Form Of CdCl2 Research Articles

AMELIORATION OF CADMIUM STRESS ON TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) BY TRIACONTANOL APPLICATION

Lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) tend to build up in the roots of tomato plants and are then taken up by the leaves and fruits, resulting in significant removal from the soil. Plant growth and development are at risk due to the soil's buildup and toxicity of heavy metals (HMs). Cadmium, a hazardous element, inhibits the development and yield of tomatoes. Triacontanol (TRIA) enhances plant development when exposed to low concentrations of Cd, hence mitigating its harmful effects. This work used the exogenous triacontanol (TRIA) application to mitigate the adverse physiological impacts of cadmium (Cd) on tomato plants. The current study investigated tomatoes' physical characteristics, functions, and chemical composition to get a deeper understanding of how Triacontanol responds to stress caused by cadmium. Two experiments were laid out under a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), and three replications under a hydroponic system. In the first experiment, the effects of Cd on tomato were grown hydroponically and exposed to cadmium chloride at five concentration levels (control, 1.5, 03, 06 and 12µmol/L). While in the second experiment tomato grown hydroponically, and cadmium used in the form of CdCl2 at five concentration levels (control, 1.5, 03, 06 and 12µmol/L) with one level of TRIA 10µM/L was be applied to facilitate the Cadmium stress on plant. The Hoagland's solution was used to irrigate the plants after the initial 72 hours of pretreatment in both experiments at 35±1℃; 70-75%RH. Data for tomato plants' morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics was recorded. Results revealed that mitigation through triacontanol (TRIA) @ 10µmol/L best affects cadmium stress. It was noted that triacontanol (TRIA) @ 10µmol/L significantly affects tomato plants' morphological, enzymatic, and physiological characteristics at 1.5µmol/L of cadmium stress.

Influence of Nitrogen Deficiency on Ureide Mediated Stress Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

The relationship between nitrogen availability and presence of heavy metal stress appear to affect development and growth of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. In this work, Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were exposed to media containing varying concentrations of nitrogen in form of NH4NO3 or KNO3 and cadmium in the form of CdCl2. When exposed to increasing cadmium stress, aln mutant lines, lacking a functional allantoinase enzyme, displayed enhanced growth and development when compared to wild type, most likely due to their high allantoin content. Increasing nitrogen concentrations appeared to decrease the amount of senescing tissue caused by exposure to cadmium stress. Growth appeared to be slightly increased in both wild type and aln mutant lines grown in media containing KNO3 as the nitrogen source, thereby supporting the importance of nitrogen source on plant growth.

Cadmium Exposure Impairs Cognition and Olfactory Memory in Male C57BL/6 Mice.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal of high interest to the superfund initiative. Recent epidemiology studies have suggested a possible association between Cd exposure and cognitive as well as olfactory impairments in humans. However, studies in animal models are needed to establish a direct causal relationship between Cd exposure and impairments in cognition and olfaction. This study aims to investigate the toxic effect of Cd on cognition and olfactory function in mice. One group of 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice was exposed to 3 mg/l Cd (in the form of CdCl2) through drinking water for 20 weeks for behavior tests and final blood Cd concentration analysis. The behavior tests were conducted before, during, and after Cd exposure to analyze the effects of Cd on cognition and olfactory function. Upon completion of behavior tests, blood was collected to measure final blood Cd concentration. Two additional groups of mice were similarly exposed to Cd for 5 or 13 weeks for peak blood Cd concentration measurement. The peak blood Cd concentration was 2.125-2.25 μg/l whereas the final blood Cd concentration was 0.18 μg/l. At this exposure level, Cd impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in novel object location test, T-maze test, and contextual fear memory test. It also caused deficits in short-term olfactory memory and odor-cued olfactory learning and memory. Results in this study demonstrate a direct relationship between Cd exposure and cognitive as well as olfactory impairments in an animal model.

