Form Of International Cooperation Research Articles

Public Goods, Common Pool Resources, and International Law

AbstractThe concept of public goods is often operationalized in the literature as anything that demands some form of international cooperation. While this may be politically useful in generating international cooperation, it is analytically problematic for designing international law with the purpose of enhancing international cooperation. Many of the issues characterized as public goods are in fact common pool resources, which pose distinct issues for international cooperation and demand different legal architectures than public goods for effective international cooperation.

Better Regulation’ with ‘Make it Work’: An assessment of the Make it Work’s Drafting Principles on Compliance Assurance

The ‘better regulation’ agenda developed as a follow-up to the 2000 Lisbon Strategy. Especially after the 2002 ‘Better Law-Making’ Communication, the subsequent initiatives on ‘better’ and ‘smart’ regulation have added to simplification a fairly strong emphasis on reducing administrative burdens. In the context of EU law, environmental legislation is considered one of the sectors that is suitable for simplification and a reduction of administrative burdens. While mainly focusing on the European Environmental acquis, the Better Regulation programme has highlighted on several occasions that the lack of simplification and the presence of burdens may actually derive from national (environmental) law. Led by the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Germany, a group of about 14 member states created the so-called Make it Work (MiW) Project. This project is a form of international cooperation between states, but, at the same time, it aims at influencing the functioning of the European Union. Indeed, this network of states “wants to open an ongoing debate on how the clarity, coherence and structure of EU environmental legislation can be improved, making it simpler for Member States to implement and easier for businesses and others to comply.” The MiW Project works on the basis of topics, which are discussed in meetings presided by civil servants at ministerial level with expertise on the subject matter of the discussion. The main output of these meetings is the drafting principles on making EU environmental legislation smarter, both generally and for specific policies, tools and procedures. Given the limited space available for this article, only a selection of drafting principles is discussed in this article. In order to provide a context to this selection, an overall description of the MiW Guiding Principles of Compliance Assurance is given.

Determinants of Foreign Aid: Rivalry and Domestic Instability

ABSTRACTForeign aid is usually seen as a form of international cooperation. Thus, the expectation is that states engaged in international rivalry with one another should be unlikely to provide each other aid. However, they do provide their enemies aid. We consider how situations of uncertainty influence aid transfers between states. We argue that states may provide each other aid to limit uncertainty from potential regime changes that could lead to war. Such uncertainty is particularly bad for rivals who are prone to militarized conflict. We find that rivals may provide one another foreign aid when one of the countries is experiencing regime-threatening levels of domestic instability. We compare these results to the behavior of nonrivals and find that: Rivals are likely to provide their enemies aid in times of uncertainty; rivals are no less likely to give aid to each other than are nonrivals; and rivals provide more aid during times of instability than do nonrivals.

TERRITORIAL LIMITS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

The article describes the territorial aspects of intellectual property rights. Comparing property right and intellectual property right, the last one has a territorial character. Such kind of activity of intellectual property rights became a reason for creation of international law system protection of intellectual property. The first form of international cooperation in intellectual property sphere were bi-side international treaties about mutual protection of rights for conforming objects on the territory of countries-participants. At the end of 19th century were signed two multiply international treaties, which became a base for creation of modern international law system of intellectual property protection – Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) and Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886). Intellectual property rights, which appeared on the territory of the definite country in accordance with it legislature, are limited by territory of this country, if something different isn’t subscribe in international treaty or national laws. Today this principle is a base of legislature about intellectual property of majority countries of the world and it is determined by several factors (historical factor, non-material nature of intellectual property objects, partly – state interests). Multiply international treaties in intellectual property sphere, which are administered by WIPO, don’t provide extraterritoriality of intellectual property rights, because they based on principle of national regime and fix using to objects by foreign origin the legislation, exactly that country, where protection is needed. Now on the regional level exists tendency to refuse of principle of intellectual property rights territoriality and providing unitary legal protection regime of the object based on one registration on the territory of all countries-participants. Uniform legal protection of some objects is provides on the territory of EU countries (Community trade mark, design, plant variety, geographical indications and designations of origin). Therefore Ukrainians membership in EU opens new perspectives to use procedures of legal protection of intellectual property for the extending of intellectual property rights territorial limits.

