Form Of Films Research Articles

Microplastics in the sediments along the eastern Arabian Sea shelf: Distribution, governing factors and risk assessment

Despite the omnipresence of microplastics (MPs), the studies around the western continental shelf of Indian Ocean (Eastern Arabian Sea-EAS) are uncovered and understudied. Thus, the present study was focused to understand the spatial distribution, characterization and risk assessment of MPs in sediment across seven coastal transects (10 to 50 m) all along the EAS shelf. The highest MPs concentration (MPs/kg d.w.) was detected in the northern EAS (NEAS; 2260 ± 1050) followed by central (CEAS; 1550 ± 1012) and southern (SEAS; 1300 ± 513) shelves. Among all distinct locations, the highest concentration of MPs (2500 ± 1042) was detected in the north coastal sediments off Mumbai, followed by off Mangalore (1480 ± 1169) in the center and off Kochi (1350 ± 212) in the south. MPs were found in the form of fibres, fragments and films with a predominance of fibres (~70–80 %). Approximately 74.6 % of the total MPs were in the size range of 300 μm to 5 mm. The surface of detected MPs was rough, irregular, and mechanical weathering features such as pits, grooves also observed and spotted with bacterial community structures. Polypropylene (PP; 34 %), polyisoprene (PIP; 19 %), butyl rubber (18 %), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE; 13 %) were dominant polymers. The pollution load index highlighted minor risk while the polymer hazard index exhibited a hazard level of V. Litter discharge, fishing activities, and active marine navigation are among the many high-risk sources of plastic contamination in this region. Due to the prevailing winds, currents, low sea surface height, and high precipitation, the conditions in the EAS are favorable for the accumulation of both sea-based and land-based particles. Hence, this study provides novel insights into the potential risks posed by MP to the IO rim and associated marine ecosystem which will enhance our knowledge of the ecological implications and consequences of MP pollution, ultimately aiding in developing effective management and mitigation strategies.

Color converters for white LEDs using liquid phase epitaxy growth method

The development of innovative high-power lighting sources is urgently required to design and investigate the new high structural quality and high-temperature stable converters in the form of single crystals and single crystalline films. This research deals with the growth and investigation of structural, luminescence, and photoconversion properties (color coordinates, color temperature and color rendering index) of the single crystalline films of Ce3+ doped (Lu, Y, Tb, Gd)3Al5O12 garnets, grown using the Liquid Phase Epitaxy method onto undoped Y3Al5O12 substrates. The combination of Ce3+ doped Lu3Al5O12, Y3Al5O12, Tb3Al5O12, Gd2.9Lu0.1Al5O12 film converter with respective thickness with commercial blue LED allows for obtaining green-yellow-orange-emitting pc-WLEDs. The application of the mentioned film converters results in the formation of four basic trends on the color diagram depending on the thickness of the converter.

Orally Disintegrating Film: A Review of Its Formulation and Manufacturing Method

Oral route drug delivery system is still considered as the most convenient and patient friendly drug delivery route. Over the decades, many research has been performed to improve the functionality oral dosage form. Orally disintegrating film (ODF) is a newer oral drug delivery system, which is in the form of a thin film that will disintegrate in the oral cavity within a matter of seconds. The aim of this review paper is to recap ODF, its benefits, formulation contents and manufacturing method. With more research and development work has been conducted on ODF, the dosage form is expected to be manufactured and scaled up to be commercializable products to be sold in the market.

Genre loss and narrative dilemma: Comparative analysis of the Chinese and Korean versions of the film Door Lock

The two versions of the Chinese and South Korean films "Door Lock" are both realistic suspense films. The two films use audio-visual means to describe the problem of women living alone, highlighting the plight of women being watched and the dangerous situation that they cannot escape. By carefully disassembling the mirror language and narrative techniques of the two films, this paper focuses on thinking about the elements that determine the form and style of the suspense film, discusses the genre style shaping of the film from the mirror image, explores the narrative motivation from the character design, and considers the realistic expression of the film from the social background.

