Private Forms Research Articles

Social networks in non-profit organizations

The purpose of this paper is to define the communication, communication process, the concept of social networks and non-profit organizations, with special emphasis on how non-profit organizations use social networks for their work. Social networks are a form of everyday private or business communication. There are different types of social networks, and some of the most popular are: Facebook, WhatsApp, Messenger, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok. The goal of public relations is to provide the organization with an environment in which it will function best and where it will have the opportunity to build its reputation. In the second part of the paper, research methodology is to give through a comparative analysis of the use of social networks as a communication tool in the interpersonal communication of non-profit organizations with users. A descriptive analysis was conducted between ten non-profit organizations in the Republic of Croatia. Conducted analysis has shown that non-profit organizations use social networks in their daily work, for communication, but also for transparency of their work. In further research it would be advisable to detect who are stakeholders in such communication process and what is their opinion or suggestions for non-profit organization.

The institution of general competence – a premise for the existence of the private form of defense of civil rights

In this article, the general competence of the jurisdictional bodies is analyzed as a permit for the existence of the private form of defense of civil rights. The latter is presented as it could not exist as an activity of the jurisdictional bodies (arbitration and conciliation commission) in the absence of regulations on general jurisdiction. In particular, the arbitrability of disputes is analyzed as a component of the general competence of the jurisdictional bodies. The problem of the interpretation of the legal norms regarding the delimitation of the powers of arbitration by other jurisdictional bodies was highlighted. In the same way, ferenda law proposals have been submitted to improve the regulations of general jurisdiction in the field of arbitration.

The Privatisation of Private (and) International Law

Abstract Privatisation is much studied and debated as a general phenomenon, including in relation to its legal effects and the challenges it presents to the boundaries of public and private law. Outside the criminal context there has however been relatively limited focus on privatisation of the governmental functions which are perhaps of most interest to lawyers—law making, law enforcement and dispute resolution—or on the international legal implications of privatisation. This article argues that modern legal developments in the context of private law and cross-border private legal relations—generally known as party autonomy in private international law—can be usefully analysed as two distinct forms of privatisation. First, privatisation of certain allocative functions of public and private international law, in respect of both institutional and substantive aspects of private law regulation, through the legal effect given to choice of court and choice of law agreements. Second, privatisation of the institutional and substantive regulation of private legal relationships themselves, through arbitration and the recognition of non-state law. Together, these developments have established a global marketplace of state and non-state dispute resolution institutions and private laws, which detaches private law authority from its traditional jurisdictional anchors. Analysing these developments through the lens of privatisation highlights a number of important critical questions which deserve greater consideration—this article further examines in particular whether this form of privatisation in fact increases efficiency in either private international law decision-making or private law dispute resolution, as well as its distributive and regulatory effects.

Green Remittances: A novel form of sustainability finance

Lack of finance is a key barrier to sustainable development. Formal aid and private investment are insufficient and vulnerable to inefficient government-to-government interactions and fail to reach some populations. Remittances from 280 million migrant workers to families at home represent enormous complementary monetary inflows to low- and middle-income countries, and, at $600 billion globally, are three-times greater than “top-down” Official Development Assistance. While commonly intended to alleviate poverty, remittances are rarely targeted towards sustainable development, and can even lead to environmental degradation. There is significant potential to align remittances with sustainability goals, assisted by emerging technologies and digital-finance platforms. Proactive “green remittances” can take the form of cash, goods, or services. They can be targeted to households, transportation, agriculture, entrepreneurial purposes, or community-level infrastructure projects. Applications include renewable energy, energy-efficiency, and a range of climate change resilience and adaptation activities. The article provides a unique synthesis of the existing literature, highlighting the lack of focus on proactively directing remittances toward sustainability, and identifies and assesses early targeting efforts in eight countries. Key policy challenges include awareness-building among remittance providers and recipients, identifying and pooling applicable locally-available goods and services, assuring quality, reducing transaction costs, and scale-up.

