Formation Of Solid Particles Research Articles

Secondary crushing of droplets of water-oil emulsions

When fuel oil is supplied to an accurate chamber, its spraying process takes place due to injectors and sprinkler devices. This process is called primary droplet crushing. It is often not enough to burn fuel efficiently. Since the size of fuel droplets in the combustion chamber often reaches several millimeters, which increases underburning and leads to uneven burnout. In such cases, it is advisable to use secondary crushing of water-oil fuel droplets. Secondary crushing of droplets reduces the average size of droplets in the fuel spray torch by several times. At the first stage of secondary crushing of droplets, their collisions with each other in the jet are realized, after which the formed droplets are subjected to collisions with the walls of thermal equipment. At the next stage, pyrolysis of such droplets occurs at the periphery of the jet, which leads to the formation of solid particles and subsequent collisions of droplets of water-oil fuels with them. At the final stage, the formed secondary fragments are subjected to intense heating in the combustion chamber, which allows for micro-explosive grinding. The present study is aimed at studying the characteristics of secondary crushing of water-oil fuel droplets with the addition of specialized additives. The results of the conducted studies have shown that the use of an additive based on a special combination of positively and negatively charged ions reduces the size of fuel droplets by 25%. It has been found that when using such an additive, the ratio of the free surface areas of droplets increases several times with a combination of all secondary grinding modes.

Chitosan-TPP microcapsules for controlled drug release

Production of chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) microcapsules via spray drying involves atomizing an emulsion containing CS, TPP, acetic acid (AcOH), and folic acid (FA) into fine droplets exposed to high-temperature, low-pressure gas flow. Solvent evaporation within the drying chamber leads to solid particle formation. Spray drying is valuable for creating solid CS/TPP microcapsules. Precise equipment parameter adjustments, like inlet temperature and gas flow rate, enable the study of microcapsule morphology, size, and properties. This adaptability allows for customization to specific pH dissolution ranges. The production method's impact on CS/TPP microcapsules was studied by modifying spray drier parameters, including inlet temperature and aspirator pressure, to enhance understanding of their behavior in solution under varied production conditions.
 In chitosan delivery systems, various approaches can encapsulate drug agents like folic acid, an analog to the cancer treatment drug methotrexate. Agents can be added to the chitosan solution pre-crosslinking, incorporated into gelation-inducing agents pre-mixing with chitosan, or included in the crosslinking mixture. Experiments were conducted to assess CS/TPP microcapsules' behavior when encapsulating agents like folic acid. Release profiles were analyzed to understand their drug delivery capabilities and potential as controlled release carriers.

Intensified ammonia stripping from landfill leachate using a high-performance rotating reactor

Rotating bed devices have proven their rapid and intensified mass transfer compared to conventional packed columns in separation processes, especially ammonia stripping. However, the prospect of implementing rotating bed devices for this purpose is still unclear since the previous data was only obtained from experiments with synthetic ammonia wastewater. Practical wastewater, such as landfill leachate, possesses various complex characteristics that have been reported to inhibit ammonia stripping efficiency. Therefore, this study was conducted to clarify the possibility of using the rotating bed device by investigating the stripping of ammonia from landfill leachate using the High-Performance Rotating Reactor (HP2R). The effect of parameters such as initial pH (pHi), rotational speed (ω), the gas-to-liquid flow rate ratio (QG/QL), and the liquid flow rate (QL) on the stripping efficiency (η) and volumetric liquid mass-transfer coefficient (KLa) was evaluated. The results of η and KLa varied from 17.1% to 71.8% and 0.0005 s−1 to 0.0039 s−1 at a controlled laboratory temperature of 30 °C under a variety of operational parameters. The ammonia stripping efficiency from leachate was slightly lower compared to the data of the synthetic wastewater experiment due to the solid particle formation from pre-alkalinization and precipitation of carbonate salts during the stripping process. The benefit of using HP2R over the conventional packed column in ammonia stripping was the improvement of η at lower pHi of 9.5 by optimizing the ω and QG/QL. Additional stripping cycles resulted in a higher ammonia stripping efficiency from leachate up to 94.6%.

