Perfect Form Research Articles

A stronger form of locally closed set and its homeomorphic image

Through this paper, via the operators $(\cdot)^{\star}$ and $\Psi$, we presented notion of $\star$-Locally set in an ideal topological space $\zeta_{\mathbb{I}}$ as a new stronger form of locally closed set, and considered relations with various existing weak form of locally closed set. Preservations of direct images as well as inverse images of $(\cdot)^{\star}$, $\Psi$, $\star$-perfect and various weak forms of locally closed set including $\star$-Locally closed set are important investigating part. Besides, we pointed out that consideration of `bijectivity' in Lemma 3.1 of [24] is sufficient, and the Lemma 3.3 of [24] is wrong. We demonstrated two modifications of the last one.

Latin verbal morphology and the diachronic development of its thematic and athematic constructions

Abstract This paper investigates the verbal morphology of Latin in terms of the theoretical framework of Distributed Morphology (DM). In addition to providing a synchronic analysis of the verbal system of Latin, this paper discusses the development of the thematic vowel system and of athematic perfect forms in this language from their reconstructed Proto-Indo-European (PIE) antecedents and demonstrates the role of morpho-syntactic structure in constraining the historic analyses, and specifically the role that morpho-syntactic locality played in this historical development. It will be shown that despite radical changes in the exponence, the morpho-syntax and the semantics, of the verbal forms, the (local) structural relation between roots as the repositories of idiosyncratic morphological information and aspectual morphemes displaying special (irregular) exponents was consistently preserved across the millennia.

Aspectual-Actional Functions of Spatially-Orientational Meanings of Preverbs in the Ossetian Language (in Comparison with the Russian Language)

The content of this article continues the topic of aspectual inconsistency, namely, the lack of an imperfective aspect pair in a large group of Ossetian verbs. Two previous articles in thе Bulletin of the NOSU are devoted to this topic [20, pp. 169-181; 21, pр.95-108]. The material presented in the publication indicates that the reasons for the aspectual inconsistency of Ossetian verbs (perfectiva tantum) can be not only aspectual-actional meanings, meanings of certain Aktionsarts, but also the spatial-orientational semantics of certain prefixes, which, when combined with verbs expressing local manifestation actions, allow or do not allow to indicate the perceptual nature of the action (its perception, observability of its development in the middle of the flow, between the beginning and the end). Accordingly, that part of prefixed verbs, the spatial-orientational semantics of which does not allow the designation of perceptuality, does not have an imperfective pair. Meanwhile, it is the semantics of perceptuality that is the core of the specific process meaning of the imperfective verbs in the Ossetian language, as well as in the Russian language. From the point of view of typological similarities and differences, the linguistic facts analyzed in the article are interesting for general and comparative aspectology also because it is in the circle of Ossetian prefixed (limiting) verbs with the semantics of the local manifestation of the action that the formation of the specific process meaning of the imperfective verbs begins similarly to the processes of the emergence of the grammatical category of the form and in modern Russian at the junction of the categories of limiting and a certain direction of action in the group of verbs of movement-displacement. The development of the aspect category in the modern Ossetian language due to the action of such factors as the limit denoted by prefixed verbs, the possibility of expressing the perceptual action in verbs with the semantics of the local manifestation of the action, as well as the implementation of the patterns of typological development proves that the grammatical category of aspect is the property of not only Slavic languages, that in one form or another aspectual semantics is expressed in different languages of the world. Establishing the boundaries of the sphere of Ossetian verbs of only the perfect form in comparison with the Russian language with a detailed description of the reasons for their aspectual inconsistency, of course, can be used as a demanded educational material when studying the topic “Verb aspect as a grammatical category” in educational institutions of all levels, both in the North, and in South Ossetia.

