Form Of Letter Research Articles

Religious Cooperation between Thailand and Sri Lanka in the 19th Century: A Study Based on Exchanged Pāli Letters

When it comes to relations between Thailand (Siam) and Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the Buddhist connections between the two countries are often discussed and are highly valued. Communications between Thai and Sinhalese monks can be traced back to the 13th century: the Sukhothai era. These communications were then continuously maintained in the Ayutthaya era and have been up until the present day. Despite being situated far from each other and being separated by the sea, the people in these countries have been interacting through maritime routes and cooperating with each other regarding religious, cultural, financial, diplomatic, and political matters for centuries. The continuous interactions between the two came to a halt in the 18th century due to political instability in both countries. Only in the middle of the 19th century did Buddhists from the two countries resume their travels and interactions, rebuilding their bilateral relations and cooperation. There are very few studies that provide information regarding the religious cooperation between Siam and Ceylon in the 19th century. Religious cooperation between the two countries in the 19th Century has never been thoroughly studied and presented in detail. The purpose of the research paper is to investigate how Buddhists in these two countries cooperated with each other to achieve continuity and solidarity in Theravada Buddhism in both countries. We will address this question by analyzing the available data, which can mainly be found in the form of letters written in the Pāli language exchanged between Buddhists in the two countries. These letters have been published in Pālisandesāvalī in Sri Lanka and in Samaṇasāsana in Thailand.

MÜASİR İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ RƏSMİ VƏ QEYRİ-RƏSMİ YAZIŞMALARIN LİNQVİSTİK XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

Linguistic Features of Formal and Informal Letter Writing in Modern English Summary Letter writing is an important communication skill in both personal and professional settings. There are different types of letters, including informal letters to friends and family, and formal letters used in business and academic spheres. The article deals with understanding that the differences between informal and formal letters, the appropriate tone, language, and format are essential for effective letter writing. Formal and informal language serve different purposes. It`s important to know when formal or informal writing is expected as it helps a writer to connect with the reader or listener. Formal and informal English are two distinct styles of language usage that vary in their level of formality, vocabulary, sentence structure and tone. Key words: writing skills, formal letters, informal letters, abbrevations, jargons, audience

High School History Teachers' Perceptions of the Teacher Competency Test (UKG) in Binawidya and Tuah Madani Districts

Every history teacher has the ability or competence as a teacher. The government created a skills testing program called the Teacher Competency Test (UKG). This research aims to determine the perceptions of high school history teachers regarding the Teacher Competency Test (UKG) in Binawidya and Tuah Madani Districts, Pekanbaru City. This study uses a qualitative method. Data was collected through observation, interviews and documentation. The subjects of this research were 6 teachers in the field of History at the high school level in Binawidya and Tuah Madani Districts, Pekanbaru City who had passed the UKG. Data analysis techniques use data reduction, data presentation, data verification and drawing conclusions. The results of research on High School History Teachers' Perceptions of the Teacher Competency Test (UKG) in Binawidya and Tuah Madani Districts are that teachers think they have various kinds of obstacles during UKG, such as problems with questions that are considered difficult, inadequate facilities and infrastructure for remote areas and a lack of socialization regarding the Competency Test program. This teacher means that in 2024 the government will have overcome this problem by forming a Regional/Ministry/Other Institution Competency Test team. These teams have members who have played a role according to their use, such as a Helpdesk which helps provide solutions to problems experienced during the Competency Test. The purpose of holding this UKG is to map teacher abilities and to meet the requirements for appointment to functional positions through transfer from other positions, promotion and re-appointment to functional positions. With the evaluation results obtained by teachers in the form of certificates and letters of recommendation, which are important and useful for their functional position.

A Survey on Text-Line Segmentation in Arab Historical Manuscripts

The segmentation process entails dividing or decomposing the entire document image into segments. This operation serves as a fundamental step in developing any writing or optical character recognition system. However, numerous existing segmentation schemes encounter challenges when dealing with specific script styles, like ancient or historical Arabic writing found in ancient manuscripts, which possesses unique characteristics. These characteristics include inclined text lines, overlapping letters, diacritic marks, decorative elements, variable letter forms, and ligatures (combinations of two or more letters merged to form a single connected shape). Thus, in this paper, we present a thorough survey of the field. The survey is composed of two parts. The first section provides a concise overview of historical Arabic documents. The second, which serves as the primary section, focuses on the crucial step of handwritten document recognition, specifically segmentation. A detailed and systematic overview of various segmentation approaches at different levels for extracting handwritten Arabic text-lines is outlined, followed by a literature study analyzing proposed works in this area.