Evaluation of the solid particle from heavy fuel oil and its formation trend

This experimental study aimed to comprehensively classify all types of solid particles formed during the heating process of heavy fuel oil and investigate the effects of adding light fuel additives on these particles. Heavy fuel oil is a significant energy source due to its affordability and efficiency. However, pollution, especially the emission of suspended particles, threatens nature and human health. This study identified four particles formed during the heating process of heavy fuel oil droplets until combustion. It was shown that these particles have unique characteristics in terms of size, physical characteristics, temperature conditions and formation process. Temperature behaviour, droplet size, and ignition delay time were carefully investigated. Also, the addition of lighter fuel changes the behaviour of heavy fuel oil and affects the temperature range and diameter size change for solid particle formation. This study provides a deeper understanding of the nature of solid particles in heavy fuel oil and their formation, which is crucial for developing effective strategies to reduce their harmful effects.

Influence of V2O5 on the viscosity of heterogeneous basic oxygen furnace CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO-V2O5-Al2O3-MnO-P2O5 slags

The viscosity and flow behavior of the industrial heterogeneous highly basic BOF slags with 2 and 8 mass% MgO and 0 to 25 mass% V2O5 were measured by using rotating bob method and hot stage microscope. An increase in the content of V2O5 in slags with 2 mass% MgO led to a slight increase and then a decrease in viscosity. While, in the case of 8 mass% MgO-containing slags, their viscosity decreased with increasing V2O5 content in liquid determined region. Thereby, the behavior of flow point temperature and crystallization temperatures corresponds with the behavior of critical temperature on the viscosity curves for both groups of slags. The NBO/T results revealed a polymerization with the increasing of V2O5 in both slags groups with 2 and 8 mass% of MgO. Moreover, the formation of solid particles at break point in quenched slags were investigated.

Electrochemical Measurement of CoO Solubility Product and Co Solubility in Molten Lead-Bismuth Eutectic by Solid-State Ionic Devices

The use of liquid Pb-Bi eutectic alloy (LBE) as primary coolant and spallation target in Lead-cooled Fast Reactors (LFRs) and Accelerator Driven Systems (ADSs) presents a corrosion challenge, as structural materials can release impurities, such as Fe, Cr, Ni and Co, into the coolant. These corrosion product impurities can react with dissolved oxygen, resulting in the formation of solid oxide particles that can block the critical flow channels in the core or heat-exchanger, compromising the safety of the reactor. Of particular concern is the additional radiological risk posed by cobalt, which can undergo neutron capture and be transmuted into the γ-emitter Therefore, it is essential to accurate assess the cobalt oxide solubility product and the cobalt solubility limit. In this work, we characterized the Co-O-LBE system through an electrochemical method that involved the coulometric titration of oxygen. By analyzing the oxygen evolution during CoO formation in LBE while titrating oxygen, we derived the following CoO solubility product (K sp ) and Co solubility (SCo) thermal laws: log10Ksp=1.22−7386T[K]673−778Klog10SCowt%=0.64−2233T[K]673−778K

Analysis of Flow Field Characteristics of Aquaculture Cabin of Aquaculture Ship

To investigate the influence of the number of inlet pipes on the characteristics of flow field and the discharge of solid particles such as bait residue and fish feces, STAR-CCM + was used to analyze the flow of field distribution in a ship-based aquaculture cabin under the conditions of two and four inlet pipes, thus optimizing the inlet pipes of the ship-based aquaculture cabin. Furthermore, a three-phase flow model (solid–liquid–gas) was established to determine the movement characteristics of similar solid particles of residual bait and fish manure in the cabin, while the emission performance of solid particles was analyzed. Finally, the formation of solid particles in the center of the aquaculture cabin was simulated. The simulation results show that the effect of flow field is better with two inlet pipes, and the discharge volume of the bottom outlet has little impact on the emission of solid particles. Findings from this study can serve as a reference and basis for the design and optimization of the aquaculture cabin of an aquaculture vessel.

Diversity of organic components in airborne waste discharged from sewer pipe repairs.