A Melody and Its Afterlives in Piano Music by the Schumanns and Brahms

In the 1830s, Robert Schumann wrote Impromptus on a Romance by Clara Wieck (op. 5), a set of variations on the theme from Wieck’s Romance variée (op. 3). In the 1850s, Clara Schumann wrote variations (op. 20) on an “Albumblatt” from Robert Schumann’s Bunte Blätter (op. 99), which stimulated Brahms to write his own variations (op. 9) on the same theme. Clara and Brahms linked the two temporal nodes together by quoting the melody shared by Clara and Robert’s youthful ops. 3 and 5 in their later ops. 20 and 9. These borrowings have stimulated interpretations that revolve around representations of people through such means as ciphers, quotations, allusions, and motives. Yet documentary and circumstantial evidence—diary entries and correspondence, private forms of music making (sight-reading and practicing in solo and chamber settings), material culture in the form of giving and receiving flowers, and a little-discussed yet remarkable piano arrangement of Robert’s Piano Quintet, op. 44, by Brahms—suggest that Brahms’s op. 9 quotation of the Schumanns’ melody was meant to recall a shared experience during a poignant moment in the year 1854. Not only to be read and recognized on paper, musical borrowings can gain expressive value as performative acts creating an open-ended field of meaning.

Shi’i-inherited trauma: Iraqi frames of grief in Zā’iyyat al-wajd (‘Ode to passion’) by ʿAbd ʿAun al-Rauḍān

After the fall of the Baathist regime in 2003, Iraqi authors were able to address past experiences of loss, death and suffering in a more explicit manner than before. An outstanding literary attempt of coming to terms with destruction and loss is the novel Zā’iyyat al-wajd (‘Ode to passion’) by the late Iraqi writer, translator and anthologist ʿAbd ʿAun al-Rauḍān (1939–2016), published in 2004. Deeply entwined in this anti-war novel are the acts of mourning loved ones and the making of passionate pleas against the horrendous and meaningless destruction of war. In my reading of this author’s last novel, I pay special attention to past and present traumas experienced by the narrator and how they relate to the violent history of contemporary Iraq. Moreover, I explore the role of religious tradition, family life, more intimate and private forms of mourning and storytelling for coping with life in a still precarious present.

Visions of public and private mobility: the Kowloon railway terminus in Hong Kong

Abstract This article explores and complicates notions of public and private urban mobility through the exploration of one site of transport, the Kowloon railway terminus in Hung Hom, Hong Kong. It considers the question: how did the conflicts and tensions between public and private forms of mobility affect policies for the urban environment in colonial Hong Kong? This article explores the Hung Hom railway terminus and its tensions and interactions with automobility and other forms of transport, most pertinently the bus network. Hong Kong's imperial and colonial context further throws into question seemingly straightforward divisions of public and private mobility.

The impact of COVID-19 infection on labor outcomes of Mexican formal workers

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic had an immediate and severe impact on the economy. However, we do not know whether the disease may have a longer-term effect on people's employment opportunities. In this study, we focus on the effects of COVID-19 infection on labor market outcomes 12 months after diagnosis. We use a unique dataset that includes all formal private sector workers in the Mexican social security system and that links health outcomes with administrative records. We implement two alternative identification strategies to estimate the impact: matching estimators and individual fixed effects models. Our study finds that COVID-19 infection does not harm employment probabilities or wages. On the contrary, we find that workers who had tested positive for COVID had a higher likelihood of keeping their formal sector jobs and higher wages than those who did not. Moreover, our results describe mostly low-income workers.