Performance of three commercially available large language models and one locally fine-tuned model at preparing formal letters to appeal medical insurance denials of radiotherapy services.

e13630 Background: As many as 60% of prior authorization requests are denied, yet coverage approval occurs for more than 60% of appeals for some therapies. Appeal processes encumber providers and increase burnout, but large language models (LLMs) may aid providers by drafting appeal letters. We evaluated LLM performance at this task for radiotherapy denials. Methods: Three commercially accessible LLMs were evaluated: generative pre-trained transformer 3.5 (GPT3.5), GPT4, and GPT4+web with internet search capacity (OpenAI, Inc., San Francisco, CA). A fourth LLM, GPT3.5-FT, was developed by fine-tuning GPT3.5 in a HIPAA-complaint local environment. The fine-tuning training data comprised 53 insurance denial appeal letters prepared by radiation oncologists and paired prompts describing the clinical history and appeal intent. Training data were enriched in appeal letters for proton radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, and image-guided radiotherapy for myriad clinical scenarios. Twenty prompts, each requesting a letter for a simulated patient history, were programmatically presented to the LLMs. Three radiation oncologists, who were blinded to the LLM source, scored letter outputs across four domains: language syntax and semantics, clinical detail inclusion, clinical reasoning validity, and overall readiness for insurer submission. Additionally, one radiation oncologist scored the authenticity and relevance of literature sources cited in output letters, which were requested by several test prompts. Interobserver agreement between radiation oncologist scores was determined by Cohen’s kappa coefficient. Scores were compared between LLMs with non-parametric statistical tests. Results: Agreement between radiation oncologists’ scores was moderate-to-excellent across all domains (median κ = 0.68, minimum κ = 0.41). GPT3.5, GPT4, and GPT4+web drafted letters that, by mode average, were semantically and syntactically clear, included all provided clinical history without confabulation, clinically reasoned with few necessary revisions, and overall were submissible to an insurer with minor revisions. GPT4 and GPT4+web clinically reasoned better than GPT3.5 (p values < 0.001). In contrast, GPT3.5-FT performance was inferior to other LLMs across all domains (p values < 0.001). LLMs were poor at identifying, citing, and summarizing relevant literature unless provided in the prompt. Conclusions: LLMs can draft insurance appeal letters for radiotherapy services that require few revisions yet are poor at referencing relevant literature. Contrary to our hypothesis, fine-tuning with data from our department compromised LLM performance.

Neutralization of ricin toxin on building interior surfaces using liquid decontaminants.

Ricin is a highly toxic protein, capable of inhibiting protein synthesis within cells, and is produced from the beans of the Ricinus communis (castor bean) plant. Numerous recent incidents involving ricin have occurred, many in the form of mailed letters resulting in both building and mail sorting facility contamination. The goal of this study was to assess the decontamination efficacy of several commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cleaners and decontaminants (solutions of sodium hypochlorite [bleach], quaternary ammonium, sodium percarbonate, peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide) against a crude preparation of ricin toxin. The ricin was inoculated onto four common building materials (pine wood, drywall joint tape, countertop laminate, and industrial carpet), and the decontaminants were applied to the test coupons using a handheld sprayer. Decontamination efficacy was quantified using an in-vitro cytotoxicity assay to measure the quantity of bioactive ricin toxin extracted from test coupons as compared to the corresponding positive controls (not sprayed with decontaminant). Results showed that decontamination efficacy varied by decontaminant and substrate material, and that efficacy generally improved as the number of spray applications or contact time increased. The solutions of 0.45% peracetic acid and the 20,000-parts per million (ppm) sodium hypochlorite provided the overall best decontamination efficacy. The 0.45% peracetic acid solution achieved 97.8 to 99.8% reduction with a 30-min contact time.

Dear Norman

This autoethnographic response written in letter form to the late, Norman K. Denzin reflects the author’s admiration, respect and love for a professor, dissertation chair and colleague.