Air-discharged waste from commonly used trenchless technologies of sewer pipe repairs is an emerging and poorly characterized source of urban pollution. This study reports on the molecular-level characterization of the atmospherically discharged aqueous-phase waste condensate samples collected at four field sites of the sewer pipe repairs. The molecular composition of organic species in these samples was investigated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with interchangeable atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization sources. The waste condensate components comprise a complex mixture of organic species that can partition between gas-, aqueous-, and solid-phases when water evaporates from the air-discharged waste. Identified organic species have broad variability in molecular weight, molecular structures, and carbon oxidation state, which also varied between the waste samples. All condensates contained complex mixtures of oxidized organics, N- and S-containing organics, condensed aromatics, and their functionalized derivatives that are directly released to the atmospheric environment during installations. Furthermore, semi-volatile, low volatility, and extremely low volatility organic compounds comprise 75-85% of the total compounds identified in the waste condensates. Estimates of the component-specific viscosities suggest that upon evaporation of water waste material would form the semi-solid and solid phases. The low volatilities and high viscosities of chemical components in these waste condensates will contribute to the formation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols and atmospheric solid nanoplastic particles. Lastly, selected components expected in the condensates were quantified and found to be present at high concentrations (1-20 mg L-1) that may exceed regulatory limits.

Modelling vortex ring formation, discrete phase intake and transport via formed structure

Vortex ring formation using cylindrical tube with open section considered in present research work. Injection of discrete phase in form of solid particles into formation area leads to its involving and further transportation via vortex ring. Numerical simulation in presented work used as main tool. Fluid considered as viscous, incompressible and described by Navier-Stokes equations. Drag law for sphere particles is used. Vortex ring generation factors including geometry and operating parameters as well as location and size of injection area are subjected to analysis.

Effective Mixer Design an Important Factor In SSCR Systems for Reduction of NOx from Exhaust of Diesel Engines

In recent decades, the environment has been seriously polluted by the hazardous exhaust components of diesel engines. The international community, which is dedicated to preserving the harmony between nature and humanity, has taken this seriously and imposed strict regulations on Diesel engine manufacturers regarding the quantity of exhaust components from Diesel engines that may apply to the standards of EURO-VI. The SCR technology attempted to reduce the problem somewhat, but the associated problems of solid particle formation on the pipe walls, ammonia slip, and incomplete NOx reduction led to the development of new technology - solid selective catalytic reduction. The use of solid ammonium salt for ammonia generation has shown better results in NOx reduction and reduction of solid particle formation compared to SCR. However, it was not possible to fully resolve the ammonia slip issue. A uniform flow rate of ammonia through the SCR catalyst can reduce NOx efficiently. In this paper, the role of mixer design in achieving a uniform flow rate of ammonia is investigated in detail. The results show that an optimized mixer design leads to efficient reduction of NOx and thus reduces ammonia slip to a great extent. When the mixer is placed near the ammonia injection point, the most homogeneous ammonia distribution is achieved for flow through the SCR catalyst.

Transition from liquid droplet to solid particle investigated by ultrasonic spectroscopy

The size distribution and elastic modulus of micron-sized particles dispersed in liquid can be quantitatively evaluated by ultrasonic spectroscopy at a megahertz frequency range combined with a scattering theory. Conventional theories dealing with the wavelength comparable with the micron-sized particles consider viscosity for liquid droplets in emulsions and elasticity for solid particles in suspension, but very few studies have simultaneously considered viscosity and elasticity for the dispersed phase. In this study, a toluene (Tol) solution of polystyrene (PS) was dispersed in a continuous phase (water), and the ultrasonic properties of the PS-Tol/water emulsion were investigated. Furthermore, when Tol is dried from the PS-Tol droplet, spherical solid PS particles are obtained in water. Using such a drying-in-liquid method, the processes of solid PS particle formation from PS-Tol liquid droplets were analyzed ultrasonically. Since these solid PS particles are in a glassy state at room temperature, the process from emulsion to solid polymer must go through a rubbery state or transition region, where viscosity becomes important in addition to elasticity for solid particles. The objective of this study is to demonstrate a methodology to quantitatively reproduce the ultrasonic spectra of microparticles associated with the drying of organic solvents using a model that takes account of both elasticity and viscous loss.

