Accessible Form Research Articles

Navigating Public Urban (Green) Space – An Analysis of Ethnic “Other” Women’s Walking Activities in Denmark

Globally, walking is the most popular leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among adults. Yet, navigating public spaces might pose distinct challenges for ethnic “Other” women, whose bodies and veiling practices have come under scrutiny in Western societies. Based on an ethnographic study of a walking group with ethnic “Other” women living in a deprived area of a Danish city, this article explores how the women negotiated being physically active in urban (green) space. Drawing on Lefebvre’s spatial theory, we paid particular attention to the boundaries and norms that characterized the social space of the walking group. Contrary to other activities, walking in a group with other women appeared as an accessible form of LTPA during which participants could practice self-care and preserve “embodied respectability.” Our analysis emphasizes women’s agency in appropriating urban green spaces, whilst also revealing how age, (dis)ability and, particularly, gender and cultural norms regulate their leisure practices.

ENGAGEMENT IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AS A FORM OF SUPPORTING THE SOCIAL ACTIVITY OF YOUNG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV

The article substantiates that the urgent task of social work with young people living with HIV is to find accessible and acceptable forms of social activity for self-realization, mutual help, and participation in society. One of these forms is the involvement of young people in participatory scientific research. The purpose of the article: to present the results of the study of the factors of social maladjustment of young people living with HIV, with the participation of the recipients, and to justify the possibility of using similar studies for the development of social activity of young people living with HIV. According to the design of the study, at its first stage, during the focus group, young people who have a positive HIV status shared their own experiences of living with HIV, taking ART, disclosing the status, relationships with parents (guardians) and peers, interactions with health professionals , interruption of ART and return to taking antiretroviral drugs, mutual support, and expressed their judgments about the reasons for interruption of ART and measures that could prevent it. Taking into account the results of the focus group, a representative survey was developed and conducted, and the importance of certain factors for stopping ARV therapy was proven. In order to interpret and assess the reliability of the obtained data, the results of the survey were given for analysis to young people - activists of a public youth organization. Based on the results of the evaluation, the conclusions of the study were clarified and the following recommendations were made: training parents and medical workers to correctly explain to adolescents the specifics of HIV status and ARV therapy, communication skills with adolescents and providing them with psychological support; organization of support groups for children and young people living with HIV and their parents, implementation of advocacy campaigns in communities aimed at countering the stigmatization of children with HIV.

Analysis of Wireless Security and Networks using COPRAS Method

The wireless networks have become integral to our daily lives, powering everything from smart phones to smart home devices. However, alongside their benefits, wireless networks also bring forth significant security challenges. Wireless networks, unlike traditional wired networks, transmit data over the airwaves, making them susceptible to various forms of unauthorized access and data breaches. Ensuring the security of these networks is crucial to safeguard sensitive information, protect user privacy, and prevent cyber-attacks. The significance of research in wireless security and networks lies in the critical role that wireless technologies play in our interconnected world. As wireless networks become increasingly prevalent in various sectors, including communication, commerce, healthcare, transportation, and more, ensuring their security becomes paramount. Research in wireless security and networks contributes to the advancement of secure and reliable wireless technologies, protecting users' privacy, data, and overall well-being in an increasingly connected world. The COPRAS-G method requires identifying selection criteria, evaluating information related to these criteria, and developing methods to evaluate Meeting the participant's needs Criteria for doing in order to assess the overall performance of the surrogate. Decision analysis involves a Decision Maker (DM) Situation to do consider a particular set of alternatives and select one among several alternatives, usually with conflicting criteria. For this reason, the developed complexity proportionality assessment (COPRAS) method can be used. A genetic algorithm; Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Differential Evolution (DE). Detection Accuracy, Resource Efficiency; Implementation Complexity; Time-to-Deployment. From the result Differential Evolution (DE) is got the first rank whereas is Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is having the lowest rank

Peran Kelembagaan Pertanian dalam Pengembangan Usaha Tani Biofarmaka (Studi Kasus di Desa Trosono, Kecamatan Parang, Kabupaten Magetan)