European Union Policy towards the Pacific Island States

The article concerns the idea as well as the form of international cooperation between states and international organizations, illustrated by the example of the relationship between the European Union and the Pacific region. There is some useful literature on the subject but this needs be to completed. The influences of the world’s leaders collide on the Pacific Ocean, which gives this area primacy in geopolitical domination, slowly downgrading the Atlantic Community. The main purpose of the paper is, therefore, to research the possibilities and methods of legal and extrajudicial cooperation between two continents which are very distant from each other. This work underlines the difference between official policy, presented by the regional intergovernmental organizations, and the individual policies of member states, who are not tied down by Brussels politics and may maintain their own foreign relations.

Sustainable Development of China’s Rare Earth Industry within and without the WTO

China's rise to become the dominant global producer of rare earth minerals has caused severe environmental damage and rapid depletion of its natural resources. To rectify these problems and achieve sustainable development of the industry, the Chinese government has adopted a policy of export restrictions which has led to conflict with its trade partners. A World Trade Organization (WTO) panel has judged China's policy to be in violation of its trade obligations which has been upheld in appeal. This article presents a broad analysis of sustainable development relating to the rare earth industry. In recognizing growing global demand for these minerals, which provide essential inputs for the new green technologies, it explores how a more complementary relationship between economic development and conservation of natural capital can be achieved. Improving resource efficiency throughout the whole production chain is of key importance for resource conservation. The use of adequate environmental technologies and effective environmental policies are key to minimizing the risks for environmental damage and human health. The new initiative for liberalization of Environmental Goods and Services (EGS) in the WTO can make leading environmental technologies available at a lower cost for China. But green trade liberalization alone cannot achieve sustainable development. A new form of international cooperation in the form of networked governance must operate alongside the WTO to combine governance of global economic and ecological integration. Since the publication of the Brundtland Report, the concept of sustainable development has been generally understood as the requirement to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.1 But this is a vague concept which has proved difficult to implement in practice. There is no internationally agreed method for measuring sustainable development and no internationally accepted indicators to monitor its progress in practice.2 In particular, there is no satisfactory indicator for 'natural capital' which is central to achieving sustainable development. Natural capital is defined as the stock of natural resources or environmental assets that yields a flow of useful goods and services into the future.3 This concept creates a new synthesis integrating two previously opposing world views. On the one hand, man-made capital which comprises physical, financial and human capital, has well-established roots in economic theory. On the other hand, natural capital, comprising natural resources and the environment has been developed more recently by ecological economics. Whereas, man-made capital has been traditionally treated as a scarce good which is priced accordingly in the market, natural capital has for long been considered as part of the 'global commons' and so largely treated as a free good.4 But this dichotomy is no longer tenable today.

International Monetary Reform: A Critical Appraisal of Some Proposals

This paper reviews some of the current debates on the reform of the international monetary system. Despite its deficiencies, the United States (US) dollar will remain the dominant currency and Special Drawing Rights (SDR) cannot serve as either an international medium of exchange or a reserve currency. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has changed its position to accept capital controls under certain circumstances. Refining control instruments better tuned to present day markets may bring about greater acceptance. The 2008–2009 global financial crisis has dimmed much of the earlier hope for the multilateralized Chiang Mai Initiative. The currency swap arrangements portend a new form of international cooperation. Finally, for the Group of Twenty (G20) to matter, the systemically important countries need to ensure the stability of their financial systems and economies.

Field tests of solar climate engineering

"All of these proposals acknowledge a need for some form of governance, such as national oversight by funding bodies, but they also share a common supposition that smallscale testing should proceed even in the absence of further international agreement. However, there are strong reasons to refrain from such testing until some form of international cooperation on climate engineering has been established."

Межгосударственные образовательные форумы как фактор укрепления глобального гуманитарного сотрудничества

The article is devoted to the development of new form of international cooperation in education, such as international fora of rectors of universities and faculties of Humanities. Such fora are regarded as an innovative form of inter-university cooperation, which opens new prospects and opportunities for cooperation in education, science and culture.

Cuidados paliativos y tratamiento del dolor en la solidaridad internacional

Palliative care and pain treatment are essential to improve or maintain quality of life in many patients with incurable, chronic or terminal diseases. The need for palliative care is more pressing in countries with scarce or medium resources and where the incidence of cancer and other diseases such as AIDS is increasing. In these countries, a high proportion of patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage of the disease and access to appropriate palliative care and pain treatment is difficult, even though these options are the only realistic and human alternatives to the abandonment experienced by most of these patients. Moreover, the epidemiological profile of many southern countries is changing, with an increase of chronic diseases and access to higher levels of antiretroviral coverage. To modify this situation, governments should incorporate palliative care and pain treatment in their health systems and these options should also be seen as one more form of international cooperation. The present article reviews several factors required for greater healthcare collaboration between Spain and Latin America and Africa and suggests ways to achieve this collaboration through distinct institutions and associations.