Comprehensive numerical characterization of a piezoelectric composite with hollow metallic inclusions using an adaptable random representative volume

This paper investigates a piezoelectric composite made up of a piezoceramic matrix with irregularly scattered random-sized hollow metal inclusions. This composite can be produced using a combination of porous ceramic fabrication methods and microcapsule transfer techniques that were previously utilized to deliver nanoparticle medicines in biomedical applications. The effective material characteristics were computed using a numerical homogenization methodology that included finite element analysis, random representative volume element, perfect contact between distinct phases, special linear boundary conditions, and the Hill–Mandel principle. To imitate the random distribution of inclusions inside a particle-filled composite, the relationship describing the inclusion’s volume fraction was adjusted by adding a regularity coefficient. Thus, a new representative volume was designed to study the effect of the non-uniform distribution of randomly sized inclusions on the effective coefficients of the composite. An analysis of the effective properties of this new composite system with metalized pores surfaces (SMPS) revealed the following features. Due to the presence of metallic impurities, the resulting electric induction field or mechanical stress field inside the piezoelectric phase is scattered, which raises the transverse piezoelectric moduli with the increase of the inclusion’s volume fraction. Also, the electrical permittivity coefficients increase steadily with the increase in the portion of the metallic impurities. According to the findings, the volume fraction of the inclusion can be considered the most critical parameter to modify the electromechanical characteristics of the SMPS. The effects of the regularity coefficient on the equivalent properties increase as the inclusion’s volume fraction increases. The effective dielectric constants decrease as the degree of regularity of the composite structure grows, increasing the effectiveness of the piezoelectric transducer in transverse energy harvesting and motor applications. The findings of the newly constructed representative volume were verified using a basic periodic unit-cell and a random representative volume based on the random sequential adsorption (RSA) method. The developed structure of the representative volume can be applied to simulate a wide range of composites in the form of solid particles. Piezoelectric transducers constructed from the proposed piezocomposite are predicted to function well in piezoelectric motors and transverse piezoelectric sensors.

Emission characteristics from the combustion of Acacia Mangium in the automatic feeding pellet stove

The study provides new insights on the empirical facts and figures of Acacia Mangium graded wood pellets in non-industrial thermochemical applications. The test material was characterized according to normative solid biofuel specifications that confirmed a relevant net calorific value, a considerable mass fraction of the ash content, and the sign of ash softening initially observed at a notable temperature. The instrument readings of six major combustion gaseous components and particulate matter in the exhaust gas verified consistent emission profiles of woody solid biofuels in small-scale combustion installations. The calculated values of CO, CO2, NO, SO2, TOC and PM were analyzed in depth. The emission characteristics obtained revealed the apparent correlations of the fractions of gaseous components subjected to the elemental content determined by the ultimate analysis of Acacia Mangium wood pellets. The particulate matter emitted containing unburnt carbonaceous solid residues and inorganic materials remaining as byproducts were comparatively evaluated according to the different fuel types and variable test devices in earlier works. The mechanism of production and removal of volatilized alkali metals that influence solid particle formation was discussed. The excessive amount of ash-forming elements could potentially cause uncertain fluctuations in emission characteristics, which were remarked upon by further ash-related investigations requiring additional analysis.

Determination of five water-soluble anions in solid and liquid aerosols by ion chromatography with a filter membrane and condensation collection

水溶性离子是固、液气溶胶的重要组成部分,对于气溶胶的理化性质和空气质量具有重大影响,研究水溶性离子的含量对于大气环境的污染与防治具有深远意义。该研究建立了一种滤膜冷凝收集-离子色谱技术采集固体气溶胶和液体气溶胶并测定其中的5种水溶性阴离子(Cl-、F-、NO3-、NO2-、SO42-)含量的方法。首先,采用固体颗粒过滤器和冷凝收集法分别收集固体气溶胶和液体气溶胶,固体气溶胶以固体颗粒物的形式被收集在固体颗粒过滤器内,液体气溶胶以冷凝液的形式在冷阱中被收集。其次,以离子色谱法对固、液体气溶胶中的水溶性阴离子含量进行检测。在以Dionex IonPac AS11-HC-4 μm作为分析柱,流速为1 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃,淋洗液氢氧化钾(KOH)浓度在0~40 min内由1 mol/L线性增至25 mol/L,进样量100 μL的条件下,各离子在40 min内有效分离,5种阴离子在0.1~10 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(相关系数为0.9992~0.9997),检出限低(0.02~0.04 mg/L)。对样品采集条件(采样时间、采样温度和采样流量)进行了优化,结果表明,在采样时间2 h、采样温度-13 ℃、采样流量1.0 L/min的条件下,可获得较为满意的结果。在优化的条件下分别对实际样品的两类溶胶中的5种阴离子含量进行了检测,测得实际样品的液体气溶胶中5种阴离子含量分别为5.7402 μg/m3 (F-)、1.1599 μg/m3 (Cl-)、3.3233 μg/m3 (NO2-)、2.4861 μg/m3 (NO3-)和0.9745 μg/m3 (SO42-),固体气溶胶中5种阴离子含量分别为14.1037 μg/m3 (F-)、5.0398 μg/m3 (Cl-)、9.3052 μg/m3 (NO2-)、8.4528 μg/m3 (NO3-)和5.6314 μg/m3 (SO42-)。该方法可应用于实际的大气检测中,也为其他离子的采集和分析条件的摸索提供了方法。

