Formation Of Precipitates Research Articles

A Study of Direct NH4VO3 Crystallization from Dilute V Solutions and the Effect of Impurities (Fe, Mn) on Crystallization

Abstract Industrial side streams, such as steel slag, can contain significant amounts of vanadium (V), and its recovery is important for their beneficial use. This study presents a simple approach for recovery of NH4VO3 by direct crystallization from (NH4)2CO3 matrix without significant reagent additions and a V separation stage. This study investigated several factors (seed crystals, ultrasonic pretreatment, pH, vanadium concentration [V], Fe and Mn impurities) affecting direct NH4VO3 crystallization from dilute V-containing ([V] 1.2–2.4 g/L) synthetic solutions. Besides [V], pH had a significant effect on crystallization, especially in the presence of a main impurity Fe. Fe precipitated rapidly with an amorphous structure during pH adjustment. At sufficiently low pH (< 6.8), NH4VO3 crystallized slowly after Fe-containing precipitate formation. The total V recovery (R%) reached 81% but due to co-precipitation of V and Fe, V losses (2–35%) varied depending on the variation in Fe concentration. To minimize V loss, washing the Fe-containing precipitate with an alkaline solution was carried out with promising results (V R% 16–80%). The presence of Mn increased V R% despite almost complete co-precipitation with NH4VO3. The utilization of seed crystals accelerated the crystallization, but the effect of a three-minute ultrasonic pretreatment had an insignificant effect. The method was applied to authentic leachates ([V] 1.6 g/L) which showed comparable results (V R% 81%). Based on SEM-EDS, NH4VO3 crystals contained only marginally Si. This study demonstrates the significant applicability of direct NH4VO3 crystallization for dilute V solutions and offers a functional method from an industrial perspective.

Exploration of aerosol-precipitation relationships under different climate regimes in China

ABSTRACT Aerosols influence cloud and precipitation formation through Aerosol-Radiation Interaction and Aerosol-Cloud Interaction, thereby influencing rainfall patterns. Our study analyzed the relationship between aerosols and precipitation in China by remote-sensing observations, focusing on both precipitation magnitude and microphysical characteristics. The aerosol data were obtained from the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2), the precipitation data were sourced from Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrieval for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM-IMERG) and rainfall microphysical data were collected from the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM-DPR). The total aerosol and five types of aerosols (two natural types and three anthropogenic types) were analyzed in relation to precipitation over the period 2015–2020. Aerosols were categorized into “clean” and “polluted” groups based on their concentrations. The spatial distribution of average rainfall for the clean and polluted groups was analyzed on three time scales (annual, summer, and winter). The results indicated that different types of aerosols present varying effects on rainfall, with natural aerosols exhibiting higher average rainfall in “clean” conditions, while anthropogenic aerosols demonstrate higher average rainfall in “polluted” conditions, especially in humid areas. Additionally, we observed that aerosol concentrations can modify rainfall microphysics, affecting the size and concentration of raindrops. By comparing D m (the mass-weighted diameter of a raindrop) and N w (the concentration parameter) under different aerosol conditions, it was found that D m was significantly larger in summer than winter and in polluted than clean conditions. N w exhibited slightly higher values in clean conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that enhanced aerosol concentrations intensify rainfall and modify rainfall microphysics, which may be useful in further investigating the principles of how aerosols affect precipitation.

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of SUS 630 Stainless Steel: Effects of Age Hardening in a Tin Bath and Atmospheric Environments

This study investigates the solution-aging treatment of precipitation-hardening SUS 630 stainless steel, alongside an analysis of the carbon emissions generated by the energy consumed during aging treatments. By employing atmospheric and liquid tin as aging media, the research comprehensively explores the effects of aging treatments on the characteristics of 630 stainless steel. The maximum hardness value for the 630 stainless steel was observed after atmospheric aging at 500 °C for 1 h. The given 630 stainless steel obtained its maximum hardness value after atmospheric aging at 500 °C for 1 h, indicating that the formation of secondary precipitates strengthens the steel’s performance. By leveraging the intrinsic characteristics of liquid tin, using it as an aging medium (Sn bath aging) significantly improves the efficiency of the aging process, achieving mechanical properties comparable to those of atmosphere-aged steel. The 630 stainless steel aged in a Sn bath exhibited a refined martensitic matrix with substantial precipitate formation, contributing to superior impact toughness and dynamic fatigue resistance. With an equivalent mass and performance, Sn bath aging notably reduced the duration of the treatment compared to atmospheric aging, leading to substantial energy savings and reduced carbon emissions. The Sn bath treatment, recognized in metallurgical science and heat treatment for its excellent thermal conductivity and recyclability, shows potential to enhance process efficiency and enable low carbon emissions in the heat treatment industry. By highlighting the differences between aging methods, this study provides solutions for optimizing heat treatment processes and thereby achieving industrial advancement and sustainability goals.