Joint Investigation Teams: A New Form of International Cooperation in Criminal Matters

Joint Investigation Teams: A New Form of International Cooperation in Criminal Matters

Understanding Domestic-International Linkages

Understanding Domestic-International Linkages Get access Interests, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations. By Milner Helen V.. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. 328 pp., $47.50 cloth(ISBN: 0-691-01177-X), $18.95 paper(ISBN: 0-691-01176-1). Roger M. Scully Roger M. Scully Department of Government, Brunei University, United Kingdom Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mershon International Studies Review, Volume 42, Issue Supplement_2, November 1998, Pages 372–374, https://doi.org/10.2307/254435 Published: 01 November 1998

Baltic Sea Environmental Cooperation

This article deals with the build-up of institutions for environmental protection by viewing the development of Baltic Sea environmental cooperation from the perspectives of both regime change and transnational epistemic communities. The latter concept views international cooperation as reflecting the knowledge of transnational expert groups, where shared knowledge forms the basis of international cooperation. The concept of international regimes, on the other hand, emphasizes the norms, principles, rules and decision-making procedures which are decided upon by governments. The following conclusions are made from an analysis of the development of Baltic Sea environmental cooperation: the two political turning-points (in the mid-1970s and in the late 1980s) brought about a major change in the form of cooperation. However, during the period between these shifts, expert influence was great. Thus, referring to the terminology of regime theory, we may conclude that the political changes have brought about a change of the regime, whereas the epistemic communities have contributed to a change within the regime. This leads, finally, to the conclusion that regardless of the political context, epistemic communities can have a role to fill in shaping the form of international cooperation.

The ‘Bibliography of the History of Art’ and the Nordic Countries

Building on the precedent established by the Kunstakademiets Bibliotek and RILA, Nordic countries are for a trial period of three years contributing bibliographic records to the BHA, via the latter’s Scandinavian editor in the U.S.A. Several institutions are involved; the selection and preparation of records for the BHA can usually be done in conjunction with work already undertaken by the institutions concerned, in some cases for national bibliographies. Records include abstracts, which should ideally be provided or approved by the authors. Only a selection of material can be cited in the BHA; it is important that its international role should be complemented by national bibliographies. Although Nordic libraries can subscribe to the BHA in its printed form, online access is inhibited by financial considerations; a CD-ROM version would be most welcome. It is hoped that this three year experiment in co-operation will be judged a success, and that funding to enable it to continue will be forthcoming; a crucial test of any form of international co-operation is whether respect for national traditions outweighs any desire for excessive standardisation.

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF BEACH PROTECTION SCHEMES

On the basis of eleven poster presentations on beach protection schemes and/or devices, at the recent 20th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, the various levels involved in the design and evaluation of beach protection schemes are discussed in this paper. These are: (1) the assessment of the problem and processes operative in the area; (2) the establishment of an overall master plan for development; (3) the design stage; (4) the construction phase, and (5) the post construction phase. It is concluded that it would be useful if some form of international co-operation could be instigated to allow the collation of techniques used at the various levels in one handy location, for dissemination by all contributors.

Pacific Economic Community: A Consensual Region

Both the words of the prime minister and the action of the Canadian government in announcing its intent to establish an AsianPacific Foundation as a means of expanding Canadians' understanding of Pacific countries and cultures bear witness to the need to consider just what this region signifies. Because much of the evidence of commonality of interests relates to economic affairs, we focus here on economic attitudes and priorities. The essential questions to ask about Pacific economic co-operation are three: Is the perception of the potential of the Pacific region valid? How are the principal countries of the region likely to view regional economic linkages in relation to their national aims and priorities? What form of international co-operation is most likely to ensure that the benefits of the region's dynamism will be realized? The first of these questions need not detain us long. It is common knowledge that the rates of economic growth in the market economies of the western Pacific during the 1970s resulted in annual per-capita real income increases of between 4 and 8 per cent.

