Form Of Iodine Research Articles

EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC IODINE COMPOUNDS ON PIG PRODUCTIVITY AND MEAT QUALITY

The aim of this study was designed to examine the efficiency of various iodine compounds in pigs’ diets. The impact of inorganic and organic iodine compounds – potassium iodate and iodated milk protein, which is a part of the "ProstTM" feed additive ("Innbiotech", Russia) – on the growth, meat productivity and lean meat yield of fattening pigs was studied. The physico-chemical composition and biological value of the meat were studied. The accumulation of iodine in animal muscle tissue was assessed. It was found that iodized milk protein contributed to more intensive growth than the inorganic iodine source. Specifically, animals fed the organic form of iodine were superior in terms of carcass weight and yield value of muscle and fat tissue. Compared to the control group, the experimental groups of pigs demonstrated a muscle tissue yield of 0.45%. Organic sources of iodine were also found to have a positive impact on the chemical composition of meat; animals fed the organic form of iodine surpassed those receiving inorganic iodine in terms of their meat’s dry substance, protein content and fat content. The level of iodine in the muscle tissue of pigs receiving organic iodine was considerably higher, and these pigs surpassed those receiving the inorganic iodine source in terms of the presence of essential amino acids in their muscle tissue.

High pressure experimental study on iodine solution mechanisms in nuclear waste glasses

The 129I is a long-lived isotope, radiotoxic and highly mobile by-product of fission reactors. Its disposal in geological repositories requires matrix at least as durable as current nuclear waste glasses. The volatility of iodine at high temperature is a concern for nuclear waste glass processing, because its evaporation prior to vitrification, results in a low retention rate in the final glass. The present study investigates the use of pressure for immobilizing iodine during vitrification. For three different glass compositions: International Simple Glass (ISG), NH (a depolymerized glass similar to Low Activity Waste glasses, LAW) and boron-free trachytic glass; we conducted the experiments between 0.5 and 2.0 GPa for pressure and 1300–1500 °C for temperature. We determined the iodine solubility in glass compositions representative of the simplified nuclear waste glass simulants, and the influence of iodine on the structure of theses glasses.In comparison to ambient atmosphere experiments, increasing pressure (up to 1.5 GPa) induces an increase in the iodine concentration in ISG and NH glass compositions at ∼1 and ∼2 mol.%, respectively; whereas the iodine concentration remains almost constant for boron-free trachytic glass composition suggesting the influence of boron in the iodine solution mechanism. The glass structure investigated via 23Na NMR showed that sodium environment is modified by the presence of iodine in its surroundings. 11B NMR highlighted the structural changes induced by iodine: polymerized glasses (ISG) tend to depolymerize with iodine dissolution, depolymerized glasses (NH) tend to polymerize with iodine dissolution. Our high-pressure data suggest that both I− and IO3− are the solubilized forms of iodine with a preferential affinity to sodium atoms within the glass structure; and comparable to previous studies conducted at ambient pressure.

The effect of additive containing an organic form of iodine on the physiological-biochemical parameters of the body of cows

Iodine deficiency in soil and water in many countries leads to its low content in plants and animal feed produced from them. The limited intake of this element in animals can lead to endemic diseases. The lack of iodine in animal feeding is most often compensated for by the use of additives with an inorganic form of iodine, which can be poorly absorbed by the body. Feed products with an organic form of iodine have a great biological effect. A study on the effect of iodine-containing additives on the physiological and biochemical parameters of the animal organism was carried out on two groups of 15 cows. The experimental group was fed an organic form of iodine as part of the additive, the control group received an inorganic form of iodine. For all animals during the experiment the biochemical parameters of blood, milk productivity and reproductive ability were studied. During the experiment, an increase in metabolic and redox processes in the body was noted in the experimental group. An increase in mineral metabolism, including iodine content, was found. Due to the sufficient intake of organic iodine in the animals of the experimental group, there was an increase in the activity of the main hepatic enzymes AST and ALT. An increase in the process of gluconeogenesis due to an increase in the glucose content in the blood of experimental cows was revealed. An increase in milk production and reproductive function of animals of the experimental group was established. Within 30 days after the termination of feeding the supplement with the organic form of iodine in the experimental group, a prolonging effect was observed, consisting in higher values of blood biochemical parameters, improved reproductive function and milk productivity relative to equivalent animals in the control. As a result, it was concluded that the use of an additive with an organic form of iodine in the amount of 1.5 g in feeding cows for 60 days increases the iodine content in the blood serum of animals and increases the performance of all types of metabolism, which may indicate the best stimulating effect of the organic form of iodine on thyroid activity glands. This in turn helps to improve the productive and reproductive qualities of animals. To recommend the studied drug as a means to replenish iodine deficiency in animals and to more accurately analyze its effect on the hormone-forming function of the thyroid gland, it is necessary to study the level of thyroid hormones in the blood.