Семантика и контекст употребления перфекта в современном американском английском: корпусное исследование

The article identifies the main ways in which the Present Perfect meanings are expressed in the oral speech of the US citizens speaking American English. The necessity to study in detail how the Present Perfect functions in modern American English is attributed to the emerging reports emphasizing the existing functional instability of these forms in the speech of Americans. This tendency shows that the Present Perfect loses its ability to express traditional perfect meanings. Therefore, the aim of the study is twofold: to apply the methods of corpus linguistics in order to confirm that the semantics of the perfect and preterite forms tend to merge in modern American English, as well as to collect and describe the contexts in which the preterite substitutes the Present Perfect forms in their traditional meanings. We created a corpus of oral texts and collected the data reflecting the frequency of the perfect and preterite forms found in the speech of the respondents. Based on the comparative analysis, we carried out the research determining the percentage ratio of the perfect meanings expressed by the preterite forms. It was found that today in the oral speech of the US women aged 18–25 the preterite verb forms substitute the perfect verb forms in their traditional meanings in almost a third of the contexts. At the same time, the preterite replaces the perfect only in its ‘stative’ and ‘existential’ meanings. The findings confirm the hypothesis that the Present Perfect evolves in American English in accordance with the scenario of “arrested” grammaticalization where the semantics of the perfect and the preterite merge.

The Use of Cannabidiol in Metabolic Syndrome-An Opportunity to Improve the Patient's Health or Much Ado about Nothing?

Cannabis-derived therapies are gaining popularity in the medical world. More and more perfect forms of cannabinoids are sought, which could be used in the treatment of many common diseases, including metabolic syndrome, whose occurrence is also increasing. The purpose of this review was to investigate the usefulness of cannabinoids, mainly cannabidiol (CBD), in individuals with obesity, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, high blood pressure, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We summarised the most recent research on the broad topic of cannabis-derived influence on metabolic syndrome components. Since there is a lot of work on the effects of Δ9-THC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on metabolism and far less on cannabidiol, we felt it needed to be sorted out and summarised in this review. The research results on the use of cannabidiol in obesity are contraindicatory. When it comes to glucose homeostasis, it appears that CBD maintains it, sensitises adipose tissue to insulin, and reduces fasting glucose levels, so it seems to be a potential target in this kind of metabolic disorder, but some research results are inconclusive. CBD shows some promising results in the treatment of various lipid disorders. Some studies have proven its positive effect by decreasing LDL and increasing HDL as well. Despite their probable efficacy, CBD and its derivatives will likely remain an adjunctive treatment rather than a mainstay of therapy. Studies have also shown that CBD in patients with hypertension has positive effects, even though the hypotensive properties of cannabidiol are small. However, CBD can be used to prevent blood pressure surges, stabilise them, and have a protective effect on blood vessels. Results from preclinical studies have shown that the effect of cannabidiol on NAFLD may be potentially beneficial in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and its components. Nevertheless, there is limited data on CBD and NAFLD in human studies. Because of the numerous confounding factors, the conclusions are unclear, and more research in this field is required.

Tense-aspect conditioned agent marking in Kanakanavu, an Austronesian language of Taiwan

Abstract This article examines two types of lexical effects in the voice system of Kanakanavu, an Austronesian language of Taiwan. The first concerns a well-attested phenomenon in the Austronesian literature: interactions between the semantic transitivity of verbs and their ability (or lack thereof) to undergo voice alternation. The second concerns a phenomenon that is typologically and areally rare in the western Austronesian context – differential agent marking. The pronominal agent in Kanakanavu’s patient-/undergoer-voice construction is differentially case-marked depending on the tense-aspect value of the clause. However, lexical effects are found in how the differentially marked agent is interpreted. When dynamic verbs are used, omitted agents in perfective clauses are interpreted as coreferential with a specific referent mentioned in prior discourse, but those in non-perfective clauses are interpreted as having generic reference, backgrounded, and/or not centrally involved in the situation expressed by the verb. When stative verbs are used, alternation between perfective and imperfective verb forms may have various effects on the interpretation of the agent. In some stative verbs, the agent is interpreted as a prototypical semantic agent in the perfective, but as a semantic experiencer in the imperfective. In other stative verbs, the perfective/non-perfective alternation has to do with whether a change of state is involved, without having any effects on agent interpretation. This study explores how lexical effects manifest across both elicited and natural discourse data. It also presents the phenomenon of differential agent marking in Kanakanavu as neither typical nor representative in the western Austronesian context.

