status occasionally causing significant damage to agricultural crops. Present study report the incidence and taxonomic identity of the pest which occurred in outbreak form causing severe defoliation on maize over 1000 ha in Shivamogga district of Karnataka. Infestation was also noticed on the adjoining fields of sorghum and rice at negligible level. Through morphological characters including genitalia and DNA barcoding, the taxonomic identity of Leucania albistigma Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as army worm in outbreak form is reported herewith for the first time from India. As its taxonomic information was scanty, redescription of all the stages has been provided. DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis revealed that species of the genera Leucania have a close relationship with those of Mythimna. Spatial distribution indices analysed indicated the uniform distribution in soil but aggregated distribution on maize. Select insecticides were evaluated in field targeting larvae with spray and with poison bait in randomised block design. Treatments with poison bait outperformed spray formulations, indicating that the larval behaviour could be exploited for management. Species of army worms are polyphagous and occur frequently in the Indian subcontinent, the taxonomic, ecological and management studies undertaken in the present study forms a basis for future monitoring of species identity and outbreaks on cereal crops.

Development of a gel spray formulation based on banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) as an approach to support environmental sustainability

Barangan banana’s peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) is one of the most common by-products that are usually disposed in small and large quantities which can cause a serious environmental problem. Spray gel is a type of pharmaceutical preparation that is practical in use. This study aimed to formulate a spray gel preparation from the extract of barangan banana’s peel as an antibacterial agent. Barangan banana’s peel extract was formulated into a spray gel preparation with varying concentrations of F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%). Organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and centrifuge test were carried out. In the antimicrobial activity test, the barangan banana’s peel extract had inhibition zone diameters of 12.0 and 12.3 mm against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. All formulas have stable organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and centrifugation. Additionally, the formulation showed no sign of skin irritation at 24, 48, or 72 hours after the test material of the rabbits. Therefore, it was concluded that spray gel containing banana peel extract could be a very viable option for developing a novel antibacterial agent that is environmentally friendly and may help reducing waste problem.

Microbiological examination of aerosols and sprays

Scientific relevance. Medicinal products formulated as aerosols and sprays are increasingly used in clinical practice, which makes the control of their quality, including microbiological testing, a highly topical issue. The current regulatory standards for microbiological testing of medicines provide little information on the quality control of metereddose aerosols. Proper microbiological sampling of these medicinal products can be difficult because of their primary packaging. The specialised analytical procedures set forth in international standards require verification and standardisation before use. Medicinal products in the form of sprays, despite being free from the disadvantages of aerosols, are more susceptible to the risk of microbial contamination.Aim. The study aimed to describe specific aspects of sampling, to analyse the results of microbiological testing of aerosols and sprays, and to study the spectrum of microbial contaminants in these dosage forms.Materials and methods. The authors retrospectively analysed the microbiological quality and sterility data for 181 batches of sprays, aerosols, and other inhalation dosage forms. The data were obtained at the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products of the Ministry of Health of Russia in 2020–2022. The Microbiology Laboratory tested the dosage forms according to the specifications provided by the manufacturers. The analysts used well-established testing procedures outlined in the current pharmacopoeias of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union.Results. The microbial counts exceeded the acceptable limits in 2.8% of the batches tested. The authors identified the microbial species that contaminated the medicinal products found to be non-compliant with regulatory requirements. Most of the non-compliant sprays that contained benzalkonium chloride as an antibacterial preservative were contaminated with Burkholderia cepacia complex species.Conclusions. The authors consider it relevant to conduct research aiming at using the findings on potential contaminants to improve microbiological testing procedures for aerosols and sprays.

Microbiological examination of aerosols and sprays

Medicinal products formulated as aerosols and sprays are increasingly used in clinical practice, which makes the control of their quality, including microbiological testing, a highly topical issue. The current regulatory standards for microbiological testing of medicines provide little information on the quality control of metereddose aerosols. Proper microbiological sampling of these medicinal products can be difficult because of their primary packaging. The specialised analytical procedures set forth in international standards require verification and standardisation before use. Medicinal products in the form of sprays, despite being free from the disadvantages of aerosols, are more susceptible to the risk of microbial contamination.The aim of the study was to describe specific aspects of sampling, to analyse the results of microbiological testing of aerosols and sprays, and to study the spectrum of microbial contaminants in these dosage forms.Materials and methods. The authors retrospectively analysed the microbiological quality and sterility data for 181 batches of sprays, aerosols, and other inhalation dosage forms. The data were obtained at the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products of the Ministry of Health of Russia in 2020–2022. The Microbiology Laboratory tested the dosage forms according to the specifications provided by the manufacturers. The analysts used well-established testing procedures outlined in the current pharmacopoeias of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union.Results. The microbial counts exceeded the acceptable limits in 2.8% of the batches tested. The authors identified the microbial species that contaminated the medicinal products found to be non-compliant with regulatory requirements. Most of the non-compliant sprays that contained benzalkonium chloride as an antibacterial preservative were contaminated with Burkholderia cepacia complex species.Conclusions. The authors consider it relevant to conduct research aiming at using the findings on potential contaminants to improve microbiological testing procedures for aerosols and sprays.