The effect of different forms of iodine on the blood parameters of sheep

The effect of different forms of iodine on the blood parameters of sheep

Йодказеин – устойчивый функциональный ингредиент для профилактики йодной недостаточности

The article summarizes the results of research on the prevention of iodine deficiency with the use of a biological active additive "Iodcasein". The features of the metabolism of inorganic and organic forms of iodine have been demonstrated in comparative studies. It was revealed that the microelement iodine contained in «Iodcasein» is a stable and resistant to the influence of various factors, a functional ingredient that does not affect the properties of food.

An approach to incorporate multiple forms of iodine in radiological consequence analysis

Interest is increasing in the radiological consequences of a release of aerosol and gaseous iodine, especially after the Fukushima accident and also because of new interpretations of the results of recent severe accident experiments. This work provides a brief review of the history of iodine chemistry in containment and suggests an approach to include gaseous iodine, namely in the forms of elemental iodine and organic iodide, in consequence analyses using the MACCS code. As dry deposition is an important characteristic to distinguish each chemical form of iodine when performing a consequence analysis, the mechanisms and mathematical formulas expressing dry deposition are also investigated. The proposed approach is demonstrated by performing consequence analyses with a unit release of 131I, with the resulting trends of concentration and dose for the different chemical forms of iodine presented and discussed. For the same amount of iodine release, there is a higher surface deposition of elemental iodine (I2) because it has a higher dry deposition velocity, while the air concentration of a representative organic iodide (CH3I) is higher due to its lower dry deposition velocity, which means a lower depletion of the air concentration. Despite elemental iodine having a lower air concentration, its higher dose coefficients for the inhalation pathway compensates for this when calculating doses. Further, inhaled doses increase when considering resuspension inhalation for extended durations of exposure. The approach proposed in this study is expected to be used flexibly to perform consequence analyses incorporating both aerosol and gaseous forms of iodine.

Iodine Accumulation and Tolerance in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) With Green or Purple Leaves Grown in Floating System Technique.

Iodine deficiency is a serious world-wide public health problem, as it is responsible for mental retardation and other diseases. The use of iodine-biofortified vegetables represents a strategic alternative to iodine enriched salt for people with a low sodium diet. However, at high concentrations iodine can be toxic to plants. Therefore, research on plant iodine toxicity is fundamental for the development of appropriate biofortification protocols. In this work, we compared two cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with different iodine tolerance: “Tigullio,” less tolerant, with green leaves, and “Red Rubin,” more tolerant and with purple leaves. Four greenhouse hydroponic experiments were conducted in spring and in summer with different concentrations of iodine in the nutrient solution (0.1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 μM), supplied as potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3). Plant growth was not affected either by 10 μM KI or by 100 μM KIO3, while KI concentrations higher than 50 μM significantly reduced leaf area, total plant dry matter and plant height. The severity of symptoms increased with time depending on the cultivar and the form of iodine applied. Growth inhibition by toxic iodine concentrations was more severe in “Tigullio” than in “Red Rubin,” and KI was much more phytotoxic than KIO3. Leaf iodine concentration increased with the iodine concentration in the nutrient solution in both varieties, while the total antioxidant power was generally higher in the purple variety. In both basil cultivars, a strong negative correlation was found between the photosynthesis and the leaf iodine content, with significant differences between the regression lines for “Tigullio” and “Red Rubin.” In conclusion, the greater tolerance to iodine of the “Red Rubin” variety was associated with the ability to withstand higher concentrations of iodine in leaf tissues, rather than to a reduced accumulation of this element in the leaves. The high phenolic content of “Red Rubin” could contribute to the iodine tolerance of this purple cultivar.