Case studies of different types of precipitation at Ny-Ålesund, Arctic

Arctic precipitation plays a crucial role in shaping the surface mass balance of Arctic sea ice and has wide-ranging impacts on local climate, ecosystems, and global sea level dynamics. With the Arctic undergoing warming trends, historical data and climate models indicate a shift from primarily snowfall to a rise in liquid and mixed forms of precipitation. This study tried to explain the microphysical characteristics and atmospheric conditions associated with different forms of precipitation and their transitions. The phase changes were explained by the vertical precipitation profiles over Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard ( 55’ N, 56’ E), observed using a Micro Rain Radar (MRR) and vertical atmospheric profiles using the ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR). Atmospheric conditions were also analysed based on ERA5 reanalysis data at different pressure levels. For the cases studied here, it was found that the southerly warm-moist air mass plays a crucial role in the change of precipitation phase and intensity. Warm and moist winds at 2-3 km altitude facilitated high temperature and moisture that helped snow to melt in liquid, resulted in rainfall over the location. Additionally, hourly winds from ERA5 reanalysis indicated upward wind motion was responsible for the formation of graupel. The insight gained from this study will be useful to predict the further precipitation trend over the Arctic more accurately.

Tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Brassica chinensis L. under the interactive treatments of lanthanum, cerium, and fluorine in soil

The extensive mining of bastnasite (CeFCO3) has caused severe pollution of lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and fluorine (F) in the surrounding farmland soil, threatening the safety of the soil-plant system. However, the stress effects of the interaction among these three elements on the tolerance and accumulation traits of Brassica chinensis L. (B. chinensis) are unclear. In this study, the interaction mechanisms of these three pollutants regulating the growth characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and accumulation characteristics of B. chinensis was explored using pot experiments of La-Ce (LC), Ce-F (CF), La-F (LF), and La-Ce-F (LCF) interactions. The LC interaction pollution treatments at the element concentrations higher than those of LC3 showed significant impact (P < 0.05) on the plant growth. The order of tolerance in B. chinensis under four interaction treatments was La-F > Ce-F > La-Ce-F > La-Ce, which was supported by the integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis. The synergistic effect of La and Ce in La-Ce experiment promoted these two elements in the plants, whereas the presence of F in CF, LF, and LCF combined pollution treatments inhibited the absorption of La and Ce. Moreover, under the interaction among three elements, the synergistic effect of La and Ce in LC treatment enhanced the biotranslocation factor (BTF) of both elements, reaching the highest levels of 0.36 and 0.40, respectively. The addition of F in CF (BTF of 0.3 and 0.15, respectively), LF (BTF of 0.25 and 0.15, respectively), and LCF (BTF of 0.21, 0.24, and 0.15, respectively) treatments reduced the BTF of La and Ce in the plants due to the formation of insoluble precipitates between F with La or Ce. In conclusion, the interaction between La and Ce could reduce the tolerance of B. chinensis, while the presence of F could enhance the plant resistance to both La and Ce.

Analysis of Heavy Metal Content (Cd, Hg, and Pb) in Rice Harvested by Farmers in Dengilo District, Pohuwato Regency Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

Rice is the staple food for a significant portion of the global population, particularly in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to determine whether rice cultivated in Dengilo District, Pohuwato Regency, is contaminated with heavy metals. The research employed qualitative and quantitative methods using various reagents, including HNO3, 55% HCl, HClO4, H2SO4, Potassium Iodide (KI), NaOH, Na2CO3, and an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) instrument. The results revealed that the qualitative tests showed positive contamination in rice samples A, B, and D, indicated by color changes and the formation of precipitates, while sample C tested negative. Quantitative tests confirmed the presence of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb) in all samples, although within permissible limits. Among the three metals, cadmium (Cd) exhibited the highest average concentration at 0.0465 mg/kg. This elevated Cd level is attributed to the repetitive use of phosphate fertilizers and pesticides, industrial waste discharge, vehicle combustion emissions, heavy metal residues from industrial processes, and atmospheric deposition. The study concludes that all rice samples tested positive for heavy metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb); however, their concentrations remain within the safe thresholds established by regulatory standards. Keywords: Rice, Heavy Metals, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