Studies on Polystyrene/Polymethyl methacrylate Thin-Films: Structural and optical Properties

The thin film blends such as Polystyrene (PS) and Polymethyle Mythcrylate (PMMA) were prepared by dip coating technique. Pure and blended forms of thin films are to be characterized in the context of FTIR and XRD methods for micro structural analysis. AC conduction properties of polymers in the frequency range 10 kHz to 10 MHz at various temperatures (303–343 K) are reported and studies suggest that electron hopping is responsible for conduction. The activation energies associated with these thin films and optical properties are also studied.

Highly Efficient and Flexible Scintillation Screen Based on Organic Mn(II) Halide Hybrids toward Planar and Nonplanar X‐Ray Imaging

AbstractThe urgency for cost‐effective, high‐resolution, flexible X‐ray imaging detectors is generating great demand for scintillators with low‐temperature processability, high scintillation yield, and negligible afterglow. X‐ray imaging materials are currently dominated by inorganic scintillators in the form of rigid films and bulk crystals, which have inherent limitations including high‐temperature, complex synthesis, and considerable challenges toward advanced nonplanar imaging. Here, high‐performance and flexible X‐ray scintillators based on novel zero‐dimensional (0D) (BTPP)2MnX4 (BTPP = benzyltriphenylphosphonium; X = Cl, Br) halides are reported. They emit bright green light originating from the 4T1‐6A1 transition of Mn2+ under X‐ray excitation. In particular, (BTPP)2MnBr4 single crystals exhibit excellent air‐ and radiation‐stability, a high scintillation yield of 53 000 photons MeV−1, a low detection limit of 89.9 nGyair s−1, and an ultralow afterglow comparable to commercial Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) single crystals. Moreover, the (BTPP)2MnCl4@polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible scintillation screens achieve a high spatial resolution of 14.1 lp mm−1 and realize high‐quality imaging results of nonplanar objects. This study demonstrates that the flexible scintillation screens based on low‐dimensional Mn(II) hybrid halides have significant potential for low‐dose and high‐resolution X‐ray imaging applications.

ZIF-8 nanoparticles combined with fibroin protein co-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays to construct a drug sustained-release platform

Anodized titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) on titanium surface provide a drug delivery platform for local drug therapy at the implantation site. Here, we used TNTs as the drug carrier and modified it with zeolite imidazolium salt skeleton-8 (ZIF-8) combined with silk fibroin (SF) to obtain a new drug loading platform to prolong the drug release time. The morphology, modification effect, drug release in vitro, cell biological activity and osteogenesis of the drug-loaded platform were evaluated. ZIF-8 nanoparticles are mesoporous and filled in nanotubes, and silk fibroin was covered on the surface of nanotubes in the form of thin films. In vitro drug release experiments showed that the silk fibroin membrane combined with biological crosslinking agent genipin (GNP) effectively blocked the diffusion of drugs and prolonged the drug release to 60 days. The study of cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation showed that the drug-loaded platform was biocompatible and could promote ALP secretion. Therefore, the studies imply that the drug loading platform co-modified by TNTs-based ZIF-8 nanoparticles and silk fibroin can be used as a potential and ideal orthopedic implant.

The Interplay of De-historicizing and Colored Narratives in 1970s America

This paper examines the intricate interplay between the processes of de-historicizing and the emergence of colored narratives during the 1970s in America. The decade witnessed a dynamic shift in the collective consciousness of the nation, as it grappled with its complex history of race, identity, and representation. De-historicizing refers to the deliberate distancing from historical contexts, often leading to the erasure of historical narratives and the subsequent silencing of marginalized voices. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, the American society attempted to move forward without fully reconciling its past, leading to an inclination towards de-historicizing certain aspects of the nation’s history, particularly concerning race and discrimination. Conversely, the 1970s also witnessed the emergence of colored narratives, as minority communities sought to reclaim their historical identities and share their unique perspectives through literature, music, film, and other forms of artistic expression. These narratives served as powerful vehicles for voicing the struggles, triumphs, and aspirations of marginalized communities, challenging the de-historicizing trends prevalent in mainstream discourses. Through a comprehensive analysis of key cultural artifacts, literature, and historical events from the 1970s, this paper explores how de-historicizing and colored narratives intersected and collided. It delves into the ways in which colored narratives disrupted the dominant narratives constructed by the mainstream, challenging the established power structures and encouraging a more inclusive representation of American history.