Intermediate temperature tensile behavior and processing map of a spray formed 7075 aluminum alloy

The intermediate temperature deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of a spray formed 7075 Al alloy were performed at temperatures 60–120 °C with strain rates 0.00001–0.1 s−1. The results reveal that the softening mechanism of the intermediate temperature deformation is dynamic recovery (DRV), which can be quantitated by Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter. The constitutive equation can reasonably predict the stress-strain behavior of the alloy at intermediate temperatures. The activation energy is related to the deformation process and the interactions of the substructure, the average value is 140.1 kJ/mol. The higher efficiency of power dissipation in the processing map is related to the DRV at lower deformation temperatures. The optimum processing domain is located at the temperature of 90–120 °C and strain rate of 0.006–0.1 s−1 with a power dissipation efficiency range of 20%–40%. The processing parameters of the intermediate temperature deformation should be strictly controlled according to the strain. The uniform microstructure of 7075 alloys obtained by spray forming is crucial to overcome the disadvantage of poor deformability. The inferior coordinated deformation facilitates crack propagation at low strain rates. The high-density dislocation provides adequate nucleation sites for dynamic precipitation. The level of dynamic restoration facilitates the transformation from low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) to high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). The dislocations move to the grain/sub-grain boundary to form dislocation walls at low temperatures. The contribution to the stress from grain boundary (13.2–17.7 MPa), nanoscale precipitates (65.7–191.5 MPa), and dislocation (5.9–23.4 MPa) increases the difficulty of deformation. The deformation process at higher temperatures (105–120 °C) can be facilitated by the dissolution and coarsening of the nanoscale precipitates, and dislocation motion at the grain boundary.

Changes in soil microbial communities after exposure to neonicotinoids: A systematic review.

Neonicotinoids are a group of nicotine-related chemicals widely used as insecticides in agriculture. Several studies have shown measurable quantities of neonicotinoids in the environment but little is known regarding their impact on soil microbial populations. The purpose of this systematic review was to clarify the effects of neonicotinoids on soil microbiology and to highlight any knowledge gaps. A formal systematic review was performed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using keywords in PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science. This resulted in 29 peer-reviewed articles, whose findings diverged widely because of variable methodologies. Field-based studies were few (28%). Imidacloprid was the most widely used (66%) and soil microbial communities were most sensitive to it. Spray formulations were used in 83% of the studies and seed treatments in the rest. Diversity indices were the most frequently reported soil microbial parameter (62%). About 45% of the studies found that neonicotinoids had adverse impacts on soil microbial community structure, composition, diversity, functioning, enzymatic activity and nitrogen transformation. Interactions with soil physicochemical properties were poorly addressed in all studies. The need for more research, particularly field-based research on the effects of neonicotinoids on soil microorganisms was highlighted by this review.

Development of New Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Famciclovir Using 3-Amino Phenol

The study aims to find out the effectiveness of the combination of citral and curcumin as antifungal compounds. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a valuable family of grass known due to its flavoring, medicinal, and fragrance application. Haldi (Turmeric) scientifically known as Curcuma longa belongs to familthey Zingiberaceae. Its polyphenolic compound curcumin has been showing a variety of antifungal investigations due to extensive traditional uses and very low side effects.Turmeric has beenutilized in traditional medicine for various diseases counting diabetes, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, hysteria, indigestion, skin disease, inflammation, anorexia, hepatic disorders, cough, and sinusitis. In this formulation substudy combination of two bioactive oils is considered to form an effective antifungal spray preparation. The spray preparation is helpful to achieve fast absorption of the drugs through the transdermal way of drug administration. The effectiveness and activity rate of spray preparation is more beneficial. Lemongrass oil and curcumin are dissolved in ethanol to form a stable, safe, and effective spray formulation.