Cola beverage reduces risk of lead poisoning from accidental ingestion of contaminated soil particles in rat and swine models

Accidental ingestion of lead (Pb)-contaminated soils represents a major route of Pb exposure for both adults and children, and the development of accessible and cost-effective solutions to reduce Pb poisoning is urgently required. Here, we present an effective and straightforward technique, involving the consumption of cola beverages, for the purpose of lowering blood Pb levels following the ingestion of contaminated soils in animal models. This method facilitated the direct passage of Pb in contaminated soil through the digestive system, enhancing its elimination without absorption into systemic circulation. Our results demonstrated that cola effectively reduced Pb bioaccessibility in 22 contaminated soils by 32.6%–98.8%. In male rats and swine exposed to Pb-contaminated soils, cola treatment decreased blood Pb concentrations by 32.9%–96.0% and 31.5%–81.5%, respectively. This cola-induced reduction in Pb bioaccessibility and bioavailability was attributed to the rich phosphoric acid content in cola, which promoted the formation of insoluble Pb phosphate precipitate (pyromorphite [Pb5(PO4)3Cl]) during the gastric phase. The precipitate was directly excreted in feces, resulting in lower Pb absorption in the blood. These findings suggest that the consumption of cola beverages may be a practical strategy to mitigate the risk of Pb poisoning following the accidental ingestion of contaminated soils. However, the applicability of this approach in humans remains uncertain in the absence of population-based studies. While these findings underscore the potential for cola beverages to reduce Pb absorption following soil ingestion in animal models, further research is necessary to evaluate its safety, efficacy, and possible risks in humans before any such protocols are initiated.

Effectiveness of different solutions in preventing the formation of orange-brown precipitate during the alternating use of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine -An in vitro study

Effectiveness of different solutions in preventing the formation of orange-brown precipitate during the alternating use of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine -An in vitro study

Enhancing Precipitation Nowcasting Through Dual-Attention RNN: Integrating Satellite Infrared and Radar VIL Data

Traditional deep learning-based prediction methods predominantly rely on weather radar data to quantify precipitation, often neglecting the integration of the thermal processes involved in the formation and dissipation of precipitation, which leads to reduced prediction accuracy. To address this limitation, we introduce the Dual-Attention Recurrent Neural Network (DA-RNN), a model that combines satellite infrared (IR) data with radar-derived vertically integrated liquid (VIL) content. This model leverages the fundamental physical relationship between temperature and precipitation in a predictive framework that captures thermal and water vapor dynamics, thereby enhancing prediction accuracy. The results of experimental evaluations on the SEVIR dataset demonstrate that the DA-RNN model surpasses traditional methods on the test set. Notably, the DA-TrajGRU model achieves reductions in mean squared error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of 30 (9.3%) and 89 (6.4%), respectively, compared with those of the conventional TrajGRU model. Furthermore, our DA-RNN exhibits robust false alarm rates (FAR) for various thresholds, with only slight decreases in the critical success index (CSI) and Heidke skill score (HSS) when increasing the threshold. Additionally, we present a visualization of precipitation nowcasting, illustrating that the integration of multiple data sources effectively avoids overestimation of VIL values, further increasing the precision of precipitation forecasts.

Influence of Plastic Deformation on the Precipitation Evolution in the Aluminum Alloys in Friction Stir Welding

The influence of temperature on the precipitation evolution in different zones of friction stir welded (FSW) heat-treatable aluminum alloys has been well investigated. However, the role of plastic deformation in affecting precipitation transformations remains less explored. To isolate the contribution of these factors and specifically assess the role of plastic deformation, an approach combining numerical and physical modeling techniques was used. Welding temperature cycles in the FSW weld zones calculated by means of a 3D finite element model were accurately reproduced using a Gleeble instrument. This approach was implemented under two scenarios such as the reproduction of the influence of temperature alone, and the combined effects of temperature and thermally induced plastic strain. The precipitation states and hardness obtained from these controlled experiments were compared to those observed in actual friction stir welds, providing a deeper understanding of the influence mechanisms at play. The results revealed that deformation significantly influences precipitation formation in the stir zone of both 2024 and 6082 alloys, with this effect extending to the heat-affected zone in the case of the 2024 alloy.