The urban political ecologies of the green spaces of socialist housing estates: an analysis of green spaces in Bucharest, Romania

ABSTRACT This paper employs the Urban Political Ecology (UPE) framework in order to decipher the unequal geohistorical developments of the Green Spaces of Socialist Housing Estates (GSSHE) in Bucharest under socialist and post-socialist urban political economies. We respond to the call for provincializing and expanding UPE research beyond the Western world with our theoretically informed, empirically grounded study, as literature on socialist and post-socialist socio-natures is virtually non-existent. Bucharest’s GSSHE developed during the socialist era through an allocation of informal temporary land use rights that engendered practices of gardening and agriculture. During post-socialism, residents retained informal rights to use the land, engaging in activities such as gardening, temporary constructions, and house expansion. Simultaneously, patterns of both formal and informal privatization also began to emerge. The last decade brought strong institutional-led change, as district mayors of Bucharest redeveloped green spaces to serve the shifting conditions within the capitalist urban political economy. As some spaces have been completely destroyed, converted to parking spaces, bulldozed for temporary and illegal constructions, or placed under a green revitalization program, these more recent developments have come into conflict with, and partially into a negotiated relationship with, the past legacies of gardening, alternative welfare, and their preserved inequalities.

Fatalistic Beliefs, Cultural Beliefs and Socio-Instrumental Control Beliefs: What are the Links? Can We Speak of an Active Fatalism?

Taking into account beliefs and culture is essential in behaviour analysis in various areas of life and work. However, knowledge about the links between these beliefs is sparse and imprecise. This article analyses the links between fatalistic, cultural and socio-instrumental control beliefs, by a questionnaire on a sample of 515 Cameroonian partcipants including male (N = 290) and female (N = 225), workers from the public (N = 208), formal private (N = 265) and informal (N = 40) sectors. The questionnaire consisted of the fatalism scale designed by Kouabenan (1998), the Cameroonian cultural beliefs scale by Ngueutsa et al. (2021), and the socio-instrumental control beliefs scale derived from Spector (2004). Regression analyses showed that cultural beliefs partially mediated the link between fatalistic and socio-instrumental control beliefs. The results call into question the conceptualization of fatalistic beliefs, often seen as inducers of passivity. They suggest that cultural beliefs and practices may activate a 'non-inhibiting' form of fatalism that would justify the use of cultural entities to exercise indirect control over events. The concept of active fatalism is discussed.

Institutionalized Academic Entrepreneurship And Academic Spin-Offs

The paper discusses the academic entrepreneurship and its public (institutions) and private (personal) forms. We argue that academic entrepreneurship should involve activities and organizational structures, which are not targeting profit. Then - about the unsuitability of Decree N 61 of May 2, 200 on the terms and conditions for the creation of commercial companies by public higher education institutions for the purposes of the economic realization.

Economic and social prerequisites for the development of the system of health care institutions of the Ternopil region

The article states that, in accordance with the basic law of Ukraine, the issue of health care is defined as the priority direction of the state, which is entrusted with the functions of shaping policy in the field of health care and monitoring its implementation. It is legislated that everyone has an inviolable right to health protection, society and the state as a whole are responsible to the modern and future generation for the level of health, the preservation of safe conditions for health and the preservation of the gene pool of Ukrainians. Ukraine introduces the principles of the English model, which manifests itself in the forms of private and family medicine, multi-source financing, insurance and high social standards. At the present stage of development, the process of adapting the national health care system to certain standards is taking place. This process is complicated by a number of political, economic, social and demographic factors. The most negative factors that significantly complicate the development of the health care system are the ongoing covid-19 pandemic and full-scale war. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the Ternopil region has a favorable transport and geographical location, the territory of the region is located in the inner part of Europe, with a mild continental climate and sufficient moisture, close to the borders of Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. International transport routes pass through the region: road and rail links Berlin-Odessa and the Baltic-Black Sea. This geographical location creates opportunities for profitable placement of logistics centers, transport companies and wholesale markets. The development of the health care system is ensured not only by the availability of health care institutions, but also by favorable environmental factors, which include: economic, political, social and environmental indicators of the region's development. The analysis of the demographic situation in the region indicates unfavorable trends that are inherent in the entire territory of Ukraine, namely a decrease in the population, a decrease in the birth rate, high mortality rates, gender disparities, a significant aging of the population, which has an adverse effect on the development of the health care system. A significant impact on the health of the population has an environmental situation, which in recent years has tended to improve. In the Ternopil region there is a network of educational institutions that train medical specialists and thereby provide local resources to health care institutions in the region. The article analyzes entrepreneurial activity in the healthcare sector, which is quite high, increases the activity of small businesses, which intensifies competition and acts as one of the macroeconomic prerequisites for promoting the systemic development of the medical sphere. Negative factors influencing the development of the health care system have been identified, which include limited investment and financial resources and insufficient efficiency of management decisions. According to the results of the analysis, it is determined that the vast majority of indicators of infrastructure development are higher than the average in Ukraine.