Statistically Optimized Polymeric Buccal Films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide and Itopride Hydrochloride: An In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study.

A migraine is a condition of severe headaches, causing a disturbance in the daily life of the patient. The current studies were designed to develop immediate-release polymeric buccal films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide (EHBR) and Itopride Hydrochloride (ITHC) to improve their bioavailability and, hence, improve compliance with the patients of migraines and its associated symptoms. The prepared films were evaluated for various in vitro parameters, including surface morphology, mechanical strength, disintegration test (DT), total dissolving time (TDT), drug release and drug permeation, etc., and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, such as area under curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), half-life (t1/2), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), and time to reach maximum concentration (Cmax). The outcomes have indicated the successful preparation of the films, as SEM has confirmed the smooth surface and uniform distribution of drugs throughout the polymer matrix. The films were found to be mechanically stable as indicated by folding endurance studies. Furthermore, the optimized formulations showed a DT of 13 ± 1 s and TDT of 42.6 ± 0.75 s, indicating prompt disintegration as well as the dissolution of the films. Albino rabbits were used for in vivo pharmacokinetics, and the outcomes were evident of improved pharmacokinetics. The drug was found to rapidly permeate across the buccal mucosa, leading to increased bioavailability of the drug: Cmax of 130 and 119 ng/mL of ITHC and EHBR, respectively, as compared to 96 (ITHC) and 90 ng/mL (EHBR) of oral solution. The conclusion can be drawn that possible reasons for the enhanced bioavailability could be the increased surface area in the form of buccal films, its rapid disintegration, and faster dissolution, which led toward the rapid absorption of the drug into the blood stream.

Low Temperature Calcination of TiO2 and ZnO Particle Film and Evaluation of Their Photocatalytic Activity

<p>In this study, TiO<sub>2</sub>, ZnO, and TiO<sub>2</sub>/ZnO films were prepared under low calcination temperature and characterized to observe their properties related to photocatalytic performance. The samples were prepared by mixing the gel phase of ZnO precursor, TiO<sub>2</sub> anatase powder, triton-x 100, and acetylacetone to produce a paste form for the deposition process. The resulting paste was then deposited by screen printing onto a glass substrate and subjected to calcination at 250C to facilitate the ZnO crystallization and remove other additive materials. XRD analysis confirms that the formation of ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> crystals was assisted, although their crystallinity was lower than corresponding particulate forms. The lower crystallinity seems to be related by additive materials remains. The surface morphology of each sample was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and contact angle examination. Interestingly, both TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZnO layers tend to have a hydrophobic surface meanwhile TiO<sub>2</sub>/ZnO has a hydrophilic surface. BET analysis revealed that ZnO has the highest specific surface area due to a nanosized. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of appropriate chemical bonds in the ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> and other additive materials, such as alkyl groups. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum shows a blue emission associated with intrinsic defects such as vacancies and interstitials of Zn and Ti in all samples. Differences in the photocatalytic performance of film and particulate form for each material were observed and analyzed. All samples' structures, morphology, and PL characteristics were then correlated to their photocatalyst behavior for methylene blue degradation.</p>

Спиновые волны в одномерных магнонных кристаллах с двумя пространственными периодами

The propagation of surface and backward volume magnetostatic waves in a one-dimensional magnonic crystal in the form of a yttrium iron garnet film with two periodic lattices of grooves with different periods etched on its surface was experimentally studied. It is shown that the form of the frequency dependence of the transmission coefficient of magnetostatic waves in such crystal is not a simple superposition of similar dependences for two magnonic crystals with the same lattice periods.