Formulation & Development of Transdermal Spray of Turmeric Lemongrass as Antifungal

The study aims to find out the effectiveness of the combination of citral and curcumin as antifungal compounds. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a valuable family of grass known due to its flavoring, medicinal, and fragrance application. Haldi (Turmeric) scientifically known as Curcuma longa belongs to familthey Zingiberaceae. Its polyphenolic compound curcumin has been showing a variety of antifungal investigations due to extensive traditional uses and very low side effects.Turmeric has beenutilized in traditional medicine for various diseases counting diabetes, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, hysteria, indigestion, skin disease, inflammation, anorexia, hepatic disorders, cough, and sinusitis. In this formulation substudy combination of two bioactive oils is considered to form an effective antifungal spray preparation. The spray preparation is helpful to achieve fast absorption of the drugs through the transdermal way of drug administration. The effectiveness and activity rate of spray preparation is more beneficial. Lemongrass oil and curcumin are dissolved in ethanol to form a stable, safe, and effective spray formulation.

A current Research on the Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles from Herbal Extract

The study aims to find out the effectiveness of the combination of citral and curcumin as antifungal compounds. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a valuable family of grass known due to its flavoring, medicinal, and fragrance application. Haldi (Turmeric) scientifically known as Curcuma longa belongs to familthey Zingiberaceae. Its polyphenolic compound curcumin has been showing a variety of antifungal investigations due to extensive traditional uses and very low side effects.Turmeric has beenutilized in traditional medicine for various diseases counting diabetes, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, hysteria, indigestion, skin disease, inflammation, anorexia, hepatic disorders, cough, and sinusitis. In this formulation substudy combination of two bioactive oils is considered to form an effective antifungal spray preparation. The spray preparation is helpful to achieve fast absorption of the drugs through the transdermal way of drug administration. The effectiveness and activity rate of spray preparation is more beneficial. Lemongrass oil and curcumin are dissolved in ethanol to form a stable, safe, and effective spray formulation.

Antimicrobial Activity of Aparajitha Vaporizer and Spray

Infectious diseases are responsible for an immense global burden that impacts public health systems and economies worldwide, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. Its control and prevention relies on a thorough understanding of the factors determining transmission. Aparajitha Choornam is a classical Dhoopa yogam used by traditional Ayurvedic physicians since past for fumigation which prevents the spread of infectious fever and also disinfects the air from pathogens. It is highly effective in disinfecting living spaces during the seasonal spread of flu, chicken guinea, chicken pox, measles etc. Aparajitha vaporizer and azep spray are two modified form of Aparajitha dhoopachoornam prepared out of same ingredients that offers more user friendly and round the clock action. The present study compares the antibacterial activity of Aparajitha vaporizer and surface spray with Streptomycine in gram positive and gram negative bacteria and antifungal activity with Clotrimazole in Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The method used was Agar Disc Diffusion Method. The zones of inhibitions were calculated and its triplicate was done. To analyse the statistical data, one-way ANOVA and Dunnets tests were performed. The antibacterial activity of streptomycin and samples using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and streptococus mutans were found to be nearly same. Similarly antifungal activity of samples and clotrimazole as standard drug with aspergillus niger and with candida albicans were nearly same. The formulation of vaporizer and spray is purely herbal and thus it is beneficial to replace these with chemicals containing the same. The health benefits of these herbs were also got by using this herbal spray and vaporizer and can confidently use in the rooms of pregnant women, infants, old people etc. Thus this work gives a scientific validation of antimicrobial activity of Aparajitha vaporizer and surface spray which is more customer friendly.

Differences in Pain between Topical Gel and Chlor Ethyl in Paedodontic Patients before Infiltration Anesthesia

Abstract: Pain control during invasive and non-invasive dental procedures is very important since discomfort can cause patients to refuse treatment. Local anesthesia (LA) is required in any dental practice, including pedodontics, to reduce pain during dental procedures such as extractions, pulpotomy, root canal treatment, pulpectomy, abscess drainage, and minor oral surgical procedures. Application of flavoured topical anesthetic gel is most frequently used in pediatric dentistry. There are various types of topical anesthetics according to the medicinal ingredients in the forms of liquid, gel, and spray. This study aimed to find out the difference between the use of topical gel and chlorine ethyl in paedodontic patients before infiltration anesthesia at Paedodontics Department of rsgm Baiturrahmah. This was a descriptive and observational study with a cross sectional design. The topical anesthetics used were topical gel and chlorine ethyl; each for 10 patients. Data were obtained directly from student observations of the patient's face during topical anesthesia using the Visual analog Scale (VAS). The results showed that most patients were 9 years old (35.0%); female (65.0%). Most of the VAS results were found in the "like" criterion namely as many as eight respondents (40.0%); six of them were female (75%). Topical gel was the most topical anaesthetic type used with "like" criterion of VAS, as many as eight respondents (100%). In conclusion, most of the VAS results in the "like" criterion for topical gel indicating that topical gel is an effective anesthetic to reduce pain in pediatric patients. Keywords: pain; anxiety; topical gel; chlor ethyl; visual analogue scale