Form Of Directive Speech Research Articles

Maxims in the artistic discourse of Olga Kobylyanska

The purpose of the article is to analyze the maxims regulating family and domestic relations in the artistic discourse of the prominent Bukovinian writer in terms of syntactic organization, verbal content and semantic diversity. The relevance of the scientific article is determined by the need to study individual verbal manifestations in the artistic discourse of the Bukovіnian writer for the formation of a coherent cognitive-pragmatic concept of her artistic discourse. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive, structural methods and method of component analysis. The novelty of scientific research lies in deepening the study of the artistic discourse of O. Kobylyanska. In addition, the analysis of the maxims in O. Kobylyanska's texts has not yet been the subject of linguistic analysis. Conclusions. Maxims are autosemantic, relatively independent statements based on popular common sense, the writer's intellectual level and precedent phenomena. The class of maxims consists of paremias, which include author's modifications of paremias, sayings based on folk mythologems and author's maxims. Maxims function in the text as a separate statement or as part of the context. Folk paremias function as precedent phenomena in the form of a simple sentence. Author's maxims can take the form of identification sentences. Often, maxims are included in the constructions of vocations, taking the form of direct speech. We fix the author's maxims in the form of a rhetorical question and an exclamatory sentence. In the artistic discourse of O. Kobylyanska, a considerable group of maxims regulates family and household relations. Among them, certain thematic groupings can be distinguished: maxims of an instructive nature, maxims about love, gender characteristics, about women, about married life etc.

Analisis Tindak Tutur Langsung dan Tidak Langsung Percakapan Shabira Alula dan Ayahnya di Sosial Media Tiktok

This study aims to describe the Forms of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts of Conversations by Shabira Alula and Her Father on Tiktok Social Media. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques use observation techniques by watching video conversations and listening. The researcher started collecting data since Shabira was 3 years old, from 30 June 2021 to 30 June 2022. The results of this study are that there are 107 data in the form of direct speech and 5 data in indirect speech. Direct speech is divided into three types, namely interrogative, imperative, and declarative. There are 107 interrogative utterances (question words). imperative utterances (command sentences) amount to 24 data. declarative speech (sentence news) amounted to 16 data. Imperative speech is divided into several parts, namely the utterance of asking is 6 sentences, while the indirect speech act contains 2 fragments of conversation.

TELLING in English, Norwegian and French: A three-way contrast

This paper presents the results of a study of double object constructions containing the cognate verbs English tell and Norwegian fortelle, based on data from the English–Norwegian Parallel Corpus. The results show that there is a certain degree of correspondence between the two verbs in constructions with nominal direct objects, with less mutual correspondence in constructions with finite clausal objects, very little correspondence in constructions with objects in the form of direct speech, and none whatsoever in the case of non-finite clausal objects, which only occur with tell. The paper then expands the topic to include tell predications in French. The data were retrieved from the Oslo Multilingual Corpus. It transpires that the form of French translations of Norwegian expressions are more similar, at least for some constructions, to the Norwegian originals than are their English counterparts.

ДИДАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОНАЛЬНОСТЬ И ЕЕ РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ В ТЕКСТАХ ПРОПОВЕДЕЙ А. МЕНЯ

The paper studies how didactic tonality is linguistically expressed in texts of sermons. Didactic tonality is viewed as a category of intentionality – a more general textual category inherent in any type of communication if the latter is viewed as an activity. The material for the study included 68 texts of sermons of the famous in Russia archpriest of the Russian Orthodox Church, theologian, author of books on theology, history of Christianity and other religions, Alexander Men. The activity approach, as well as the functional-stylistic, structural-semantic, cognitive, contextual, comparative-quantitative and pragmatic methods of analysis allowed us to establish that in the sermon as a genre, intentionality is realized through a specific tonality, or such a textual modality that reflects the main intention of the author of speech in religious preaching – to bring a person closer to faith and God, to teach them faith in God. The intention of ‘teaching’ is defined in the study as didactic tonality and is considered as an auxiliary category of intentionality functioning in texts of religious sermons. The paper reveals linguistic and speech means representing didactic tonality in texts, describes the structural-semantic, pragmatic and stylistic features of these means. Didactic tonality was found to be the key textual category in terms of implementation of the main author’s intention (conceptual idea and meaning) in a sermon. The research findings demonstrate that in the sermons of Alexander Men, various means belonging to different linguistic levels are harmoniously combined: lexical units and syntaxemes that express the semantics of reflection, obligation, call for joint action, as well as textual means that include examples from pastoral life and dialogical constructions in the form of direct speech.