Изучение принципов построения широкополосной колебательной СВЧ системы на примере резонатора Фабри-Перо

In telecommunications and radar systems of the centimeter and millimeter wave ranges, span klystrons are widely used as medium and high power amplifiers. The use of high-quality resonators makes it possible to realize high efficiency and amplification factors. However, typical designs of 2 - 4 resonator klystrons have a bandwidth of 0.1 - 0.5 % due to the need to use resonators with a high Q – factor. The well-known method of expanding the amplified frequency band in the centimeter range up to 7 – 12 % and in the millimeter range up to 1 - 2 % consists in tuning the frequency of the intermediate klystron resonators by several percent of the central amplification frequency. But in this case, it is required to use 10 - 12 resonators. The authors of the work discovered that when a millimeter range electromagnetic wave is reflected from an electrodynamics system in the form of a metal film on the surface of a semiconductor layer, the input resistance phase-frequency characteristic of this system consists of a chain of frequency intervals with turnings from a positive phase-frequency characteristic to a negative one and vice versa. The possibility of constructing a phase shifter with a negative phase frequency response based on this phenomenon is demonstrated and its application for expanding the resonant frequency band is considered on the example of the Fabry - Perot interferometer model. This resonator contains a phase shifter in the form of a semiconductor layer F with a thickness DF, a conductivity σF, a relative dielectric eF and a magnetic mF permeability. The outer surface of the layer F contains a metal mirror, and the inner surface is adjacent to the layer W. The layer W which has the thickness of DW, eW, mW forms the internal space of the resonator. The external environment I with mI and eI. adjoins the layer W. A plane electromagnetic wave propagates in I media so that it excites the resonator at a wavelength of l0. The use of a phase shifter makes it possible to increase the resonant wavelength band Δl/l0 by 2 - 4 times and with an electromagnetic field amplification coefficient |G(l)| in the W layer by 10 - 20 times (the value of Dl/l0 corresponds to 0.707 max |G(l0)|). An increase of σF leads to an amplitude-frequency characteristic transforming of the field gain function G(l0) from two maxima to one maximum form with a transition through a flat top. In this case max |G(l0)| decreases and Dl/l0 increases. For the case, when the function |G(l)| has a flat top, an increase in the wave resistance ρW of the layer W with a corresponding decrease in sF and optimal values of DW leads to an increase in |G(l0)|. When this occurs, Dl/l0 becomes lower.

Measurement of Non-Linear Optical Absorption of PVC/TiO2 Nanocomposite via Z-Scan Technique for Optical Limiting

Abstract: This research focuses on PVC/TiO2 nanocomposites in the form of thin films in order to expand our understanding of photonics technology. For fabrication of the thin films, the casting method was used with nanocomposites composite were developed by mixing TiO2 nanoparticles with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) as the polymer matrix. The absorbance parameters were determined using spectral analysis, and the linear absorption coefficient was computed. A single beam Z-scan technique was used to evaluate the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient via a CW diode pumped solid state (DPSS) laser (Coherent Verdi-V5, 532 nm) was employed as the excitation laser at 50mW. Peak absorption was detected at 280 nm with increasing absorption observed as the proportion of TiO2 nanoparticles increased. The nonlinear absorption coefficient was found at (0.5342, 1.3585,1.5999, and 0.0253) 1ݔ 10−5 cm/W. All of the sample morphology resulting poor structure which then affect the NLO absorption of the materials. However, with the positive value of NLO absorption, they appear to be promising candidates for optical limiting applications.