Brown Algae and Basalt Meal in Maintaining the Activity of Arylsulfatase of Soil Polluted with Cadmium

This study analysed the effectiveness of innovative (basalt meal, brown algae extract) and conventional (barley straw) substances which hypothetically alleviate the inhibiting effect of Cd2+ on biochemical properties of soil, with particular regard to the activity of arylsulfatase. An analysis of their potential was carried out based on the activity of arylsulfatase and the number of Pseudomonas sp. determined on the 25th and 50th days of the study. Cd2+ was applied in the following doses: 0, 4, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 mg Cd2+ kg−1 of DM soil, in the form of CdCl2·2.5H2O. A complex formulation of the issue was obtained from the presentation of biochemical properties using the RS (resistance of soil) index. Cadmium caused permanent adverse effects in the soil environment, inhibiting the activity of arylsulfatase and the yield of spring barley. The consequences of stress connected with increasing Cd2+ pollution were intensified by an elongation of the accumulation time of the tested metal in the soil. Chances for regeneration of the soil may be sought, most of all, with the application of straw and, to a lesser degree, with basalt meal. Brown algae did not meet the expectations for its potential. An increase in the studied parameters also resulted from sowing the soil with spring barley.

Thermal Behavior of Cd During Sludge Incineration: Experiments and Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model.

Experiments and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to investigate the behavior of Cd during sewage sludge incineration. The chemical equilibrium calculations indicated that chlorine significantly increased the volatilization of Cd in the form of CdCl2. In addition, SiO2-containing materials can function as sorbents for stabilizing Cd. The effect of PVC added to the sludge on the migration of Cd in the sludge was greater than that of NaCl. As the temperature increased, both organic and inorganic chlorides reduced the Cd distribution in the bottom ash. The chloride concentration, and the incineration time exhibited insignificant changes in Cd emission. With the addition of either NaCl or PVC into the sludge, the phases of Cd present in the bottom slag were primarily present in the form of silica-alumina oxides or multi-metal oxide, which could inhabit the Cd volatilization.

Ameliorative effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins on cadmium induced metabolic alterations in rats

Objective: To study the ameliorative effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) against cadmium (Cd) induced hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia in rats. Methods: Wistar rats, body weight 180-200g, were randomly divided into four groups, six rats in each group. First group (control) represented the control animal, the second group (Cd) was fed orally with Cd in the form of CdCl2 (5mg/kg bw), the third group (GSP) was fed with GSP (200 mg/kg bw) and to the fourth group (Cd+GSP), CdCl2 was administered orally at a dose of (5 mg/kg bw) and pretreated with GSP (200 mg/kg bw) 90 min before Cd intoxication for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, rats were sacrificed; blood and liver samples were collected and used for analysis of various metabolic parameters. Results: The result of the present study revealed that Cd exposure caused significant reduction in food intake and body weight gain, but increased the liver weight. GSP administration significantly revert all these changes to normal level. Cd intoxication induced hyperglycemia, elevate plasma glucose and lipid profiles and decline in high density lipoprotein (HDL) -cholesterol respectively. The GSP pretreatment regimen was beneficial in the restoration of the increased serum levels of TC, TG and lipid profiles and of the suppressed insulin and total antioxidants on Cd exposure. Conclusion: From the present investigation, it may be concluded that Cd intoxication caused deleterious effects on the metabolism of rats which were successfully restored by GSP. Therefore, the present work suggests that GSP is a feasible therapeutic agent to improve and treat patients with hyperlipidemia, obesity, hyperglycemia in addition to its anti-oxidant properties and can be used as a component in food to promote the health of people.

Cadmium in False Bay: Monitoring potential of the marine snail, Oxystele tigrina (Mollusca)