Evaluation of dissolution flux of iodine from brackish lake sediments under different temperature and oxygenic conditions

Dissolution flux of iodine from aquatic sediments in a brackish lake (Lake Obuchi), facing the Pacific Ocean and adjacent to a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in northeast Japan, was evaluated using incubation experiments on sediment core samples. The experiments were performed under three different temperatures (29, 17, and 6 °C) and oxygenic (air flow, N2 gas flow, and untreated) conditions for 48 h. The total dissolved iodine (TDI) concentration (i.e., the sum of iodide, iodate, and dissolved organic iodine, DOI) increased under all temperatures and oxygenic conditions in the first 6 h of incubation. From 6 to 27 h, noticeable increases in TDI concentration only occurred at high temperatures. Dissolution fluxes of iodine estimated by linear regression analysis of the measured TDI concentration in the first 6 h were always higher than those estimated in the first 27 h. This result indicates that dissolution flux of iodine should be evaluated through short-term (within several hours) incubation experiments because absorption reactions which transport iodine from the overlying water back to the sediment become active in the long-term. No substantial difference in dissolution flux, estimated by TDI concentration, was observed under different oxygenic conditions in the first 6 h. However, dissolution flux increased significantly with an increase in temperature. Increases in flux and temperature were significantly and positively correlated (R2 = 0.90), suggesting that temperature was the dominant factor that regulated iodine flux during the incubation. Changes in TDI concentration at all temperatures and oxygenic conditions corresponded to those in iodide concentration, indicating that iodide was the main form of iodine dissolved from the sediments. In later stages of the experiments, from 27 to 48 h, the TDI concentration in overlying water increased only at high temperature, while concentrations at medium and low temperatures remained constant or decreased. In particular, oxic experiments showed substantial decreases in iodide concentration at medium and low temperatures. This suggests that oxic conditions promote the absorption of iodine from the overlying water to the sediments. Finally, the dissolution flux of radioiodine (iodine-129) from the sediments of Lake Obuchi to the overlying water was estimated by combining these results with data from earlier studies. The results suggest that only 0.006% of the iodine-129 accumulated in the sediments is released through dissolution to the overlying water per year, suggesting that this radioactive isotope is essentially stable in the sediments.

Vertical distributions of Iodine-129 and iodide in the Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea

ABSTRACT Currently, most Iodine-129 (129I) present in the environment is anthropogenic; it has been released from European nuclear reprocessing plants and transported into the northern part of the Arctic Ocean via ocean circulation. This study investigates the 129I distribution in the Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea by considering water mass structure. The range of 129I concentration is 0.89–5.03 × 107 atoms L−1 in the studied area, which is considered to be the fallout level. 129I was found to be distributed almost uniformly. An increase in 129I concentration levels caused by high 129I water inflow from the Atlantic Ocean was not observed. Additionally, we revealed the vertical distribution of iodide, one chemical form of iodine, from the Bering Shelf area to the Chukchi Sea for the first time. The range of iodide concentrations was found to be 10–157 nM. Moreover, an increasing tendency of iodide near sea bottom was observed, suggesting that iodide is released from sediments at the bottom of the sea.

Iodosalicylates and iodobenzoates supplied to tomato plants affect the antioxidative and sugar metabolism differently than potassium iodide

Abstract Iodine is considered as a beneficial element for plants. As compared to the mineral form of iodine, the effect of organoiodine compounds on physiological and biochemical processes in plants is weakly recognized. This study describes the influence of different forms of iodine – mineral as KI and organic as iodosalicylates and iodobenzoates on the antioxidative and sugar metabolism of tomato plants. Plants were treated with KI and with the following organoiodine compounds: 5-iodosalicylic acid (5-ISA), 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (3,5-diISA), 2-iodobenzoic acid (2-IBeA) and 4-iodobenzoic acid (4-IBeA). The effect of salicylic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BeA) on plants was also tested. The plants revealed a lower tolerance to 3,5-diISA, 4-IBeA and slightly to BeA as compared to control. Tested compounds did not affect the content of ascorbic (AA) and dehydroascorbic (DHA) acid. All tested compounds, with the exception of 2-IBeA, did not affect the content of phenols, phenylpropanoids and anthocyanins in leaves. Tested compounds variously modified the activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbic peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) in leaves and roots. The content of soluble sugars in tomato leaves and roots varied depending on the combination, with a noticeable tendency to increase after the application of organoiodine compounds.