Implementation of the Value of Regional Unity through Effective Communication to the Young Generation in Improving the National Resilience of the Republic of Indonesia

The young generation as the backbone of the nation must realize the various challenges and threats to the nation and then unite and work together to maintain the safety of the nation and state. This should be realized by various parties in Indonesia. It should be taken into consideration to maximize the role of the youth as the generation that will carry the safety of this nation.In the process of conveying knowledge ideas and messages of national insight, the right approach technique is needed. In the communication strategy, the content of the message certainly determines the effectiveness of communication. With this, it is very important to be able to communicate effectively through a communication design that is seriously engineered as a panacea for the young generation's mentality of love for their homeland. In addition, many factors influence the communication process to be successful, so that conveying national insight becomes more interesting both verbally and non-verbally. Among other things, by involving language that is easily understood by the younger generation through facial expressions and vocalizations that arouse enthusiasm to listen to the messages conveyed, which are complemented by forms of games, symbols, photos and films. Seeing the lessons that can be learned from other nations that movies are very effective for spreading nationalism. can initiate patriotic themes that are in accordance with the development of the current era. Cooperation with producers and creative workers can be considered to develop ideas that are of interest to the Indonesian audience.

Metal-free azo dyes anchored on CdS nanowires: Subtle solar cell exploration through experimental and DFT studies

Herein, as-synthesized azo dye (E)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-4-((4-(4-nitrophenyl) thiazol-2-yl) diazenyl) phenol (D2) has been anchored on a high surface area one dimensional CdS nanowires (NWs) in thin film form. CdS nanowires have been grown through Cd(OH)2 template formation followed by conversion to CdS by ion-exchange route. The light-electricity conversion efficiency of the CdS-Azo dye-based solar cell has shown about 5-fold remarkable surge (0.159%) compared to the bare CdS (0.03%) with I3−/I− redox mediator under standard AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm−2). Albeit, the DFT studies revealed a higher band gap for pristine D2, alluringly it has depicted higher light-electricity conversion efficiency among the fabricated thin film solar cells after sensitization. The relative increase in sensitivity after sensitization is attributable to facile dye regeneration. Furthermore, after the co-sensitization of CdS thin film with equimolar cocktails of as-synthesized dyes and a natural dye Betanin (Bn), less efficiency was depicted ascribable to plausible dye aggregation upon blending.

Research on Experimental Film--Based on Comparison of Experimental Film and Traditional Film

Experimental film is an important type of cinematic expression that originated from Europe in the 20th century. The content of experimantal film is more flexible and diverse than any other cinematic form. However, people nowadays seem to prefer traditional Hollywood films than experimental films. This paper analyses on experimental films. The reasons why experimental film works are not as popular among the general public as mainstream films may involve a variety of factors, including the nature of art, audience acceptance and aesthetic habits, limitations in publicity and marketing, cultural differences and language restrictions, film industry and commercialization pressures, financial and production conditions, as well as the influence of social and cultural backgrounds. The combination of these factors may make experimental film works more limited in terms of popularity, popularity and box office performance among the general public. However, as an art form, experimental film works still have their unique value and significance. By breaking away from traditional film forms, structures and contents, experimental film works usually explore newm artistic expressions, challenge audiences aesthetic experiences, and provoke thoughts and discussions. These works may have a profound impact on niche and specific audience groups, promoting the innovation and development of film art.

Lead‐Free Halide Perovskite Materials and Optoelectronic Devices: Progress and Prospective

AbstractHalide perovskites, in the form of thin films and colloidal nanocrystals, have recently taken semiconductor optoelectronics research by storm, and have emerged as promising candidates for high‐performance solar cells, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, photodetectors, and radiation detectors. The impressive optical and optoelectronic properties, along with the rapid increase in efficiencies of solar cells and LEDs, have greatly attracted researchers across many disciplines. However, most advances made so far in terms of preparation (colloidal nanocrystals and thin films), and the devices with highest efficiencies are based on Pb‐based halide perovskites, which have raised concerns over their commercialization due to the toxicity of Pb. This has triggered the search for lower‐toxicity Pb‐free halide perovskites and has led to significant progress in the last few years. In this roadmap review, researchers of different expertise have joined together to summarize the latest progress, outstanding challenges, and future directions of Pb‐free halide perovskite thin films and nanocrystals, regarding their synthesis, optical spectroscopy, and optoelectronic devices, to guide the researchers currently working in this area as well as those that will join the field in the future.