Cadmium contamination levels in the False Bay intertidal zone in South Africa were assessed in the water and sediments over a period of one year. Samples were collected seasonally from six sites within the bay, and from a reference site situated just outside the eastern arm of False Bay in order to obtain a general overview of contamination levels to which invertebrates in the coastal areas are exposed. The results from the chemical analyses of water and sediment samples revealed that most contamination was associated with the northern shore of the bay between Strand and Muizenberg, where the most populated and industrialised catchments occur. The high contamination factors calculated for Cd for sediments from some sites suggested a strong input of industrial and other discharges containing this heavy metal. There were signifi cant seasonal and spatial differences in the cadmium concentrations, with spatial variations indicating localised contamination, while seasonal variations were assumed to be predominantly related to changes in precipitation and runoff at different times of the year. The mean cadmium concentrations in the water and sediments were occasionally higher than the levels recommended by the South African Water Quality Guidelines, and indicated an increase in the levels compared to the previous water quality surveys. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the uptake, accumulation and loss of cadmium by the different organs of the periwinkle, Oxystele tigrina, from the False Bay intertidal zone. Tissue-specific cadmium accumulation in the control and exposed individuals were compared over a 14-day exposure period to sub-lethal concentrations (0.2 and 0.4 µg/ml) of water-borne cadmium in the form of CdCl2. The animals were sampled at regular intervals and the cadmium concentrations in the different organs measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed a general pattern of cadmium increase in the exposed individuals over a relatively short period. Cadmium was detected in all the tissues, with varying degrees of bioaccumulation. A more or less linear pattern of cadmium accumulation indicated that the metal was not regulated by O. tigrina. The metal was partitioned differently into the soft tissues and shells, with the soft tissues generally displaying a higher rate of cadmium uptake. There was a loss of the accumulated cadmium from the organs of the contaminated individuals upon transfer to clean seawater, with variations in the percentage of cadmium loss probably indicating that only part of the accumulated cadmium was firmly bound to the different tissues. The cadmium loss in the group that was exposed to 0.40µg/ml was not significant, indicating that the cadmium may have been more tightly bound in the tissues of this group compared to the group exposed to 0.20 µg/L. The amounts of cadmium in sediments and animal bodies in some parts of False Bay were such that cadmium could at current relatively low levels be expected to accumulate over time in these animals. Under changed physical conditions that may increase bioavailability, body levels could be reached that could affect the long term survival of this species and possibly its predators.

Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc Contamination on Metal Accumulation by Safflower and Wheat

Accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in cultivated soils is a continuing environmental problem in many parts of the world. An increase in HM concentration can enhance uptake of toxic metals by crops and enter the human food chain. In this study, the uptake behavior of wheat and safflower was evaluated in a calcareous soil by using 12 undisturbed columns in which half were artificially contaminated. Heavy metals in the form of CdCl2 (15 mg Cd kg− 1), CuSO4 (585 mg Cu kg− 1), Pb(NO3)2 (117 mg Pb kg− 1), and ZnCl2 (1094 mg Zn kg− 1) were sprayed on the soil surface and completely mixed in the top 10 cm. The background total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were 1.6, 29.5, 17.5 and 61.2 mg kg− 1, respectively. After metal application, half of the columns (3 contaminated and 3 uncontaminated) were sown with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the other half with safflower (Carthamus tinctorious) and grown for 74 days until maturity. After harvesting, soil columns were cut into 10-cm sections and analyzed for HNO3- and DTPA-extractable metal concentrations. Metal concentrations were also measured in different plant tissues. The results showed that artificial contamination of topsoil decreased the transpiration rate of wheat by 12% and that of safflower by 6%. In contaminated columns, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn accumulation in wheat shoot was greater by 8.0-, 1.9-, 3.0-, and 2.1-fold than the control, respectively. Accordingly, these numbers were 46.0-, 1.3-, 1.7-, and 1.6-fold in safflower shoot. Soil contamination with HMs resulted in a 55% decrease in shoot dry matter yield of wheat while it had no significant effect on shoot dry matter of safflower. The normalized water consumption for safflower was therefore not affected by metal contamination (≈ 13 mm H2O g− 1 of dry weight for all safflower and uncontaminated wheat treatments), while contaminated wheat was much less water efficient at about 27 mm H2O g− 1 dry weight. It was concluded that although artificial contamination had a negative effect on wheat growth, it did not affect safflower's normal growth and water efficiency.