On the temporal values of situation-participant NP referents mapped from Bulgarian perfects with aorist and imperfect participles

This paper deals with Bulgarian съм+-л (‘be’+past active participle) perfect verb forms with aorist and imperfect participles, the distinction between these two participles being a phenomenon found only in Bulgarian among the Slavic languages and generally absent in other languages too. According to the majority of Bulgarianists today, imperfect participles are not used in perfect verb forms. However, this thesis is considered here a fully defective one for several reasons, among which: no argumentation has ever been provided to explain the thesis in essence – for example, in its possible connection to the aspectual values encoded in aorist and imperfect participles, or to the general characteristics of съм+-л forms. These forms can effectuate many TAM meanings – not only of “a standard perfect” but also modal ones such as inferentiality, renarration, dubitativity. Following the author’s definition of aspect as an all-pervading and perpetual process of mapping temporal features between verbal and nominal referents, specific uses of imperfect and aorist participles in sentences with perfect verb forms are analyzed, and the impact the relevant participle (imperfect or aorist) exerts on the temporal values of situation-participant NP-referents is analyzed and identified. The major generalization is that the never-ending process of mapping temporal features from verbs to nominals (NPs) that occurs in verbal-aspect languages (Slavic, Greek, Georgian), and vice versa, from nominals (NPs) to verbs that occur in compositional-aspect languages (Dutch, English, Finnish) is a crucial psychophysiological mechanism ingrained in peoples’ heads and conditioning the development of grammatical structures of languages. Intriguingly, this process is linguistically fully identifiable at the speaker-hearer interaction level but remains entirely beyond the awareness of the ordinary native speaker. Author: Krasimir Kabakčiev 0000-0002-5529-0872 kkabakciev@atiner.gr

Осетинские глаголы perfectiva tantum: влияние универсальных и идиоэтнических акциональных смыслов (в сопоставлении с русским языком) (Часть вторая)

The article describes that part of the Ossetian verbal lexicon, the aspectual inconsistency of which, namely its single aspectual character (perfectiva tantum), is explained by the presence in the semantics of these verbs of idioethnic actional meanings in combination with certain universal actional meanings. The analysis of the Ossetian linguistic facts in comparison with their functionally translated Russian counterparts is a continuation of the study, the results of which were presented in the Bulletin of the NOSU [10, pp. 169-181]. Determining the boundaries of the sphere of use of verbs of only the perfect form is undoubtedly important in the study of the functional-semantic field (FSF) of the aspectuality of the modern Ossetian language, since it allows you to determine the connection between the modes of action of the Ossetian verb and the aspect category, or rather, to establish the boundaries of the action of the perfect form and imperfect form. The results presented in the article indicate that the perfect aspect in the Ossetian language has a much wider area of action than the imperfect aspect. There is a typologically similar picture in the Russian language, but the factors that result in the uneven size of the spheres of use of prefixed perfect forms and prefixed imperfect forms in the compared languages are different. At the same time, the zone of the Russian imperfect form is much wider than the zone of functioning of the Ossetian imperfect form, expressed only by prefixed formations with the infix -tsæy-, and the zone of the prefixed verbs perfectiva tantum in the Ossetian language is more voluminous, as it seems to us, than in Russian, since the single-species nature of this group of Ossetian verbs are influenced by a greater number of aspectual-actional factors than in modern Russian.

The second language development of past perfective forms in Spanish

Research studies on second language (L2) morphosyntactic variation that include multiple learner course or experience levels often conduct separate statistical analyses of the factors affecting variation, one per learner level, and compare significant constraints and their coefficients across these groups as an indication of L2 development. This method of comparing across multiple regression analyses can lead to the perception of differences across participant groups that may not be statistically significant. Thus, the current study reanalyzes the data from Author (forthcoming), who investigated the development of past perfective form variation by 105 English-speaking L2 learners of Spanish from six course levels. Participants selected between the preterit and PP on a written contextualized task, in which 32 discursive contexts in a narrative were manipulated for four linguistic variables known to affect preterit-PP variation in the Spanish-speaking world: time of action, verb lexical aspect, sequencing, and presence of a temporal adverb. In our analysis, we combined the data from the six distinct Spanish L2 course levels into one model, and included an interaction between course level and each of the linguistic constraints manipulated in the task. We then compared our findings to Author (forthcoming) who conducted separate regression analyses for each course level. Findings indicate that only time of action and sequencing demonstrated significantly different effects across course levels, and that separate regression analyses across learner levels may lead to an overestimation of differences among these levels.