International cooperation in water resources

Advancements in hydrology proceeded slowly until the late 1800's when new ventures created a surge of interest and accomplishment. Progress waned again until the middle 20th century when an International Hydrological Decade was conceived, eventually receiving wide multinational support from governmental agencies and nongovernmental institutions. Organized by UNESCO, the Decade program was launched January 1, 1965. Participation included 107 nations, six United Nations agencies, and more than a dozen international scientific organizations. The initial program emphasized scientific research, and international cooperation; the second half of the Decade, emphasized technical assistance and technology transfer, largerly through education, training and demonstration. The success of the Decade led to the establishment of the International Hydrological Program, again under the aegis of UNESCO, to continue the work of the Decade indefinitely. The five major program activities, now involving about 90 countries and several international organizations, include: the scientific program, the promotion of education and training, the enhancement of information exchange, support of technical assistance, and the enlargement of regional cooperation. A significant amount of activity related to hydrological data networks and forecasting is carried on in an Operational Hydrology Programme by the WMO, chiefly through its Commission for Hydrology. Other international governmental organizations with a strong interest in water include the UN, the UN Development Programme, the FAO, the WHO, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the UN Environment Programme, the International Standardization Organization, and developmental institutions such as the World Bank. The specialized interests of researchers outside of the governmental structure, are met through association in various scientific and technical organizations which are world wide in scope and membership. Notwithstanding a sometimes bewildering variety of organizations, there certainly exists, for any nation, group, or individual, a demonstrated mechanism for almost any conceivable form of international cooperation in hydrology and water resources.

Parasitism in medical education.

Dublin's paper in this issue of the Journal focuses on the alarming increase in the number of foreign medical graduates remaining permanently in this country. It also points out the problem of U.S. nationals, who study medicine abroad with the intent of returning and practicing medicine here. Few will argue with the author's statement that there is an opportunity for a new form of international co-operation in meeting the challenges of the mass migration of physicians from one country to another. This lofty (and unfortunately distant) prospect does not, however, free the United States – by far the largest recipient . . .

Regionalism and World Order

T | SHE proliferation of regional organizations since I945 is one of the most significant developments of contemporary international relations. Certainly it was not foreseen by the framers of the United Nations' Charter who believed that regionalism must be subordinated to the universal approach to peace and security. What then is the relationship between such organizations and the United Nations in terms of the maintenance of peace and security? Is regionalism a symptom or a cause of international disorder? Assuming the continued growth of regional organizations, what possibilities are there of eventually promoting world order? Do regional organizations reflect a movement away from exclusive reliance on the nation-state as the basic unit in international relations? These questions are suggested by the increasing prominence of regional groups in world affairs today. This article attempts to suggest tentative answers by examining the reasons for the growth of contemporary regionalism, the lines of compatibility and conflict between regional and universal forms of international organization, and the relationship between regionalism and the concept of a world order; and these answers are based on the assumption that the growth of regionalism has been more a pragmatic response to the changing dynamics of international politics than the outcome of a conviction that regionalism was theoretically superior to universalism as a form of international cooperation. Regionalism as an institutional form of international cooperation is often identified with the number of security agencies that have developed since I945 such as N.A.T.O., S.E.A.T.O., and the Warsaw Pact. But there are numerous examples of regional economic and social organizations, especially in Western Europe. The European Economic Community, European Coal and Steel Community and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are important regional agencies. In the Latin American area a new Inter-American Development Bank has recently been formed as well as a Free Trade Association between nine of the republics.' In South Asia the Colombo Plan organization, comprising both economically advanced and under-developed States, serves to channel important economic aid and technical assistance into the area. It seems

World Data Center A: Consolidation of upper atmosphere disciplines

The international exchange of geophysical data through World Data Centers was first organized during the International Geophysical Year to ensure that, the large volume of data collected during this period would be readily available to scientists throughout the world. This new form of international cooperation in exchanging data was found to be very effective and has been continued beyond the IGY in accordance with the principles set forth by the International Council of Scientific Unions in the ‘Guide to International Data Exchange through the World Data Center for the Period 1960 onward,’ issued by the Comité International de Géophysique (CIG).The World Data Centers were organized in three sections, each to contain a complete set of data specified by the international agreements in the IGY ‘Guide’ and the subsequent CIG ‘Guide’: WDC‐A in the USA; WDC‐B in the USSR; WDC‐C divided by disciplines among several countries of Western Europe and Japan. WDC‐A itself was subdivided by discipline, originally into eleven subcenters; locations of all WDC's (A, B, and C) are given in the CIG ‘Guide.’