(Invited) Self-Forming High Energy Density Solid State Rechargeable Battery

Solid state batteries are receiving attention due to the possibility of the incorporation of the high energy density of lithium metal coupled with increased safety due to the elimination of flammable organic electrolytes. The lithium/iodine (Li/I2) solid electrolyte battery system has been used successfully for decades as a primary battery to power implantable cardiac pacemakers and has demonstrated an exceptional record of predictability and reliability with high energy density (1536 Wh/L, 560 Wh/kg). This presentation describes the demonstration of a lithium/iodine rechargeable battery based on the use of LiI rich lithium iodide-(3-hydroxyproprionitrile)2 solid state electrolyte. The battery is first assembled fully discharged using only the solid state electrolyte. The LiI is transformed into the active material where, on charge, lithium metal forms at the negative side of the battery and iodine forms at the positive side. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a rechargeable self-forming solid state lithium battery with electrolyte including LiI(HPN)2. Results on cell formation, cycling, Coulombic efficiency as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy will be presented. The results show promise for this conceptual approach for achieving high energy density solid state rechargeable batteries.

(Invited) Batteries to Power Implantable Medical Devices: Development and Inspiration

Batteries for implantable medical devices have requirements specific to each device. However, some characteristics are demanded by all implantable applications including high energy density both volumetrically and gravimetrically, exceptional reliability, predictable behavior, and ability to determine state of charge. The lithium/iodine (Li/I2) solid electrolyte battery system has been used successfully for decades as a high energy density primary battery to power implantable cardiac pacemakers delivering microampere level currents with an exceptional record of predictability and reliability. In contrast, high power cells capable of delivering ampere level pulses based on the lithium/silver vanadium oxide chemistry power implantable cardiac defibrillators. Case studies will be provided to illustrate that understanding the batteries systems used under the rigorous requirements demanded by implantable medical devices can provide inspiration for addressing issues in battery systems intended for a wide variety of applications. Strategies to extend the life time of lithium batteries comparing cathode materials based on transition metal oxides with transition metal phosphates will be described. Known failure modes are explored along with their impact on interfacial phenomena. The lithium/iodine pacemaker battery is used as inspiration for demonstration of a rechargeable solid state battery based on the use of LiI rich lithium iodide-(3-hydroxyproprionitrile)2 solid state electrolyte. The battery is assembled fully discharged using only the solid state electrolyte. On charge, lithium metal forms at the negative side of the battery and iodine forms at the positive side. Finally, strategies to successfully increase power of high energy density batteries will be described.

Chemical Forms of Important Fission Products in Primary Circuit of HTR-PM under Conditions of Normal Operation and Overpressure and Water Ingress Accidents: A Study with a Chemical Thermodynamics Approach

The chemical forms of important fission products (FPs) in the primary circuit are essential to the source term analysis of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors because the volatility, transfer, and diffusion of these radionuclides are significantly influenced by their chemical forms. Through chemical reactions with gaseous impurities in the primary circuit, these FPs exist in diverse chemical forms, which vary under different operational conditions. In this paper, the chemical forms of cesium (Cs), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), iodine (I), and tritium in the primary circuit of the Chinese pebble-bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-PM) under normal conditions and accident conditions (overpressure and water ingress accident) are studied with chemical thermodynamics. The results under normal conditions show that Cs exists mainly in the form of Cs2CO3 at 250°C and gaseous form at 750°C, and for I and Ag, Ag3I3 and Ag convert to gaseous CsI and AgO, respectively, with increasing temperature, while SrCO3 is the only main kind of compound for Sr. It is also observed that new compounds are generated under accidents: I exists in HI form when a water ingress accident occurs. Regarding tritium, the chemical forms of FPs change little, but compounds need higher temperature to convert. Furthermore, hazard of some FPs in different chemical forms is also discussed comprehensively in this paper. This study is significant for understanding the chemical reaction mechanisms of FPs in an HTR-PM, and furthermore it may provide a new point of view to analyze the interaction between FPs and structural materials in reactor as well as their hazards.