Russian Aristocracy and Private Forms of Scientific Organization: The Case of Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich

The structure of Russian science of the XIX century was dominated by state forms of its organization. At the same time, there were also a few private (non-governmental) forms of research communities. One of the little-studied phenomena of scientific privacy is the so-called “kruzhok” (a little circle in Russian). The article examines the history of the formation and activity of one of such “kruzhoks”, formed in the 1880s–1890s around Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, who was seriously engaged in research in the field of lepidopterology (the branch of entomology studying butterflies, Lepidoptera). The role and significance of this “kruzhok” for the development of descriptive entomology in the situation of its weak institutionalization in Russia at the end of the XIX century are briefly considered, the course of scientific research of the Grand Duke and his entourage and the reasons for the termination of their activity are discussed. The history of this informal association is interpreted by us as a manifestation of the purposeful life-making of the Grand Duke, who thus tried to professionalize his hobby and enter the scientific community of entomologists on an equal footing, without breaking with his social environment and without going beyond the behavioral norms established by society for persons of his status. It is shown that the Nikolai Mikhailovich’s “kruzhok” became not only an instrument of his life-making, but also an influential center of Russian lepidopterology, the development of which was thereby given a powerful impetus.

Determinants of Breastfeeding Practices among Working Mothers in Solwezi District of Zambia

Background: As one of the strategies to reduce infant morbidity and mortality, the World Health Organization recommends early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding and timely introduction of complementary feeding with continued breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond. Although breastfeeding is a natural process, it is influenced by different socio-cultural factors, habits, standards, and behaviours. Rapid industrialization and changes in lifestyle have seen increasing numbers of women in the labour force, and associated poor Exclusive Breastfeeding practices among working mothers. The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of breastfeeding practices among working mothers in Solwezi District of Zambia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative survey comparing determinants of breastfeeding practices among working mothers aged 15 - 49 years in urban and rural areas of Solwezi District. The study was carried out in the Under-five Clinics at Solwezi, Kimasala and Mushitala Urban Clinics, as well as St. Francis, Kapijimpanga and Kisalala Rural Health Centers. Eighty-seven participants were successfully recruited using convenience sampling. A researcher-assisted questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 27.0. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using numerical measures such as measures of central tendency and dispersion. The Pearson Chi Square test, correlation and linear regression analysis were performed to test association between the variables at the 0.05 level of significance. Are you assessing exclusive breastfeeding alone or what? Results: The mean age of respondents was 27.44 years (SD = 6.042 years) and the majority of the respondents were married (71.3%, n = 62). Forty-three percent of the respondents were self-employed while the rest were in formal government or private sector employment. Overall, 97.7% of the respondents had heard of exclusive breastfeeding, with health facilities being the most frequent source of information (64.4%). Attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding was generally positive. Fifty-eight percent of respondents exclusively breastfed while the rest were on mixed feeding. Seventy-one percent of respondents reported that their workplaces did not have breastfeeding facilities at work. Only 11.5% of the respondents reported having cultural beliefs restricting breastfeeding. Statistically significant associations were obtained from cross-tabulation analysis between respondent’s occupation and baby feeding type (p 0.001); workload and feeding type (0.024); as well as knowledge of EBF and feeding type (p 0.001). Conclusion: Majority of the respondents demonstrated good knowledge and positive attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding. This study recommends sensitization campaigns in communities to raise awareness about the importance of breastfeeding, and foster behaviour change that promotes breastfeeding.