Effect of Sodium Chloride-induced Salinity on Phyto-availability and Speciation of Cd in Soil Solution

A greenhouse experiment with two levels of Cd (0.5 and 10 mg Cd kg−1, in the form of CdCl2), and five salinity levels of irrigation water (0, 8.6, 17.1, 34.2 and 68.4 mM NaCl) in triplicate was conducted to determine the effect of NaCl-induced salinity on the solubility and availability of Cd in clay loam and sandy calcareous soils. Corn seeds (Zea mays L.) were sown in pots. Forty-five days after planting, the shoots were harvested, and their Cd concentration was determined. The post-harvest electrical conductivity (ECe), pH, and concentrations of cations and anions were determined in soil saturation paste extracts. Increasing irrigation water salinity resulted in significant increases in the total soluble Cd concentration in both studied soils. A positive correlation was found between the total soluble Cd and the chloride concentration in the soil solution.Solution speciation, calculated with MINEQL+ (a chemical equilibrium modeling system), predicted that Cd was present mainly as free Cd2+ ions followed by CdCl+ and $$ {\text{CdSO}}^{0}_{4} $$ in the soils irrigated with deionized water. However, Cd species in the soil solution were significantly altered by increasing chloride concentration, with Cd–chloro complexes becoming the dominant Cd species in the soil solution. Increasing the salinity level resulted in significant decreases in the shoot dry matter and increases in the shoot Cd concentration. Shoot Cd concentration was positively correlated with both the total Cd and Cd–chloro complexes in the soil solution.

Cadmium uptake and distribution in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

The growth responses and accumulation of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) was studied in tomato plants. Tomato seedlings were raised in sand-culture and watered with nutrient solution containing cadmium (in the form of CdCl2) at doses ranging from 0 to 7.12 mM. At low concentrations, there was no marked growth reduction in terms of fresh and dry mass. However, the highest concentration (7.12 mM) of cadmium depressed growth in terms of fresh and dry mass and caused reduction in chlorophyll content. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Page Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of proteins showed the expression of low molecular weight proteins (~18, ~30 kDa) in Cd-treated plants when compared to control. Among the different plant parts examined for Cd accumulation, the root tissue showed maximum accumulation. The uptake, distribution and possible implications of cadmium tolerance in tomato plants are discussed.

Phytotoxicity of cadmium and its effect on two genotypes of Brassica juncea L.

By using two Brassica juncea, L. (Indian mustard) genotypes (Varuna and DHR-9504) agreenhouse experiment was carried out to study the effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, yield and concentration of cadmium (Cd) in different plant parts at the Agricultural Research Station, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh, India during 2002-2003. Plants were grown under controlled climatic conditions and subjected to increasing Cd supply in the form of CdCl2 @ 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil. Cdphytotoxicity was shown by growth retardation of Varuna and DHR-9504. Varuna showed greater sensitivity to Cd toxicity than DHR-9504. Increasing Cd supply markedly reduced the seed, stem and root dry weight of both genotypes (Varuna and DHR-9504), and these decreases were more marked in Varuna.Due to increased level of Cd application, the Cd concentration increased significantly in various plant parts in both the Brassica genotypes tested. Increase in Cd concentration of about 5 times in seeds, 7 times in stems and 9 times in roots was noted with an application of 20 mg Cd kg-1 soil more than the control. Cd was accumulated in the roots in much higher amounts than in the stem and seeds, especially in the case of DHR-9504, indicating that there is limited transport of Cd from the root system to the above ground plant parts in DHR-9504 genotype due to the presence of strong Cd-binding proteins in the roots. GenotypeDHR-9504 had significantly less uptake of Cd than genotype Varuna. More data are needed to ascertain the findings of this study.

Cadmium concentrations in the testes, sperm, and spermatids of mice subjected to long-term cadmium chloride exposure.