Shakespeare Winces Not: On Inclusion in Liberal Education

It is commonly held that the traditional European classics or Great Books cannot constitute the basis of an inclusive liberal education because they do not reflect the diverse cultural identities of contemporary students. This essay argues for a return to the older view, memorably expressed by W.E.B. Du Bois, that the classics are radically inclusive because they speak to a common human identity. This view is best understood in light of the ancient Greek distinction between physis (nature) and nomos (custom or law). Greek philosophic universalism has shown an ability to transcend profound cultural differences, such as those separating Alfarabi from Maimonides, or Shakespeare from Du Bois. The essay rebuts the frequently heard objections that the universalism of the classics is really a mask for white male hegemony and that it fails to do justice to the unique personal experiences of the oppressed and marginalized. The essay affirms that education must be particularistic as well as universalistic, but it argues that the universalism of the classics remains the key to the most perfect form of inclusion, namely, the friendship of those seeking the truth.

Personal AI Trainer

Abstract: Incorporating regular exercise into these daily routines has grown more difficult in today's fast-paced environment. To maintain perfect form and avoid injuries, training must include individualized coaching and feedback. However, it can be challenging for people to attend regular gym sessions or hire personal trainers due to the limitations of time, money, and accessibility. The ongoing global epidemic has also made it harder for people to access physical exercise centres and in-person instruction. This provides an original solution called the AI Fitness Tracker to address these issues. This paper uses artificial intelligence (AI) to develop a virtual workout assistant that can track exercise form and technique and provide real-time feedback. This goal is to create a smart system that will allow customers to exercise safely and effectively from the convenience of their homes.

The rise, function, and fall of the σχῆμα Σοφόκλειον

The combination of the verb ἔχω with the active or middle aorist participle (e. g. ἔχω γράψας) acquires a limited degree of productivity as a periphrastic construction in classical Greek literature, notably tragedy (Sophocles, Euripides) and Herodotean prose. Traditionally, this so-called σχῆμα Σοφόκλειον has been regarded as a suppletive periphrasis stepping in for as yet unavailable synthetic perfect forms at a time when the (object-)resultative use of the perfect became increasingly widespread. However, a variety of distributional, formal, and semantic arguments speak against this theory. Instead, it is argued here that the σχῆμα Σοφόκλειον arose as a means of disambiguating resultative from narrative aorists, and that only its disappearance in the fourth century is directly related to the history of the perfect. Since it had always been confined to a relatively narrow range of linguistic registers and pragmatic contexts, the σχῆμα fell out of use as the perfect gradually strengthened its hold on the resultative domain.

MEANS OF REPRESENTING THE EMOTIONAL MEANINGS OF FEAR IN THE WORKS OF A.P. CHEKHOV

The paper discusses the issues of lexical and semantic organization of a group of verbs with the meaning of fear and the peculiarities of the functioning of verbal constructions in the works of A.P. Chekhov. Sentences with verbs of the emotional state of fear are quite common in the works of A.P. Chekhov. The differential meanings of verbs, the specific-temporal meanings of verb forms, semantic models of verbal phrases determine their functional features in the speech of a work of art. Verbs of fear attach forms with subject and object meanings with the semantics of the cause of the condition. Verbs in the form of the past tense of the perfect form realize the dynamic-productive meaning of this form. In the functioning of verbal constructions in the text of A.P. Chekhov's stories, an important factor is their ability to realize the specific temporal meanings of verbal forms as a means of organizing the text.