Digital relationships as a subject of legal research

The subject of legal science manifests itself as a result of the study of its object by methods suitable for the study of the object. A legal scholar must operate not only with formal legal research methods, but with other methods that allow one to understand the purpose and means of activity of a participant in digital relations, and then also the environment (digital technologies and regulatory frameworks) as an external factor influencing the behavior (will) of participants in digital relationships. These methods imply a difference in the types of human activity and relations, as well as their legal regimes: private and public digital relations and methods of their regulation. From a theoretical point of view, digital law is not a separate subdivision in the legal system, but a digital form of private and public digital relations, which requires new approaches to their regulation, but not replacing the content of digital relations with their form. Private digital relations are the result of legal communication (self-regulation) of participants in digital relations. Public digital relations are not relations of law, but relations of power and subordination (power relations). The constitutional aspects of the legal study of digital relations make it possible to find a balance in matters of state support for the development of digital technologies and ensuring human rights and freedoms in his digital relationship with the state. The digitalization of relations is only one of the means used by society and its public entities for the good of man, as his highest value. The state should not so much regulate technological processes as exercise state control over the activities of technology developers and protect the rights of participants in digital relations.

Restoring oak woodlands through trust: Social capital and its role in successful private land conservation

Formal private land conservation programs can be essential for achieving conservation goals, especially in ecosystems with substantial private ownership. Most deciduous oak woodlands in Humboldt County, California, and throughout the Pacific Northwest are located on private lands. The loss of these woodlands to conifer encroachment is a critical conservation concern, with implications for wildlife habitat, range management, cultural resources, biodiversity, and fire management. Private land programs depend on both incentives and voluntary cooperation. Through interviews and participant observation, we explored how and why landowners participate in oak woodland restoration. We are particularly interested in the role of social capital, which consists of trust and expectations of reciprocity. We found that oak woodland restoration depends on building social capital in order to leverage different skill sets and gain access to resources and technical expertise. Rather than a side effect of successful private land conservation, we assert that social capital is a necessary part of it, and that building and maintaining social capital can itself constitute a conservation goal.

Use of insurance by Russian enterprises to offset the risks associated with the financial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic

The article examines the emergence of new insurance interests in Russia related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Research methods: empirical research methods — selective market research, general theoretical methods — analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization. Research hypothesis is so that in Russia, specialized insurance services have appeared, are used, but have not found wide distribution, designed to compensate for the financial risks of a pandemic. The weak use of insurance as a way to protect against the risks of the financial consequences of the pandemic in the Russian economy is due not only to the level of knowledge about insurance, but also to the desire of Russian entrepreneurs to receive state rather than private protection and support. The purpose of the research is to study the preferences of enterprises when choosing mechanisms for compensating the risks of activities in a pandemic, to identify changes in insurance interests, options for their satisfaction and the prevalence of the use of insurance contracts, to identify the priority of obtaining public state support or insurance protection that takes into account the specific interests of the entrepreneur. In summary, the results of a market research of consumer preferences of enterprises in relation to insurance programs as a mechanism for compensating for the damage of the risks of a “coronavirus” infection are presented, the main insurance products, the level of use and factors preventing an increase in the level of insurance are highlighted. It has been proved that there is a significant proportion of enterprises using insurance to minimize the financial consequences of the pandemic, in the context of the prevalence of the paternalistic model of behavior of the owners and management of enterprises in terms of the formation of financial reserves in the context of the coronavirus infection, which leads to a pronounced priority of state financial support over the private form of financial support for enterprises. Taking into account the results obtained, recommendations were formulated for the development of insurance as a private form of support for enterprises in the context of coronavirus infection, allowing to take into account the peculiarities of the paternalistic behavior of the owners and management of enterprises in terms of compensating for “coronavirus” risks.