Electrochemical Hole Injection Selectively Expels Iodide from Mixed Halide Perovskite Films.

Halide ion mobility in metal halide perovskites remains an intriguing phenomenon, influencing their optical and photovoltaic properties. Selective injection of holes through electrochemical anodic bias has allowed us to probe the effect of hole trapping at iodide (0.9 V) and bromide (1.15 V) in mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbBr1.5I1.5) films. Upon trapping holes at the iodide site, the iodide gradually gets expelled from the mixed halide film (as iodine and/or triiodide ion), leaving behind re-formed CH3NH3PbBr3 domains. The weakening of the Pb–I bond following the hole trapping (oxidation of the iodide site) and its expulsion from the lattice in the form of iodine provided further insight into the photoinduced segregation of halide ions in mixed halide perovskite films. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the iodide expulsion process leaves a defect-rich perovskite lattice behind as charge carrier recombination in the re-formed lattice is greatly accelerated. The selective mobility of iodide species provides insight into the photoinduced phase segregation and its implication in the stable operation of perovskite solar cells.

Improvement of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) nutritional value through iodine biofortification in a hydroponic floating system

Sea fennel is an herbaceous aromatic and edible halophyte, naturally occurring in coastal areas of the Mediterranean basin. Besides its scientific interest as a salt-tolerant species it exhibits considerable nutritional value and economical potential. As sea fennel is distributed in maritime areas, where natural iodine is available in high concentrations, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether sea fennel has the potential to accumulate elevated iodine concentrations under cultivation. A biofortification experiment in a hydroponic system applying two forms of iodine, KI and KIO3 in different concentrations was set up and monitored using sophisticated targeted elementary and metabolite analysis. The biofortification potential and possible effects on nutritional value were investigated. This study revealed that both iodine forms increased the iodine content of sea fennel tissues. Nutritional and health promoting components, biomass production but also antioxidant potential were stable or even improved under the iodine treatments.

Biofortification of common buckwheat microgreens and seeds with different forms of selenium and iodine.

The biofortification of crops can counteract human diseases, including selenium (Se) and iodine (I) deficiencies in the diet. Little is known about the effects of combinations of Se and I on microgreens and seeds, or on their accumulation in these tissues. The present study aimed to evaluate Se (SeO3 2- , SeO4 2- ) and I (I- , IO3 - ) biofortification of common buckwheat microgreens and seeds with respect to the effects of the addition of Se, I and Se + I on yield and on physiological and biochemical characteristics. In combination treatments, microgreens yield (600-800 g m-2 ) was 50-70% higher than for Se and I alone. The respiratory potential also increased by 60-120%. Fv /Fm was close to 0.8 in all samples. Se content [0.24 μg g-1 dry weight (DW)] was 50% higher for combination treatments than for Se and I alone. I content was highest for IO3 - treatment (216 μg g-1 DW) and decreased in combination treatments with Se by 50%. Biofortification of buckwheat microgreens with Se and I should be performed with care because there are synergistic and antagonistic effects of these elements with respect to their accumulation. IO3 - for the biofortification of microgreens should be kept low to prevent exceeding the recommended daily intake of I. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

HPLC-DAD Determination of Iodide in Mineral Waters on Phosphatidylcholine Column.