Fabrication of Europium-Doped CaF2 Films via Sol-Gel Synthesis as Down-Shifting Layers for Solar Cell Applications.

In the present work, an in-depth study on the sol-gel process for the fabrication of Eu-doped CaF2 materials in the form of thin films has been addressed for the production of down-shifting layers. Fine-tuning of the operative parameters, such as the annealing temperature, substrate nature and doping ion percentage, has been finalized in order to obtain Eu(III)-doped CaF2 thin films via a reproducible and selective solution process for down-shifting applications. An accurate balance of such parameters allows for obtaining films with high uniformity in terms of both their structural and compositional features. The starting point of the synthesis is the use of a mixture of Ca(hfa)2•diglyme•H2O and Eu(hfa)3•diglyme adducts, with a suited ratio to produce 5%, 10% and 15% Eu-doped CaF2 films, in a water/ethanol solution. A full investigation of the structural, morphological and compositional features of the films, inspected using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), respectively, has stated a correlation between the annealing temperature and the structural characteristics and morphology of the CaF2 thin films. Interestingly, crystalline CaF2 films are obtained at quite low temperatures of 350-400 °C. The down-shifting properties, validated by taking luminescence measurements under UV excitation, have allowed us to correlate the local environment in terms of the degree of symmetry around the europium ions with the relative doping ion percentages.

An Analysis of Conflict of The Main Character in Whiplash Movie by Damien Chazelle

Movie is included in drama as a form of literature. The story is told in the dialogue, the forms of film and drama were identical. In addition, the objective of this study was to examine the conflicts encountered by the main character and to analyze the impacts of these conflicts in the Whiplash movie by Damien Chazelle. The research was supported by Kenney and Aruna's conflict theory. The research used a qualitative approach. The data extracted from the Whiplash movie, including dialogues, sentences, words, and phrases. It was found that there were two types of conflicts experienced by the main character in the Whiplash Movie: internal and external conflicts. Moreover, the study revealed two consequences resulting from these conflicts, both positive and negative impacts were observed. For instance, averts further serious conflict, results in personal communal change, brings two or more parties, always in state of tension, feelings of resentment and hatred escalate, and other relationships also are affected. Furthermore, the study identified psychological and sociological impacts arising from the conflicts faced by the main character, including experiences of trauma, anxiety, and depression. Meanwhile, the sociological conflicts encompassed clashes between individual and authority, as well as issues of competition and collaboration.

Development of biodegradable tableware from novel combination of paddy straw and pine needles: A potential alternative against plastic cutlery

Plastic cutlery for food packaging and serving has long been in trend due to its versatile properties but accumulation of the single use plastic cutlery creates disposal problem due to its non-biodegradability. The two biomasses paddy straw and pine needles are known to cause serious problems of stubble burning and forest fires respectively. However, these two biomasses hold tremendous potential to be used as raw material in pulp industry due to their high holocellulose and cellulose content which can be further enhanced after pre-treatments. This study aims to use a combination of two biomasses in a ratio of 1:1 and further process it to derive pulp by employing enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase for lignin removal by fermentation mechanism. After sufficient lignin removal, the processed beaten pulp was casted into cups and bowls. Binding agents such as carboxymethyl cellulose, gum acacia and potato starch along with cross-linking polymer were blended with pulp in binding matrix to cast durable and non-brittle biodegradable cups. PLA (bio-plastic) polymer was applied in the form of a thin film over the developed tableware. The developed tableware was further verified for anti-microbial properties by testing it with common food-poisoning pathogens. Mechanical stiffness and rigidity were estimated along with thermal stability examined over a wide temperature range by dynamic scanning colorimetric (DSC). Lattice structure and morphology was studied by SEM and XRD analyses. Based on the analytical analyses, the developed biodegradable tableware can be a suitable alternative to combat plastic cutlery menace.