Formation of the institution of private ownership of agricultural land in a land -poor mountainous region

Using the established centuries-old experience of most industrialized countries, in which the mechanisms for the functioning and implementation of private land ownership rights are effective, the reform of land relations in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic must be carried out primarily through the adoption of measures to ensure that the interests of the entire society are taken into account and protected by conservation, reproduction and efficient use of land resources as the main national wealth. Land is the main, irreplaceable means of production, the most important factor in economic development, and society is interested in the private owner managing it for profit and taking into account public interests. The highest form of democracy is the manifestation of the will of the people through democratic elections, including through a referendum. A referendum allows us to reveal the mood of people and their attitude towards the most important government issues. The will of the people is the guiding principle for government bodies of all branches of government. The proposed Recommendations provide for the regulation of the most important aspects raised during the reform of land legal relations, awareness of which will allow citizens to eliminate uncertainty regarding the need and consequences of introducing private forms of land ownership. An analysis of the situation in the agricultural sector is presented and the basic principles, strategic directions, and stages of land reform are established, which represent successive steps to develop the institution of private ownership of agricultural land in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.

Can the Market Economy Deal with Sustainability?

The central question in this paper is whether a market economy can theoretically and empirically deal with sustainability. A system analysis of the current neoclassical theory shows that the system components (goal function, interaction mechanisms, actors and outcomes) are predominantly defined in terms of economic growth and facilitated by market exchange. This fosters (over)production and consumption of private goods, crowding out public goods and preservation ofthe commons. The one size fits all 'economic mechanism design' cannot deliver social outcomes regarding sustainability. The explicit recognition that an economy has different domains (ecological, social, economic) broadens the options for incorporating sustainability within the economic system. This richer framework allows us to analyse the economic problem at hand: an efficient economic system in an inclusive society within biophysical boundaries. We show that the alternative for market economics does not only have to be government intervention but can also include private forms of collective decision-making.

Factors influencing the choice of private or public schools: Evidence from Georgia

The existence and development of public schools is influenced by a plethora of factors. Through the creation of education policies, any state education system is striving to accomplish specific goals. Both informal and formal private schooling is taking the lead in all cultures and societies. Unmistakably, the distinction between private and public schools is evident. However, given the different circumstances, choosing the best alternative for a child is regularly a fervently discussed topic among parents. There is no universal answer to the question whether private schools are actually better than or superior to the public schools. Our research aimed to describe the school choice process, it focuses on unveiling the factors and their interrelation while the parent choosing between two types of schools—private and public. First of all, the research aims to describe the parent’s perception of achieving success at school, what is the base for such belief, what the sentence—“School—base of future success” actually mean. How important is so called social index? The significance of the reputation and prestige of the educational institution during school choice process—as a guarantee for future success. The key questions for the research were as follows: (1) How interested the parents are to be actively involved in school choice process and spend certain period of time for that? (2) What factors are considered by the parents during school choice and what is the source they receive information from? (3) Does the family’s socioeconomic condition and the kids gender have influence on the process? It’s worth mentioning that, generally the research results fully coincide with the school choice theory arguments and the research findings conducted in the similar field. All these are described and presented in the first part of the article. The probabilities listed on the base of the current data, that the information source, the parent’s information level, the parents’ engagement as well as the family’s socioeconomic and demographic status play integral role in the school choice process appeared to be genuine. Apparently, the parents are much interested to provide perfect future for their kids, though socioeconomic conditions, environment, poor educational system limits their choice. Once our results compared to the existing literature and theory, one can see that our study conducted in Georgia follows the trends of the developed countries, known as the “Heyneman-Loxley effect.”