Manganese recovery from electric arc furnace dust bioleachate: Evaluation of different precipitation agents.

This study optimized a one-step precipitation process for manganese recovery from a complex medium-bioleachate obtained from electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). The effects of pH variations and different precipitation agents, including acetone, ethanol, oxalic acid, and ammonium hydroxide, were investigated for manganese recovery. While acetone and ethanol facilitated precipitation, they did not lead to the formation of a specific manganese precipitate. The presence of other metals in the precipitate further reduced the purity of manganese precipitation. Oxalic acid proved ineffective in forming manganese precipitate from the citrate-based bioleachate. However, ammonium hydroxide demonstrated superior performance at pH 9.3 due to its lower affinity for manganese than other metals. Ammonium hydroxide precipitated 60% of manganese with 62% purity in a single step. Species diagrams simulated by MEDUSA software predicted MnHPO4 formation in the precipitate. Advanced analytical techniques (ICP, XRF, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDX-mapping) were employed for comprehensive precipitate analysis.

Chronic toxicity of dissolved barium and sodium chloride to the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia: implications for unconventional gas flowback-produced waters.

Unconventional gas flowback-produced waters, particularly those of marine origin from shale gas, can contain elevated concentrations of barium (Ba) and sodium chloride (NaCl). There are limited Ba water quality guideline values to help assess the potential risk of Ba exposure to freshwater biota. Barium toxicity is heavily influenced by sulfate concentrations as Ba and sulfate react, forming the highly water-insoluble and thus less bioavailable Ba sulfate. To determine survival and reproductive impacts, the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia was exposed to dissolved Ba, NaCl, and binary combinations of dissolved Ba and NaCl. No chronic lethal concentration (LC) endpoints could be determined for dissolved Ba-only exposure up to 16 mg/L due to near 100% parent survivorship across all treatments. The NaCl LC50 (95% credible intervals) = 708 (502-939) mg/L. The dissolved Ba reproductive effect concentration (EC) at EC20 was 0.95 (0.19-3.22) mg/L. Meanwhile, for NaCl, the EC10 and EC20 concentrations were 365 (149-651) mg/L and 510 (282-760) mg/L, respectively. The binary exposure of Ba and NaCl had limited meaningful data due to some experimental shortcomings (lack of Ba-only and NaCl-only controls). Despite this, at 410 mg/L NaCl, the dissolved Ba reproductive EC10 and EC20 were determined to be 8.87 [3.58-11.7] mg/L and 10.1 (5.64-11.8) mg/L, respectively. These results suggest that marginally increased NaCl concentrations alleviate Ba toxicity, particularly when Ba is at low concentrations. Further chronic studies are needed to account for Ba toxicity in dissolved and precipitated forms and derive a Ba guideline value for freshwater biota.

Insight into peroxidase-mediated Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) fruit juice browning and precipitation, and a thermal inactivation strategy.

Peroxidase-mediated enzymatic browning during the process of noni fruit juice causes major color deterioration and precipitation, which negatively affects consumer acceptance of the juice. The purpose of this study was to understand the browning and precipitate formation mechanisms in noni fruit juice and improve its quality. Peroxidase was isolated from noni fruit via gel separation purification and characterized for its kinetic properties. The influences of key phenolic compounds on browning and precipitate formation were investigated via a noni-juice-based model system. The results revealed that the major noni peroxidase was a 50.05kDa dimer subunit, and peroxidase activity was optimal at pH6.0 and 30°C, with an activation energy of 159.50kJ/mol. Additionally, peroxidase activity was significantly inhibited by glutathione, sodium metabisulfite, and ascorbic acid. The active sites contained histidine and arginine residues. All eight phenolic compounds in juice act as specific substrates for peroxidase-mediated browning. Among them, gallic acid made the most significant contribution to both browning and precipitate formation. To effectively deactivate peroxidase activity while minimizing phenolic compound loss, a thermal treatment of 90°C for 10min was identified as the optimal approach. This study provides new insights into improving the quality of noni juice and enzyme browning.