FORMATION AND DIFFUSION OF THE SUFFIX -ETT- IN ITALIAN PERFECT (PASSATO REMOTO): THEORIES AND REALITY

The article deals with a subject of origins and spread of suffi x -ett-. The suffi x is used to form the fi rst and the third persons singular and the third person plural of the Italian perfect form (passato remoto) of some second conjugation verbs (-ere conjugation verbs). Since the midnineteenth century a number of European experts in Romanic languages have off ered different theories of suffix -ett- origins (ideas by Demattio, Amedeo and others). On considering them we have found the majority of the theories groundless and uncreditable. We believe the Bybee - Slobin supposition to be worth noticing among contemporary ones. Their idea suggests the spread of suffi x -ett- as a consequence of rethinking the pattern that reads as follows: “Passato remoto can have a segment with a double sibilant”. The double sibilant is really present in such Italian perfect forms as disse, scrisse, visse, resse and in the corresponding forms of cognate verbs. This supposition is quite logical but still has a number of drawbacks, which prevents us from admitting it as the principle one.We suppose the theory of suffi x -ett- originating from perfect forms of the verb stare off ered by Friedrich Diez to be the most logical and verifi able. Documented evidence of it is contained in the works of Italian scholars F. D’Ovidio and R. Spina, yet the latter has some discrepancies between the periodization of the suffi x spread off ered in the work and the actual data. Some written sources may have failed to survive till present, which makes it diffi cult to reconstruct an objective picture of the process under consideration development. Yet that doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t tackle the issues of the Italian verb historical morphology.Summarizing and analyzing the views of the experts in Romanic languages mentioned above, we have put forward our own periodization of the phenomenon under consideration basing on the documented data.

Don’t Cry Over Spilled or Spilt Milk?: Nuanced Semanto-Pragmatic Differences Between -ed and -t in English

Modern English has a small set of verbs that show variability between the inflections -ed and ­-t as preterite and past participle morphemes (Peters et al., 2022; Quirk, 1970). Examples include: burn, spoil, spill, learn, dream, spell, smell, kneel, dwell, leap, and lean (Peters et al., 2022; Quirk, 1970). While -ed is thought to be the more prevalent form in U.S. Englishes, -t is more widespread in U.K. dialects of English (as related to both preterite and perfect forms) (Cambridge English Dictionary, 2023; HarperCollins, 2023). However, in spite of this difference being regularly deemed dialectal (Cambridge English Dictionary, 2023; HarperCollins, 2023), according to some scholars (e.g., Peters et al., 2022; Quirk, 1970), choice between one form or the other may carry semantic consequences. For instance, whereas -ed in participial contexts may be understood as representing imperfective actions, -t might be associated with perfectivity (Quirk, 1970). With this in mind, the present paper had as its objective to further explore the meaning differences that may come about with the use of either inflection.
 
 In the sections to come, I add to the aforementioned discussion by pointing out that, in adjectival environments, the aspectual differences between the two can be analogized as the PLIANT and INTERRUPTIBLE (-ed) vs. the NON-COMPLIANT and TERMINAL (-t). I explain that, while -ed tends to be interpreted as being tied to modifiable or malleable events, -t is read as signaling those which are fixed or unyielding. The findings to be discussed are significant for several reasons: 1) they shed light on the contexts in which each inflected form may be preferred; 2) very few academic works acknowledge any differences, other than regional preference; and 3) to my knowledge, no previous scholarly article has focused on their uses in exclusively, adjectival environments.

Linear photogalvanic effects in monolayer WSe2 with defects.

Linear photogalvanic effects in monolayer WSe2 with defects are investigated by non-equilibrium Green's function technique combined with density functional theory. Monolayer WSe2 generates photoresponse in the absence of external bias voltage, showing potential applications in low-power consumption photoelectronic devices. Our results show that the photocurrent changes in perfect sine form with the polarization angle. The maximum photoresponse Rmax produced in the monoatomic S substituted defect material is 28 times that of the perfect material when the photon energy is 3.1 eV irradiated, which is the most outstanding among all the defects. Monoatomic Ga substitution extinction ratio (ER) is the largest, and its ER value is more than 157 times that of the pure condition at 2.7 eV. As the defects concentration increases, the photoresponse is changed. The concentrations of Ga substituted defects have little effect on the photocurrent. The concentrations of Se/W vacancy and S/Te substituted defect have a great influence on the photocurrent increase. Our numerical results also show that monolayer WSe2 is a candidate material for solar cells in the visible light range and a promising polarization detector material.