PENANDA LINGUAL PADA RAGAM TUTURAN NASKAH KUNO TUNTUNAN MELAKUKAN HUBUNGAN SUAMI ISTRI

Ancient text is an important historical relic as it carries certain messages. The messages is the real proof and moral teaching of ancient time. Language used here has its own uniqueness, especially lingual sign and context that is related to directive speech. This research studies directive speech variety in ancient text Tuntunan dalam Melakukan Hubungan Suami-Istri (TDMHSI) which consists in the lingual sign and context. TDMHSI text has the code 07_01666 and is stored in the Banda Aceh Public Museum. Located in Sultan Alaidin Mahmudsyah street, Banda Aceh. This text consists of 36 pages. This research aims to reveal sign and context of the TDMHS’s directive speech. The method applied was observation and the technique used were editing and dictation. Observation method applied aims to analyzed speech types, lingual sign and context of the TDMHSI’s text compare to other texts. Editing technique is useful to provide text closely similiar to the real one. Dictation text is used by writing what was dictated by Malay-Arabic language expert. This technique is needed to match the editing result so that information is not overlapped. This research found that there are 5 directive speech, whic are: prohibition (14 data), ordering (13 data), sugesting (5 data), begging (4 data), and reminding (1 data). Other lingual sign found are in the form of suffix as the basic form of directive speech, and context used as the basic dterminant directive speech.

REPRESENTASI MITOS BATIYANAN PADA MASYARAKAT BANJAR

This study aims to describe the use of myth in the Banjar culture. Myth contains implicit communication purpose and meaning that can be known through the study of pragmatic study. The problems in this study are 1) how does the representation of Banjarese myth base on the form of communication? 2) how does the representation of Banjarese myth base on the communication function? The aims of this study are to describe 1) the representation of batiyanan myth in Banjar society base on the form of communication. 2) the representation of batiyanan myth in Banjar soiety base on the communication function. This research is a qualitative research using descriptive method. The data are taken from Banjarese speech in Kampung Jawa, Sekumpul, Martapura Regency. The data are taken from January 2017 to June 2017. Data collection techniques are note taking and interviewing. Data collection techniques are interview and documentation. This study uses three steps of work, they are (1) providing data; (2) data analyzing; and (3) presenting the results of the data analysis. This study uses pragmatic theory. The results conclude that 1) base on the form of communication, the representation of batiyanan myth in Banjar society consists of indirect speech with declarative structure in the form of directive speech and commisive; 2) base on the communication function , the representation of batiyanan myth in Banjar society consists of advice function happens if the speakers try to give advice, prohibition function happens if there is prohibition marker, satire function happens if the speaker intend to criticize the speech partner indirectly, and threats function happens if the speech has violation meaning and it cause something bad happen in the future.

Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes

<p>The research entitled Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes purposes to describe and uncover the types of form and intended meaning of directive speech act on that drama script. This descriptive research uses pragmatic approach and theory. The collecting and analysing data are focused on the using of declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences in the text of drama. The forms of those sentences will be analysed to find out the types of form of directive speech act, while the context of those sentences will be used to analyze the intended meaning of directive speech act uttered by speakers. The results of the research are found that, first, there are two types of the form of directive speech acts, direct directive speech acts and indirect directive speech acts. Direct directive speech acts are represented by imperative sentence without subject; imperative sentence with let; and negative imperative sentence. Meanwhile the indirect directive speech acts are represented by declarative sentence statement; declarative sentence if clause; negative declarative sentences; and interrogative sentences. Second, the intended meanings seen on drama script of Family 2.0 are command, prohibition, request, treat, and persuasion. It can be concluded that, the most frequent intended meaning appeared in directive speech acts on this script is command by the use of imperative forms. Then, the declarative and interrogative forms are used to request something by adults charaters; in contrast the kids characters use them to command and prohibit the hearer.<strong></strong></p><strong>Keywords: </strong> family 2.0, pragmatic, speech act, directive, form and intended meaning

Mental states and activities in Danish narratives: children with autism and children with language impairment.