Exploring Summer Precipitation Stable Isotopes in the Monsoon Border Zone: Environmental Drivers and Moisture Source Tracing

ABSTRACTPrecipitation processes in the monsoon border zone (MBZ) of China remain unclear because of the complex hydro‐climatic interactions. This study analyzes the temporal variation of δ2H and δ18O in precipitation and its influencing factors based on samples of precipitation events in Lake Dali during summer from 2018 to 2020. The results showed significant monthly isotopic variability, characterised by lower δ2H and δ18O values in July with averages of −103.62‰ and −14.87‰, respectively. This clear isotopic variability is largely related to the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) activity during the prevailing summer monsoon season and hydrometeorological processes. The isotopic composition of precipitation is mainly determined by the amount of precipitation and relative humidity, but not related to temperature. The results of backward trajectory modelling show that precipitation primarily originates from northern China, inland Xinjiang, and the western Pacific with different monthly contributions. The increase in δ2H and δ18O isotopes from June to August indicates sub‐cloud evaporation. The mean sub‐cloud evaporation rate was 3.5% during the summer. Sub‐cloud evaporation is associated with relative humidity and precipitation. Recycled moisture accounts for 12% of local precipitation and 2.5%–31.6% of total monthly precipitation. After considering the contribution of evaporation, the estimated average recycling ratio increased from 12% to 24%, suggesting the important role of evaporation processes in lakes in the formation of precipitation.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Performance of 2205 Base Equipment and Pipes

ABSTRACT2205 dual‐phase stainless steel is widely used in petrochemical equipment. This paper simulates welding, post‐weld heat treatment, and operation conditions of 2205 steel. Microstructure evolution and properties were analyzed via metallography, impact testing, SEM, EDS, and electrochemical methods. Results showed microstructure degradation after 580°C heat treatment, with precipitate formation causing toughness loss. Precipitate diameter was ˜38 nm. Critical corrosion temperature and pitting resistance decreased with increasing heat treatment temperature. It is suggested that 2205 dual‐phase stainless steel should avoid post‐welding heat treatment during the fabricating process. For 2205 dual‐phase stainless steel equipment or parts that must or have completed post‐welding heat treatment, the risk assessment should be carried out based on the service temperature, etc. If necessary, solution treatment should be carried out to maximize the recovery of material properties.

Precipitation-controlled grain boundary engineering in a cast & wrought Ni-based superalloy

Grain boundary engineering (GBE) describes the various approaches to control the fraction and composition of special boundaries in designing engineering materials. For example, complex thermo-mechanical processing routes are harnessed to increase the fraction of Σ3 twin boundaries, bringing about improvements to strength, toughness, and corrosion properties in austenitic stainless steels. However, high-temperature gas turbine engine components designed for the most demanding applications must be manufactured from Ni-based superalloys. To provide the required high-temperature strength, their microstructures are highly complex and consist of an austenitic γ-matrix, γ' precipitates, and grain boundary (GB) carbides, and/or borides. GBE approaches for Ni-based superalloys have been reported to reduce in-service GB cracking via targeted engineering of the GB microstructure. However, the same complex microstructures severely limit the processability of the most advanced Ni-based superalloys required to develop the next generation gas turbine engines.To tackle this challenge, we propose precipitation-controlled GBE for Ni-based superalloys with limited formability, via formation of GB serrations and precipitation upon slow cooling. We showcase our approach by achieving controlled GB precipitation of GB-γ' and M6C carbides in the cast & wrought Ni-based superalloy René 41 via a simple heat treatment. Ductility improvements are predicted via crystal plasticity modeling due to increased slip transmission compatibility. Instead of generating additional Σ3 twin boundaries only, these interfaces are directly incorporated into the GB network. It is shown that precipitation-controlled GBE is enabled by GB-γ' nucleating heterogeneously on M6C whereby competitive coarsening of GB-γ' provides the driving force. The fundamental mechanisms of our GBE approach are discussed and summarized in a qualitative microstructural model.

Three Years of Stable Water Isotope Data of Daily Rain Samples Collected from Three Geomorphic Regions of India

High-frequency precipitation (solid/liquid) isotope datasets are useful for identification of moisture sources and various dynamical and thermodynamical processes controlling precipitation formation. Here, we report three-year (2019–2021) daily rain isotope (both oxygen, δ18O hereafter, and hydrogen, δ2H, hereafter) datasets from three unique locations in India during the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). The locations are- (1) Port Blair- an island situated in the Bay of Bengal (BoB); (2) Mahabaleshwar, located at the crest of the Western Ghats Mountain; and (3) Tezpur, in northeast India, situated close to a dense forest. These stations receive moisture from different sources and experience different rain mechanisms during ISM. Therefore, the isotope datasets presented here would be useful for envisaging the impact of diverse rain formation processes on isotope values during the ISM.