<p><em>Biopharmaceuticals are a type of plant that can be used as medicine. Developing farming for a commodity requires the role of various parties, one of which is agricultural institutions. Agricultural institutions are an important element in agricultural modernization and supporting farming in Trosono Village, which is known as a producer of biopharmaceutical commodities, especially ginger and turmeric. This research aims to determine the system, the role of institutions, and the impact of institutional roles on agriculture in the development of biopharmaceutical farming in Trosono Village. The research used a qualitative descriptive method and the determination of informants was carried out purposively and snowballing with a total of 13 informants consisting of administrators of agribusiness microfinance institutions, farmer group administrators, extension workers, middlemen, farmers and village heads. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman’s interactive analysis, then data validity was carried out using source triangulation and method triangulation techniques. The results of the research show that Trosono Village has an institutional system for both agricultural input and output, namely the Agribusiness Microfinance Institution, the Association of Farmer Groups, the Agricultural Extension Center and middlemen who work with each other in relation to biopharmaceutical farming. Each institution has a role that is demonstrated in the activities of each institution. However, in terms of institutional conditions in Trosono Village, it is still not optimal in accordance with the existing ideal conditions. The role of institutional activities in developing farming has a social impact on farmers such as improving relations, harmony and economic impacts in the form of easy access to capital, subsidies and marketing, so there has been no improvement in economic conditions. Coordination and assistance between agricultural institutions for biopharmaceutical commodities is needed so that a synergy arises in the implementation of programs and activities in the context of increasing biopharmaceutical commodities.</em><strong></strong></p>

Rentier capitalism, social reproduction, and the limits of liberalism: mapping gendered asset value in Kuwait

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the concept of citizenship rent to help explain the apparently contradictory coexistence of liberalising economic reforms and the entrenchment of patriarchal values. Citizenship rent (CR) is defined as the financial flows that move from the state to the citizen in the form of entitlements, employment, and access to state-subsidised goods, labour and business opportunities. Our innovative proposal substitutes transaction cost economics’ assumption of market selection for a selection by patriarchy to show how gender plays a central role in the reproduction of the asset specificities that increase transaction costs. This illustrates how an extractive, asset-based economy, like Kuwait's, can afford to double down on conservative social values, even at a considerable fiscal price, as long as the transaction costs of getting oil to the international markets are not increased through social disruption or political uncertainty. Rather than examining how women’s social reproductive work subsidises social and political stability, CR reveals women’s role in sustaining assets valuable to the state. This paper demonstrates that a close examination of the social values that inhibit transactions can also reveal patriarchal structures in rentier capital and exhibit a need to further analyse the patriarchal transaction costs that shape and sustain societies.

Application of an Adapted Health Action Process Approach Model to Predict Engagement With a Digital Mental Health Website: Cross-Sectional Study.

Digital Mental Health (DMH) tools are an effective, readily accessible, and affordable form of mental health support. However, sustained engagement with DMH is suboptimal, with limited research on DMH engagement. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is an empirically supported theory of health behavior adoption and maintenance. Whether this model also explains DMH tool engagement remains unknown. This study examined whether an adapted HAPA model predicted engagement with DMH via a self-guided website. Visitors to the Mental Health America (MHA) website were invited to complete a brief survey measuring HAPA constructs. This cross-sectional study tested the adapted HAPA model with data collected using voluntary response sampling from 16,078 sessions (15,619 unique IP addresses from United States residents) on the MHA website from October 2021 through February 2022. Model fit was examined via structural equation modeling in predicting two engagement outcomes: (1) choice to engage with DMH (ie, spending 3 or more seconds on an MHA page, excluding screening pages) and (2) level of engagement (ie, time spent on MHA pages and number of pages visited, both excluding screening pages). Participants chose to engage with the MHA website in 94.3% (15,161/16,078) of the sessions. Perceived need (β=.66; P<.001), outcome expectancies (β=.49; P<.001), self-efficacy (β=.44; P<.001), and perceived risk (β=.17-.18; P<.001) significantly predicted intention, and intention (β=.77; P<.001) significantly predicted planning. Planning was not significantly associated with choice to engage (β=.03; P=.18). Within participants who chose to engage, the association between planning with level of engagement was statistically significant (β=.12; P<.001). Model fit indices for both engagement outcomes were poor, with the adapted HAPA model accounting for only 0.1% and 1.4% of the variance in choice to engage and level of engagement, respectively. Our data suggest that the HAPA model did not predict engagement with DMH via a self-guided website. More research is needed to identify appropriate theoretical frameworks and practical strategies (eg, digital design) to optimize DMH tool engagement.