Iodine is an essential nutrient necessary for the production of thyroid hormones. A valuable source of iodide, which is the bio-available iodine form could be mineral waters offered by different spas. In this work, the method capable of direct determination of iodide in mineral water samples based on IAM liquid chromatography on the phosphatidylcholine column (IAM.PC.DD2 Regis HPLC) with DAD detection without sample pretreatment or any pre-concentration steps is presented. The calibration graph for iodide was linear in the range of 0.5–10.0 mg L−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996. The limit of detection was 22.84 ng mL−1. The relative recoveries were in the interval of 98.5–100.2% and the repeatability, expressed as a relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 5%. The RSA (Response Surface Analysis) investigated the effect of the sample concentration and the injection volume. The iodide concentrations in the mineral water samples ranged from 0.58 to 2.88 mg L−1. The accuracy of the method was assessed through independent analysis by ICP-MS. Iodide levels measured by these two procedures did not significantly differ. The effects of interfering ions like HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, F−, and Br− were also tested. The analysis has shown insignificant differences in the values of the iodide peak area and its height measured in multicomponent mixtures with an error smaller than 5%.

Відтворювальна здатність свиноматок за дії цитрату йоду нанотехнологічного походження

The purpose. To find out influence of different quantities of iodine in the form of aqua-citrate on reproductive ability and milking ability of sows and their productive qualities. Methods. By a principle of analogues, in view of age (160–170 days) and weight of a body (95–100 kg) they formed 3 groups of repair pigs. Animals of control group received standard mineral premix (MP) which structure included iodine in the form of salt of potassium iodide. Pigs of test groups were fed with premixes without inorganic form of iodine. However, in a diet, according to the scheme of experiment, they added a water solution of aqua-citrate iodine in the quantities making 100 and 50% of the content of an element in MP. Results. It is established that colostrum and milk of sows differ under the content of general lipids. However at addition of iodine citrate of nanotechnological origin in diets of animal of test groups the concentration of general lipids both in colostrum and milk did not change essentially. At sows fed with forage with iodine in form of aqua-citrate in quantity twice smaller, than its content in standard mineral premix, in colostrum they fixed increase of phospholipids on 18,4% (P

Comparison of ferrate and ozone pre-oxidation on disinfection byproduct formation from chlorination and chloramination

This study investigated the effects of ferrate and ozone pre-oxidation on disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation from subsequent chlorination or chloramination. Two natural waters were treated at bench-scale under various scenarios (chlorine, chloramine, each with ferrate pre-oxidation, and each with pre-ozonation). The formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs in fortified natural waters was assessed. Results indicated ferrate and ozone pre-oxidation were comparable at molar equivalent doses for most DBPs. A net decrease in trihalomethanes (including iodinated forms), haloacetic acids (HAAs), dihaloacetonitrile, total organic chlorine, and total organic iodine was found with both pre-oxidants as compared to chlorination only. An increase in chloropicrin and minor changes in total organic bromine yield were caused by both pre-oxidants compared to chlorination only. However, ozone led to higher haloketone and chloropicrin formation potentials than ferrate. The relative performance of ferrate versus ozone for DBP precursor removal was affected by water quality (e.g., nature of organic matter and bromide concentration) and oxidant dose, and varied by DBP species. Ferrate and ozone pre-oxidation also decreased DBP formation from chloramination under most conditions. However, some increases in THM and dihaloacetonitrile formation potentials were observed at elevated bromide levels.

Combined Filter for Purifying a Radioactive Steam-Gas Mixture

The design of a new fireproof combined filter for purifying a radioactive steam-gas mixture by removing volatile compounds of radioactive iodine during normal operation of NPP as well as during accidental depressurization of fuel rods is described. The filter consists of identical cylindrical sections, each of which possesses a top lid for anchoring spiral filtering elements with variable surface area and a bottom lid with a grid for anchoring sorbents. The first and closing sections along the course of the purified gas flow are filled with sorbent consisting of the inorganic material SiO2–Cu0 or KSKG brand silica gel or a mixture of the two. A granulated sorbent based on SKT-3I brand activated charcoal or Fizkhimin inorganic granulated sorbent based on silica gel is used as a filler in each of the intermediate sections to catch volatile forms of radioactive iodine. The size of the pores in the spiral filtering elements with variable surface area decreases in a direction from the first to the closing section along the course of the purified gas flow; there are at least three sections equipped with sorbent for purifying gases by removing radioactive iodine-containing impurities.