Long-term measurements of seasonal snowpacks indicate increases in mid-winter snowmelt and earlier snowpack disappearance in the northeastern U.S.

Snowpacks are changing in northeastern North America as the regional climate warms, yet the relative influence of changes in precipitation compared to changes in ablation on snowpacks is poorly understood. We use 56 years of weekly snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements from three locations within a study site which vary in elevation and aspect, paired with adjacent daily climate measurements, to investigate relationships between climate and snowpack onset, maximum, and disappearance. Maximum snowpack size and snowpack duration are shrinking at all sites, at rates ranging from 4.3 days/decade at the coldest site to 9.6 days/decade at the warmest site. The shorter snowpack duration at all sites results from an earlier snowpack disappearance, stemming largely from reduced winter maximum snowpack sizes. Trends in snowpack establishment dates vary, with the south-facing site showing a trend toward later establishment but the two north-facing sites showing no change. The date of the maximum snowpack size varies by aspect and elevation but is not changing at any site. Using a 0° C threshold for frozen vs. liquid precipitation, we only observed a decrease in the proportion of precipitation falling in frozen form at the warmer, south-facing site in the winter period. In contrast, the total weekly snowpack ablation in the winter period has been increasing at least marginally at each site, even at sites which do not show increases in thawing conditions. Ablation increases range from 0.4 cm/decade at the warmest site, to 1.4 and 1.2 cm/decade at the north-facing sites. The south-facing site shows only marginally significant trends in total winter ablation, which we interpret as being limited by the smaller snowpack at this site. Overall, we conclude that rising air temperatures are leading to warmer, more sensitive snowpacks and this change becomes evident before those temperatures lead to changes in precipitation form.

USE OF GALLIUM AS MODEL MATERIAL IN GALVANOPLASTY

The article deals with the possibility of using the technology of electroplating for manufacturing large-size exclusive designer accessories for clothing, haberdashery and footwear. The high technological potential of using low-melting conductive materials, in particular, gallium, for manufacturing galvanoplastic models is shown. The features of creation of models from gallium, formation of galvanoplastic precipitation of copper on their surface, technological methods of gallium removal after copper deposition are experimentally investigated. Technological problems arising at work with gallium are shown, practical recommendations on their leveling are given. The advantage of using conductive materials for making models for electroplating is experimentally proved, as compared to dielectrics requiring graphitization of the surface, the process of electrolysis is considerably reduced, which significantly saves money and resources.

The role of ascent timescales for warm conveyor belt (WCB) moisture transport into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS)

Abstract. Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are coherent ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones. They are a major source of moisture for the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), where moisture acts as a potent greenhouse gas and WCB-associated cirrus clouds contribute to cloud radiative forcing. However, the processes controlling WCB moisture transport and cloud properties are poorly characterised. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed (embedded) convection as a ubiquitous feature of WCBs, highlighting the importance of understanding their updraught and microphysical structure. We present a Lagrangian investigation of WCB moisture transport for a case from the WISE (Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange) campaign based on a convection-permitting simulation. Lagrangian non-dimensional metrics of the moisture budget suggest that the ascent timescale (τ600) strongly controls the end-of-ascent total moisture content, which is largest for slowly ascending trajectories (τ600≥20 h, 30 % of all WCB trajectories). This is due to relatively warm end-of-ascent temperatures and the strong temperature control on transported water vapour. Deviations from equilibrium water vapour condensate partitioning are largest for slow trajectories due to faster glaciation and lower ice crystal numbers. A local moisture transport minimum at intermediate τ600 results from a shift towards a riming-dominated precipitation formation pathway and decreasing outflow temperatures with decreasing τ600. The fastest trajectories (τ600≤5 h, 5 % of all WCB trajectories) transport the largest condensate mass to the UTLS due to less efficient condensate loss and produce the longest-lived outflow cirrus clouds. Models that parameterise convection may under-represent these processes, potentially impacting weather forecasts and climate predictions.