Health Aspects of Amateur Long-Distance Running

Introduction: Running, as a generally accessible form of physical activity, is recognized as a popular means of preventing lifestyle diseases. Each year, an increasing number of people of various ages, levels of training, and physical fitness participate in mass running events. Purpose: The study aims to identify the opinions of amateur long-distance runners regarding health. Material: 140 individuals from several Polish provinces, approximately 30 years old. Method: A proprietary questionnaire survey. Results: The most important factor motivating the respondents to engage in long-distance running is the improvement of sports performance, followed by the need to relieve stress, improve quality of life, and, to a lesser extent, health goals. According to most respondents, endurance-based long-distance running is healthy because it improves physical fitness, positively affects the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, enhances immunity, and is a way to relieve stress. Only a few respondents believe that running is not healthy. The main forms of preparation for half marathons and marathons among runners include warm-up exercises before the planned effort and strength and muscle stretching exercises. In the studied group of runners, past injuries do not diminish the satisfaction of engaging in long-distance running. Despite a significant number of respondents having experienced injuries in the past while practicing this sport, they still consider running to be healthy. Conclusions: Long-distance running brings numerous health benefits. It improves physical fitness, positively affects cardiovascular function, including lowering blood pressure, significantly enhances sleep quality, and helps reduce stress, as confirmed by the respondent’s opinions.

Otitis in paediatric practice: clinic presentation, diagnosis, role of topical therapy

The article considers the main pathological processes in the outer and middle ear, which are detected at the primary paediatric visit. A particular focus has been placed on the importance of otoscopy and the need for sustainable routing of a child with ear pain. The basic principles for the treatment of acute external and otitis media in children are outlined, and indications for additional examinations and systemic antimicrobial therapy are determined. The benefits of topical combination ear drops in the treatment of acute external and otitis media are presented. The benefits of combination ear drops in the treatment of ear pathology in children from 6 years of age are demonstrated by examples of clinical studies and retrospective analysis of clinical efficacy. Clinical cases from our own observations are presented: a 7-year-old patient with acute non-perforative otitis media and a 12-year-old patient with acute exacerbation of chronic external otitis, myringitis. The combination ear drops containing chloramphenicol, beclomethasone dipropionate (anhydrous), clotrimazole and lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate demonstrated high clinical efficacy. The combination drug with a beneficial and clinically proven effect can help solve the issue of otitis in children from 6 years of age. The authors have developed a treatment and prevention reminder for ear pathologies in children, which will help the paediatrician explain the main principles of treatment and prevention of otitis media to parents in an easily accessible form. It was concluded that ear pathology is a current and multi-etiological challenge that requires attention and expert knowledge of a paediatrician. The active parental involvement in ear pathology prevention in their child will help their children to grow physically healthy.

Informing inclusive and affirmative hospital pharmacy services for 2SLGBTQ+ patients.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (2SLGBTQ+) people disproportionally experience health disparities, and hospital pharmacists, given their accessibility and expertise in medication management, are ideally positioned to provide care to this vulnerable population. This study investigated the barriers and facilitators faced by hospital pharmacists when providing care to 2SLGBTQ+ patients, with the goal of informing enhancement of quality care provided to these patients. A mixed-methods triangulation design was utilized, comprising an online survey and qualitative interviews with Canadian hospital pharmacists. The survey used the lens of systemic oppression as a framework and assessed pharmacists' perceptions and knowledge. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. A total of 129 individuals participated in the survey, and 15 participants were interviewed. Eleven themes were identified, and findings revealed a complex web of individual, interpersonal, and systemic barriers and facilitators. Pharmacists expressed a lack of proficiency and confidence in discussing 2SLGBTQ+ health topics, further compounded by an apprehension to engage and a fear of causing harm. Pharmacists desired support from their leadership teams and organizations in the form of access to resources, time to engage in training, and workplace environments that encourage discussions about 2SLGBTQ+ health. Hospital pharmacists in Canada are willing to provide inclusive care to 2SLGBTQ+ patients but face significant barriers. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive education, supportive workplace cultures, and accessible resources to address health disparities and improve care for 2SLGBTQ+ individuals.

Lessons from the COVID pandemic in music education the advantages and disadvantages of online music education

The COVID-19 pandemic had far-reaching effects on various areas of everyday life. In several countries, singing, the most accessible form of musical expression, was banned, as was the use and teaching of wind instruments. Nevertheless, innovations in music education combined with teachers' dedication and creativity introduced several elements into the teaching process which are worth using in the future.The aim of our study is to explore the experiences of this novel form of music education among teachers at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels in Hungary and abroad. The respondents in our survey answered open-ended questions on the advantages and disadvantages they had experienced with online education. The MAXQDA software was used for the qualitative analysis of the data collected. Music teachers highlighted the disadvantages of online education. As for positive responses, teachers mentioned the improvement of digital competencies and the development of students' autonomy.