Lithium niobate particles with a tunable diameter and porosity for optical second harmonic generation.

Uniform, porous particles of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) can be used as contrast agents in bioimaging, drug delivery carriers, nonlinear optical emitters, biosensors, photocatalysts and electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries. In this article, we introduce a hydrothermal method to prepare uniform, mesoporous LiNbO3 particles with a tunable diameter and porosity. These properties are each tuned by adjusting the reaction times of the hydrothermal process. This approach forms mesoporous LiNbO3 particles without the addition of organic additives (e.g., surfactants) or hard templates (e.g., silica). Formation of these LiNbO3 particles proceeds through an aqueous sol–gel reaction in which niobium hydroxide species are generated in situ and undergo a condensation reaction in the presence of lithium hydroxide to form a colloidal solution. A hydrothermal reaction using this solution resulted in the formation of uniform, solid, and semi-crystalline particles. A post-calcination step induces crystallinity in the product and transforms the particles into mesoporous materials composed of a rhombohedral LiNbO3 phase. An increase in reaction time results in an increase in the diameter of these particles from 580 to 1850 nm, but also decreases their porosity. These LiNbO3 particles were active towards second harmonic generation (SHG), and their SHG response resembled that of larger crystals of rhombohedral LiNbO3. This work also offers a viable strategy for manufacturing other materials (e.g., tantalates, titanates, niobates) with tunable dimensions and porosity that enable a broad range of applications in photonics, energy, and catalysis.

Ways to Reduce the «Carbon Footprint» of Diesel Vehicles

In the presented work, methods of formation and combustion of solid carbon particles in the cylinder of a piston ICE are considered. The presence of these particles in the exhaust gases has an extremely adverse effect on the environmental situation and causes colossal harm to the health of people and animals. Replacing petroleum diesel fuel with Compressed Natural Gas makes it possible to significantly reduce the environmental load on the atmosphere and purify the air in large cities. Experimental and theoretical data are presented, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Integration of a calcium carbonate crystallization process and membrane contactor–based CO2 capture

This research work presents the integration of polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor–based CO2 absorption unit using aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the absorbent solution, and precipitation of high-quality calcium carbonate by addition of calcium chloride. The integrated crystallization process bypasses the need for cost-intensive energy regeneration of the absorbent solution. Given the lifetime of high added value precipitated calcium carbonate, the proposed approach for integrating solid particle formation and a carbon dioxide mitigation technique can be considered as a potential post-combustion technology for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS). The overall CO2 mass transfer coefficient in the membrane contactor and subsequent crystallization process was investigated by conducting the experiments at different operating conditions. For a maximum hydroxide concentration of 5.01molL-1, an overall mass transfer coefficient of 2.25·10-4ms-1 and CO2 flux of 2.45·10-4molm-2s-1 were obtained for a 0.5Lmin-1 of gas flow rate. The proposed liquid–liquid crystallization process produces a narrow size distribution of micron-sized calcium carbonate with a mean diameter of 3–8 µm that can be used in the paper, coatings, food and biomedical industries.