Exposures to cadmium have been reported to reduce male fertility and there are several hypotheses that suggest how reduced male fertility may result from incorporation of cadmium into sperm chromatin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mice subjected to long-term intraperitoneal cadmium exposure incorporated cadmium into their sperm chromatin. Male mice were exposed to 0.1 mg/kg body weight cadmium in the form of CdCl2 via intraperitoneal injection once per week for 4, 10, 26, and 52 weeks and then sacrificed. The cadmium contents of the liver, testes, pooled sperm, and pooled spermatids from dosed and control animals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium and zinc contents in individual sperm and spermatid heads were determined by particle-induced x-ray emission. Atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that although cadmium accumulated in the liver and testes, cadmium was not detected in pooled sperm or spermatid samples down to minimum detectable limits of 0.02 microg/g dry weight. Particle-induced x-ray emission analyses did not show the presence of cadmium in any sperm or spermatid head down to minimum detectable limits of 15 microg/g dry weight. Particle-induced x-ray emission analyses also demonstrated that phosphorus, sulfur, and zinc concentrations in individual sperm and spermatid heads were not altered by exposure to CdCl2. Because cadmium was not incorporated into sperm chromatin at levels above 0.02 microg/g dry weight, the data cast doubt on hypotheses that suggest that reduced male fertility may result from incorporation of cadmium into sperm chromatin.

Cadmium concentrations in the testes, sperm, and spermatids of mice subjected to long-term cadmium chloride exposure

Background: Exposures to cadmium have been reported to reduce male fertility and there are several hypotheses that suggest how reduced male fertility may result from incorporation of cadmium into sperm chromatin The purpose of this study was to determine whether mice subjected to long-term intraperitoneal cadmium exposure incorporated cadmium into their sperm chromatin. Methods: Male mice were exposed to 0.1 mg/kg body weight cadmium in the form of CdCl2 via intraperitoneal injection once per week for 4, 10, 26, and 52 weeks and then sacrificed. The cadmium contents of the liver, testes, pooled sperm, and pooled spermatids from dosed and control animals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium and zinc contents in individual sperm and spermatid heads were determined by particle-induced x-ray emission. Results: Atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that although cadmium accumulated in the liver and testes, cadmium was not detected in pooled sperm or spermatid samples down to minimum detectable limits of 0.02 μg/g dry weight. Particle-induced x-ray emission analyses did not show the presence of cadmium in any sperm or spermatid head down to minimum detectable limits of 15 μg/g dry weight. Particle-induced x-ray emission analyses also demonstrated that phosphorus, sulfur, and zinc concentrations in individual sperm and spermatid heads were not altered by exposure to CdCl2. Conclusions: Because cadmium was not incorporated into sperm chromatin at levels above 0.02 μg/g dry weight, the data cast doubt on hypotheses that suggest that reduced male fertility may result from incorporation of cadmium into sperm chromatin. Cytometry 35:30–36, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cadmium chloride and cadmium metallothionein-induced pulmonary injury and recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Pulmonary exposure of rats to either cadmium chloride (CdCl2) or cadmium metallothionein (CdMT) was previously reported to induce an influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to the airways, but only CdCl2 caused a significant increase in lung permeability, indicative of damage to the pulmonary epithelium. The purpose of this study was to investigate mechanisms of PMN recruitment following exposure to these forms of cadmium. Fischer 344 rats were intratracheally instilled with 10 micrograms cadmium in the form of CdCl2 or CdMT, and the time course of pulmonary inflammation and PMN migration activity was determined. PMN numbers, permeability, and PMN migration activity of lung lavage supernatant peaked 1 to 2 days after CdCl2 exposure. PMN migration activity was not detected 5 h after CdMT exposure, despite a peak of PMN numbers 10 h after exposure, but was increased by 1 day when permeability had increased to a small but significant degree. Elastase-modified forms of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1PI), with molecular weights of 80 and 51 kd, have been reported to be highly chemotactic for PMNs. Antiserum to alpha 1PI significantly inhibited PMN migration activity detected in supernatants 1 day after exposure to either CdCl2 or CdMT. The results suggest that both CdCl2 and CdMT induce the formation of high molecular weight modified forms of alpha 1PI in the airways; these factors may traverse damaged epithelium to recruit PMNs from the vasculature. Additional small or lipophilic factors, undetectable by the methods of this study, may be responsible for the early influx of PMNs following CdMT exposure in the absence of increased epithelial permeability.