FORMATION AND DIFFUSION OF THE SUFFIX -ETTIN ITALIAN PERFECT (PASSATO REMOTO): THEORIES AND REALITY

The article deals with a subject of origins and spread of suffix -ett-. The suffix is used to form the fi rst and the third persons singular and the third person plural of the Italian perfect form (passato remoto) of some second conjugation verbs (-ere conjugation verbs). Since the mid-nineteenth century a number of European experts in Romanic languages have offered different theories of suffi x -ett- origins (ideas by Demattio, Amedeo and others). On considering them we have found the majority of the theories groundless and uncreditable. We believe the Bybee — Slobin supposition to be worth noticing among contemporary ones. Th eir idea suggests the spread of suffix -ett- as a consequence of rethinking the pattern that reads as follows: “Passato remoto can have a segment with a double sibilant”. The double sibilant is really present in such Italian perfect forms as disse, scrisse, visse, resse and in the corresponding forms of cognate verbs. Th is supposition is quite logical but still has a number of drawbacks, which prevents us from admitting it as the principle one. We suppose the theory of suffix -ett- originating from perfect forms of the verb stare offered by Friedrich Diez to be the most logical and verifiable. Documented evidence of it is contained in the works of Italian scholars F. D’Ovidio and R. Spina, yet the latter has some discrepancies between the periodization of the suffi x spread offered in the work and the actual data. Some written sources may have failed to survive till present, which makes it diffi cult to reconstruct an objective picture of the process under consideration development. Yet that doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t tackle the issues of the Italian verb historical morphology. Summarizing and analyzing the views of the experts in Romanic languages mentioned above, we have put forward our own periodization of the phenomenon under consideration basing on the documented data.

Feet Washing (John 13:1-17) as a Paradigm for Christian Leadership in Nigeria

The washing of the feet is unique to the Gospel of John. In John 13:1-17, Jesus washed the feet of his disciples. Scholars have offered numerous interpretations of this pericope in their efforts to provide a better understanding of the pericope. However, putting together the grammatical, literary, philosophical, and theological analysis of some interpretations can be difficult because they do not fully capture the Johannine presentation of Jesus washing his disciples’ feet at the Last Supper. This piqued our interest, and we decided to contribute to the ongoing debate about whether Christians should wash their feet today. This article contends that the Johannine hupodeigma (see v. 15) implies more than an example for imitation, but rather a concrete and fundamental sign of Jesus’ perfect form of love by which Jesus victoriously conquers the world, completes the mission, and offers a part in his life for ‘his own’, thus challenging them to foster servant leadership. The Historical-Critical method is used in this article, with diachronic and synchronic approaches. It addresses literary issues in the text such as delimitation, textual analysis, and an examination of the text’s remote and immediate contexts. The importance of this work lies in the fact that it will add to the existing literature on John 13:1-17 and open up new avenues for future research on the subject.

Проблемы становления Древнерусского государства в трудах С.А. Корфа

Considering the problem of the regularity of statehood S.A. Korf notes three levels of this problem: the first is the evolutionary forms of the social organization of society (from primitive to more complex forms); the next level is the emergence of new states among the existing ones; and the last level is the justification of the subjection of the individual to state power. The paper concludes that states arise in the course of a long evolution of social structures and represent the most perfect form of human social life. The state is understood as a form of social organization that functions according to the historically established system of social regulators, including law, and is the source of power of the subjects of management over other individuals. For the first time in the history of science, S.A. Korf tried to separate the concepts of state and statehood, by which he understood the qualitative characteristics of society at a certain stage of life.

Large deviations for quadratic functionals of stable Gauss–Markov chains and entropy production

In this paper, we establish a large deviation principle for the entropy production rate of possible non-stationary, centered stable Gauss–Markov chains, verifying the Gallavotti–Cohen symmetry. We reach this goal by developing a large deviation theory for quasi-Toeplitz quadratic functionals of multivariate centered stable Gauss–Markov chains, which differ from a perfect Toeplitz form by the addition of quadratic boundary terms.