Contribution of leading edge shape to a damaging of castellated tungsten targets exposed to repetitive QSPA plasma loads

The castellated tungsten monoblock is considered one of the preferred reference designs of components faced to plasma in the divertor of a fusion reactor. The behavior of such components during the development of transient events (disruptions or/and of Edge Localized Modes (ELMs)) is still among the most critical issues for future thermonuclear devices. Experimental studies of castellated tungsten surface erosion have been performed within the powerful quasi-stationary plasma accelerator QSPA Kh-50 in conditions relevant to unmitigated ITER Type I ELMs. The surface energy load from the impacting hydrogen plasma streams was 0.9 MJ m−2 during 0.25 ms to achieve pronounced melting of the target surface. The studies of solid and liquid particle generation were performed at sequentially oblique plasma exposure of the different chosen edges of the castellated structure. It was determined that most of the W droplets are ejected from the sharp leading edge of the target due to the development of instabilities in the plasma-liquid metal interface. At the same time, the formation of solid dust particles is mainly attributed to the cracking during the surface cooling after the plasma pulse. Particle velocities typically achieve tens m s−1. Both the re-solidified droplets as well as dust particles have been collected on the special plate near the exposed surface. The maximal size of collected particles reached tens of micrometers. Such particles could either fly away with the next plasma pulses or mix with the material of the collecting plate in the course of repetitive plasma pulses. Thin (submicron) layers of re-deposited tungsten also formed on the surface of the collecting plate.

Validation of the hydrodynamics in a turbulent un-baffled vortex reactor at two different stirring Reynolds numbers

In this paper, a turbulent flow is simulated in an un-baffled stirred tank reactor with vortex effect by means of large eddy simulations. This work aims at validating the influence of increasing the stirring frequency on the hydrodynamics and compares the mixing regions that form in such configurations due to the presence of two main vortex types. The open source TRUST-TrioCFD code is used with a discontinuous front-tracking algorithm to capture the vortex that develops at the free surface. A rotating magnetic stirrer is modelled by an immersed boundary method with a penalization concept. Analysis of the auto-correlation function shows a different range of time micro-scales which depends on the spatial location and stirring frequency. A very good agreement is reported between the numerical solution and the experimental measurements and thus reflects the good quality of our numerical study. As far as no similar detailed work is reported in the literature, the numerical data is considered as a reference and will serve in a next step in modelling the formation of solid particles due to a precipitation process that takes place in many applications of energy and chemistry.

The technology of rob water treatment becomes clean water by using the combination of electrolysis, filtration, and ozonation methods

Coastal residents have difficulty in fulfilling the needs of clean water due to tidal water and tidal water intrusion. Meanwhile, clean water is a crucial component in carrying out activities of daily life. This initiative aims to provide an alternative solution in the form of technology to treat water polluted by saline water into clean water. This initiative used the method of electrolysis, filtration, and ozonation. Electrolysis has functions to remove salt contained and reduce levels of heavy metals while filtration functions to filter out the impurities in the form of solid particles, and ozonation takes a role to kill bacteria. Moreover, the target output of this work is the creation of a prototype by using this technology as a technology that can treat water polluted by saline water into clean water. The parameters assessed from this initiative are physical, chemical, and biological parameters of clean water. The results of the total test of dissolved solids of water before processing were 7130 ppm while it was 2490 ppm after getting treatment. The decreasing total value of dissolved solids is 65.077%, which indicates that the test was successful. The result of an electrical conductivity test of water before processing is 310 mA while after processing is 88.6 mA. The decrease in the current value of 71.419% indicates that the test was successful. The results of the turbidity test of water before processing are 0 FAU while after getting treatment is 0 FAU. The turbidity value remains 0, which indicates the test was successful. The results of the pH test of water before processing were 5.7 while the result after treatment got 6.1. The increase in pH value towards pH 7 (neutral) indicates that the test was successful. The test results of salt and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Cl, Na, and Pb) of water before processing were 0.073 ppm, 0.07 ppm, 0.17 ppm, 0.04 ppm, and 4.24 ppm while after processing was 0 ppm, 0 ppm, 0.07 ppm, 0.03 ppm, and 1.36 ppm. There was a decrease in Fe 100%, Cu 100%, Cl 58,823%, Na 25%, and Pb 67,924% which showed that the test was successful. Test results for fecal coliform and nonfecal coliform bacteria before processing were 43 MPN / 100 ml and 7 MPN / 100 ml while after processing was 23 MPN / 100 ml and 4 MPN / 100 ml. There was a decrease in the value of fecal coliform bacteria 46.511% and nonfecal coliform 42.857% which showed that the test was successful. The use of electrodes needs to be replaced periodically so that the results of clean water production remain optimal.