THE UTILIZATION OF IDENTIFICATION TABLE MEDIA TO IMPROVE THE STUDENTS OFFICIAL LETTER

The objectives of this research were to find out whether the identification table media in official letters to improve the students’ writing in formal letter and to know the difficulties of the students’ deals with in writing formal letter. Writing is an activity to express feelings, ideas, ideas, or opinions in writing aimed at others by paying attention to linguistic rules indirectly (Andira, Adnan, & Yamin, 2017). One of the important functions of writing skills is the ability to write formal letters ( (Sitiulwiah & Baisu, 2018)). Formal letter is a letter used for formal purposes by certain parties, be it individuals, institutions, organizations, or certain agencies to communicate with each other formally ( (Suprapto, 2018). The research used in this research is non-experimental quantitative research that uses descriptive methods. The populations in this research were the students of English Department; the sample of this research was 15 students in fifth semester. . To collect the data, the researcher used documentation and interview. The data is analyzed by using the thematic content analysis. The result of this research, It can be seen from the students’ scoring of post training test is higher than pre training test; there is an improvement of students’ writing formal letter by using identification table media. Beside the students’ score, the students also give the good responses in writing formal letters using identification table media. The students’ difficulties in writing formal letter can be help by using identification table media

Grammatical Analysis of the Quality of Abdi Dalem's Written Language Variety of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace, Indonesia

Abdi Dalem is the King's Assistant at the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace, Indonesia, which has a special variety of written language. This research aims to formulate the variety of Abdi Dalem written language in the kedhaton (inner core) environment of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace as well as grammatical analysis to improve the quality of the variety of written language. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The form of this research data is a variety of Abdi Dalem written language in the kedhaton (inner core) environment of the palace in the form of regulations, bulletins, official letters and Abdi Dalem training books. The data were collected by identifying the places and samples, reviewing related literature, reviewing various written languages, and doing an interview. Data analysis techniques are describing Abdi Dalem, linguistic analysis of Abdi Dalem's written language, and data interpretation. The results of the research show that the variety of Abdi Dalem's official written language consists of 1) the Bagongan variety of Javanese, 2) Indonesian. The grammatical inaccuracy of Abdi Dalem's variety of written language consists of 1) Bagongan lexicon inaccuracy, 2) New Javanese vocabulary inaccuracy, 3) inaccuracy in the use of the New Javanese Ngoko (N) affix, 4) spelling inaccuracy. With this grammatical analysis, it is hoped that it can improve the quality of Abdi Dalem Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace's variety of written language.

Penanganan Perkara Tindak Pidana Narkotika Yang Di Lakukan Oleh Prajurit TNI Angkatan Laut

The involvement of Navy soldiers in narcotics and Psychotropic crimes requires consistent efforts for their prevention and eradication. The consistency of the TNI leadership in efforts to prevent the involvement of TNI soldiers in narcotics and Psychotropic crimes is carried out by issuing regulations, either in the form of Telegram letters (ST) of the TNI commander or decisions of the Chief of Naval Staff. For Navy soldiers who are proven to be involved in abuse, depositors, dealers and manufacturers of narcotics and Psychotropic Substances must be held legally responsible. As for the form of responsibility, it also varies depending on the degree of guilt, it starts to be rehabilitated, the investigation process is carried out by the pom TNI, until the case is submitted to military justice and is proposed to be fired. The purpose of this study was to analyze the handling of cases of narcotics and Psychotropic crimes committed by Navy soldiers and law enforcement against cases of narcotics and Psychotropic crimes committed by Navy soldiers.

You are not an angel (a letter to my students)

ABSTRACT This critical/creative essay takes the form of an imagined letter to my students. It suggests that in the online age we have come to see writing as angelic communion: intuitive, instantaneous, unmediated. Words hang briefly in the air as a discardable conveyance for shifting thought from one brain to another. Reading is a matter of swiping, skimming and scrolling, on touchscreens tailor-made for the smooth ingestion of content, which is what words have become in the age of big data. I urge my students to think instead of writing as embodied – something inseparable from that granular, glitch-ridden singularity, a human being. Because we are not angels, who are already word perfect, the right words only come to us at the end of long, unexciting work. Words fail us, or we fail them, but the failure is salutary and, in the end, a blessing. It teaches us to accept the otherness and unreadability of others. The letter form, a relic of the analogue age, concedes this inevitable distance between writer and reader, and the failure of writing to entirely bridge it. The letter writer must communicate imperfectly like a human being, not perfectly like an angel.

Informing the Design of an Accessible Arabic Typeface: A Visual Analysis to Identify Letterform Features of Dyslexia-Friendly Typefaces

Dyslexia-friendly typefaces for the Latin script have been proliferating during the past decade. The typefaces are designed to tackle the challenges faced in a dyslexic reading experience by manipulating their letter forms and typographic attributes; several studies reported a positive effect on the reading experience. To this date, no working dyslexia-friendly Arabic typefaces are available for the public. The present study is part of a larger practice-based research, where a novel dyslexia-friendly Arabic typeface is designed using a user-centred design approach. The current visual analysis marks the developmental phase, identifying the letterform features of dyslexia-friendly Latin typefaces that can be mapped to the Arabic script. This article explores the typographic features of dyslexia-friendly Latin typefaces by conducting a qualitative visual analysis; a proposed modified version of Leeuwen’s Typographic Distinctive Features Framework is employed. The results are discussed considering the Arabic script’s visual implications in a dyslexic reading experience. The findings of this study are used to create a list of design considerations for a dyslexia-friendly Arabic typeface.

