Grafman, in this issue, discusses four forms of neuroplasticity that may account for development and recovery of functional neural networks in the human brain. These include homologous area adaptation, cross-modal reassignment, map extension, and compensatory masquerade. The following discussion focuses on these forms of neuroplasticity as they pertain to recovery of language function in aphasia. The first part of the paper presents data showing that two of the four forms, homologous area adaptation and map extension, are relevant to recovery from aphasia. The second part of the paper discusses factors related to neuroplastic activity during language recovery, including neurophysiological, subject, and environmental, that is, treatment variables. Data from animal studies as well as recent data from aphasia treatment studies will provide a basis for this discussion.