This study focuses on the relationship between content elements and mental-state language in narratives from twenty-seven children with autism (ASD), twelve children with language impairment (LI), and thirty typically developing children (TD). The groups did not differ on chronological age (10;6-14;0) and non-verbal cognitive skills, and the groups with ASD and TD did not differ on language measures. The children with ASD and LI had fewer content elements of the storyline than the TD children. Compared with the TD children, the children with ASD used fewer subordinate clauses about the characters' thoughts, and preferred talking about mental states as reported speech, especially in the form of direct speech. The children with LI did not differ from the TD children on these measures. The results are discussed in the context of difficulties with socio-cognition in children with ASD and of language difficulties in children with LI.

STRATEGI DAN SKALA KESANTUNAN TINDAK DIREKTIF MAHASISWA RIAU DI LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT BERLATAR BELAKANG BUDAYA JAWA

This research aims to expose strategy and scale of politeness in Riau students directive speech surrounded by Javanese culture, also its implications on languagelearning in manners in high school. This is a qualitative descriptive research. The data are in the form of directive speech either in formal or informal. The data source includes the activities of 15 Riau students of UMS, UNS, and IAIN. The data gathering techniques includes refering, recording, and taking notes. Data analysis methods in this research includes pragmatics comparison wether intralingual andextralingual. The interpretation of directive speech form is done by reffering to Prayitno’s work, while the analysis of politeness scale is based on Lakoff’s model.The results showed that (1) Riau students are much prefer to use indirect strategy when they are communicating with Javanese society (66,70% : 33,30%). (2) Theanalysis of politeness scale refers to the results of the politeness strategy category in terms of politeness levels low, medium, and fine. The combination of politenessstrategy of Riau students has a low level of politeness with comparison 47%: 23%: 30%. Total data on the scale of politeness in directive speech is low for as many as14 data, while the level of politeness are as many as 7 data, and the level of good politeness is as much as 9 data. (3) The implications of this research on languagelearning with manners in high school can be used as learning materials. In the 2013 curriculum, it is stated that the core competencies-2 (KI-2) of social attitude of classX, XI, and XII demands students to able to use the Indonesian language with manners while KTSP curriculum focused at speaking skills. Language learning can be fun ifstudents and teachers are able to use the language more politely.

SKALA KESANTUNAN BENTUK TUTURAN DIREKTIF BERDASARKAN PERSEPSI SISWA DI SMAN 1 SURAKARTA

The involvement of politeness in directive speech especially at school environment is an interesting phenomenon to be studied. This study aims to assess the perception of politeness in directive speech by students of SMAN 1 Surakarta. This research involves the combination of descriptive quantitative and qualitative method. The data is collected through questionnaires and is analyzed by descriptive statistical techniques. The results show the orders of politeness from the most polite to the least polite as follows: (1) directive speech in the form of advice, (2) directive speech in the forms of question, (3) directive speech in the forms of a strong signal, (4) directive speech in the forms of subtle cues, (5) the form of directive speech in the form of mitigated statements, (6) directive speech in the form of imperative statements, (7) directive speech the form of expression of interest, (8) directive speech with explicit statements, and (9) directive speech with the imperative modes.

An elaboration of the faithfulness claims in direct writing

The notion of faithfulness to an original text is one of the most important aspects in presenting others’ discourse especially in the form of direct speech (DS) and direct writing (DW). Although it is often assumed that exact words and expressions of the original discourse are used in direct discourse by non-linguists, recent studies on DS oppose the faithfulness assumptions and provide counter-examples of the word-by-word reproduction of the anterior discourse. This study, taking the notion of faithfulness and the extended faithfulness claims of direct discourse into account, shows that quoting exact words and phrases of the original does not necessarily reproduce a similar meaning. Quotations from literary reviews, which appear on covers of paperbacks, will be compared with their originals, and how speech acts and propositional contents of the original are reserved or altered in the quotations will be examined. The examples show that almost all the quotations use exact words and expressions of the original reviews. However, some quotations alter the speech-act value which the reviewer intended to convey in the original and generate different implicatures which were not found in the original. By analysing such cases in which faithfulness to the original discourse is not necessarily observed, this paper tries to elaborate upon the faithfulness claims of direct writing.