Training Basic Microsoft Office Dalam Mengelola Administrasi Pada Yayasan Kopia Raya Insani

In the current era, the use of computer applications almost all office work requires it. The development of technology, especially computer applications at this time is very helpful in processing administrative data, so that the data obtained can be arranged neatly and easily understood. One of them is administrative data processing at the Kopia Raya Insani Foundation which requires applications that support so that the data displayed can be understood because at this time some of the administrative data displayed is still fairly manual, the use of Microsoft Office applications in Foundation data processing is still not optimally used due to several reasons. Foundation administrators still do not understand the use of the application used. Microsoft office itself is a software application that is used to process, store, and combine data in the form of documents. The data that can be processed are digital data in the form of letters, pictures and numbers. This software has a special role in the office sector. Matters related to office data will be processed and stored briefly and in detail in Microsoft Office. The method used in providing education regarding the basic use of Microsoft Office is carried out by holding workshops on community service activities so that participants consisting of foundation administrators who will process the foundation's administrative data will be more familiar with the use of Microsoft Office applications to help process administrative data to make it more neat and tidy. easy to understand.

Uncovering Language in Business Communication Space: Variation between Formal and Informal Language in Mandailing Natal

This research delves into the intricate dynamics of formal and informal language usage within the realm of business communication in Mandailing Natal. Mandailing Natal, characterized by its cultural and linguistic diversity, serves as a distinctive backdrop for comprehending the nuanced role of language in business interactions. Employing a method of language variation analysis, this study scrutinizes various business communication texts, including formal letters, emails, and face-to-face conversations. The objective is to unravel the disparities in the utilization of formal and informal language. The findings of the research reveal that within the business communication space, the deployment of formal and informal language not only mirrors organizational hierarchy but is intricately linked to the local cultural context. Formal language predominantly governs official documents and written communication, while informal language prevails in face-to-face interactions and everyday situations. Furthermore, language variation extends to the incorporation of local dialects and distinctive expressions unique to Mandailing Natal, contributing cultural richness to business communication.

Sidereal Messages: Print Letters in Restoration Astronomical Writing

AbstractAstronomy, a paradigmatic observational discipline of early modern ‘science’, relied on epistolary communication for coordinating practitioners across the world, publishing discoveries and theories, and seeking their confirmation from other virtuosi. Epistolary form ‘travelled’ from an individual exchange between scholars, via the print publication of such letters for the benefit of a wider readership, to the framing of bespoke isagogic textbooks. This article explores the affordances of Restoration printed astronomical letters, contrasting their performance of familiarity between sender and recipient with the public nature of the communication. By reference to letters published in the Philosophical Transactions, individual print letters, and letter‐books, including Christiaan Huygens's Cosmotheoros, the article shows how each type utilizes the familiar and the formal aspects of the letter form differently. The print letter emerges as a form uniquely suited for performing individual authority and fashioning an expert community, as well as communicating expert knowledge to non‐specialists.

JAPANESE TYPOGRAPHY ESSENTIALS: JAPANESE TYPE BETWEEN JAPANESE & LATIN CHARACTER

Japanese Graphic Design works have distinctive characteristics in the use of typography. The different writing systems of Japanese and Latin characters cause differences in the formation of typography. The research was conducted to explore the differences in character and arrangement between typography for phonetic symbols, ideography in script and Latin. The research was conducted by experiment through comparison, taking 5 font samples each from 3 different letter forms. The results of the research describe the differences in character formation, the basic axis of letters.

Determinan Tindakan Penagihan Aktif Terhadap Pencairan Tunggakan Pajak Pada KPP Pratama Karanganyar

Active tax collection action is a law enforcement action carried out by the Directorate General of Taxes so that Taxpayers pay off their tax arrears. This tax collection action also helps to secure tax revenues and prevent tax assessments from expiring. This research aims to test and analyze the effect of active tax collection actions in the form of letters of warning, forced letters, blocking of bank accounts, and confiscation of assets on the disbursement of tax arrears at KPP Pratama Karanganyar. The data used in this research is secondary data obtained from KPP Pratama Karanganyar. The sample used in this research was 100 taxpayers with the largest amount of tax arrears from 2018 to 2022. The data analysis technique used was descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear analysis to test the research hypothesis. The results of this research show that letters of warning, letters of force, and confiscation of assets have an influence on the disbursement of tax arrears. Meanwhile, blocking bank accounts has no effect on disbursement of tax arrears.
 Keywords : Active Tax Collection Action; Disbursement Of Tax Arrears

PERAN LABORATORIUM DALAM INVENTARISASI CERITA SEJARAH KOTA DI KALIMANTAN BARAT

The aim of this research is to determine (1) the variety of collections owned by the IKIP PGRI Pontianak history laboratory related to the inventory of city history stories in West Kalimantan, and (2) the role of the history laboratory in the inventory of city history stories in West Kalimantan, (3) student activities in the History education study program laboratory.The research method used is a qualitative method with a fixed case study strategy. The research was conducted at the History Education Laboratory of IKIP PGRI Pontianak and the West Kalimantan region. The data sources in this research are student informants and resource persons who can provide information about the history of the cities of West Kalimantan and the role of the history laboratory in inventorying the history of the city of West Kalimantan, the location of cities in West Kalimantan, documents in the form of letters, archives , photos or recordings.The collection techniques used in the research were direct observation, in-depth interviews, reviewing documents and archives (content analysis) regarding the role of history laboratories in inventorying the history of the city of West Kalimantan. Data validity uses source triangulation and method triangulation.The results of the research show that the IKIP PGRI Pontianak History Laboratory hasthree rooms, namely the Spatium Historica Didactica as an office administration room, the Agus Sastrawan Noor Spatium as a discussion and creation room, and the Sudarto Spatium as a West Kalimantan local history room which is used in collecting an inventory of the city's history. The role of the history laboratory in inventorying the city's historical stories is as a center for collecting and storing scientific historical information, and maintaining the accuracy and authenticity of historical stories and providing a deeper understanding of the history of the city and its people.

PENERAPAN MODEL COOPERATIVE SCRIPT DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS STRUKTUR SURAT RESMI DI KELAS VII SMP USWATUN HASANAH 2022/2023

This study investigates the effectiveness of the cooperative script method in improving the ability of class VII students at Uswatun Hasanah Middle School to write formal letters. The research involved 15 students from the control class (VII A) and 16 students from the experimental class (VII B). Motivated by the observed challenges in analyzing official letter structures and linguistic conventions, the research aimed to address two key questions: 1) Is the cooperative script method effective for teaching formal letter writing to class VII students at Uswatun Hasanah Middle School?; and 2) What is the learning activity like when using the cooperative script method for writing formal letters in class VII at Uswatun Hasanah Middle School? Employing an experimental study design, data were collected through observations and pretest-posttest assessments. Statistical analysis indicated a significant improvement in the experimental group's performance (tcount = 2.960), supporting the conclusion that the cooperative script method effectively enhances formal letter writing skills among class VII students at Uswatun Hasanah Middle School.

National Identity and Foreign Borrowing in the Legal Forms of Personnel Management: History and Modernity

Relevance. The introduction of special rules for the use of foreign vocabulary in the texts of public acts, improving the form of a business letter, modifying the structure of documents in accordance with the powers of public authorities are trends in the current and past Russian administration experience. Both in the modern and historical and legal context of scientific research, it is relevant to consider state approaches in the field of regulating official paperwork, which are aimed at forming a stable management model in accordance with domestic national interests and values. The purpose of the study is to establish the relationship between elements of national identity and foreign models in the state personnel practice of document flow in Russia in the 18th century, which is useful for taking into account this experience in modern transformations of the foundations of legal and business writing.Objective: are to consider legislative innovations in terms of regulating the field of record keeping and personnel management; to identify forms of record keeping in the XVIII century and socio-political factors influencing their application; a retrospective assessment of the methodology for drafting texts of government acts.Methodology. The methodology is based on comparative legal, comparative historical, historical legal and systemic research methods.The results of the study indicate the improvement of grammatical, stylistic, translation and other business skills and competencies of personnel of public authorities. A historical and legal analysis of the directions of development of personnel management revealed an active borrowing of foreign vocabulary in the execution of administrative acts. The clerical mechanism of interdepartmental communication gradually became more complicated, and the procedure for receiving and responding to petitions from private individuals was regulated. Conclusion. The experience of forming the Russian management and personnel practice of paperwork, developing in conditions of value crises and political contradictions, is important for taking into account the political and legal measures carried out in the modern state.