Drone Warfare and Threshold of the Use of Force

The proliferation of drones among both state and non-state actors, as evidenced by their widespread use, signals a shift towards more accessible forms of military engagement. In this context, the paper discusses how drones, as unmanned, remotely operated aircraft, have revolutionized warfare by enabling remote engagement and minimizing personnel risk. Concepts such as risk compensation, the 'body bag syndrome', and the potential for drones to lower the threshold for use of force has also been explored. The precision and long endurance of drones, coupled with their cost-effectiveness, emerge as double-edged swords, enhancing military capabilities while raising questions about the ease of resorting to force. The paper highlights the operational advantages of drones over manned aircraft, including rapid deployment, reduced training requirements, and operational flexibility. This paper also explores the transformative role of drone technology in contemporary military operations and examines the impact of drones on the threshold of use of force in contemporary times. Following the thematic analysis of qualitative sources backed by quantitative data, this paper explores how drones have lowered the threshold for the use of force.

Transparency in the Management of Village-Owned Enterprises In Pulo Jantan Village, Na Ix-X District

there are still many BUMDes that do not operate, do not submit reports, their establishment is not supported by feasibility studies and they have not been orderly in their administration and reports The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. To obtain data and information, researchers conducted interviews with managers of Village-Owned Enterprises and the Pulo Jantan Village community. In addition, researchers also conducted observations and documentation to answer research problems. The data that has been obtained is analyzed using Kristianten's Transparency theory, namely Availability and Accessibility of Documents, Clarity and Completeness of Information, Process Openness and Regulatory Frameworks that Guarantee Transparency. Based on the research conducted, it can be seen that the Transparency of Management of Village-Owned Enterprises cannot be said to be Transparent. This is shown in the Document Availability and Accessibility indicator, namely the absence of publication media as a form of easy access provided to the public. The second indicator is Clarity and Completeness of Information, namely information related to the annual village meeting is still not clearly provided to the community. The third indicator is Process Openness, namely information related to the BUMDes program management process is still not optimally provided to the community.

Women’s campaigning, petitioning, and grassroots activism, 1945–1997

ABSTRACT Petitioning provided a flexible repertoire for women’s political activity in the decades after 1945. Petitioning was a popular, widespread practice: aside from voting, signing a petition was one of the few political activities that engaged a majority of women. Building on a long tradition of British women as active petitioners, petitioning was used by a variety of different groups—local action groups, voluntary associations, political parties, pressure groups, and radical social movements, including those associated with the Women’s Liberation Movement. Connecting formal and informal politics, petitioning was a relatively cheap, accessible form of political activity that enabled activism. In particular, the practices associated with name-signing created informal, temporary political spaces for women. Petitioning also provided a mechanism for representation and making representative claims to authority on behalf of women. The media-friendly spectacle of presenting petitions to authority was useful for attracting publicity as a range of activists, including conservative moral campaigners like Mary Whitehouse realised. The flexibility of petitioning explain its popularity as a form of political participation for women, particularly in facilitating local, informal activity.

Unregulated Open-Access versus Regulated Open-Access Fishing: Stakeholders Perceptions in Sierra Leone

Fish stocks are declining in marine capture coastal fisheries in West Africa. Many observers have blamed climate change and the system of open access for the decline. Open-access fishing encourages too many people to take up fishing, and the result is overfishing of the stocks. According to such critics, this is a classic example of Hardin’s tragedy of the commons, whereby a continuous increase in the number of users of a natural resource eventually leads to the collapse of the resource. The present study, which analysed stakeholders’ perceptions about their open-access fishing in Siera Leone’s marine fisheries, conducted 32 key informant interviews. Our research found that while they perceived that open-access fishing impacted fish stocks, most Sierra Leone’s marine capture fishers did not see open access as a cause of fish decline; instead, they blamed the lack of enforced regulations on the methods and extent of fishing. Accordingly, these fishers favoured the continuation of open access—not least because it helps to alleviate hunger and is a readily available source of protein in Sierra Leone’s coastal communities—but accompanied by strict regulations on both the type of fishing gear used and the quantity, size, and species of fish caught. In other words, they preferred regulated open access to unregulated open access. The central government’s resolve to regulate its fishery will determine whether it will transition from unregulated open access to regulated open access or other forms of OA. This study recommends detailed research into how to influence political will to enforce regulations.

Impact of biochar produced at different pyrolysis conditions on heavy metal contaminated soil.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of urban derived biochars such as Sugarcane bagasse (SB), Brinjal Stem (BS), and Citrus Peel (CP) produced at two different pyrolysis conditions (450 and 600°C for 60min) for soil heavy metal bioremediation potential. An ex-situ study was conducted to remediate single heavy metal-contaminated SoilRite with lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd), with biochars applied at different rates. Heavy metal status in soilrite was evaluated using various extraction methods (water-soluble, exchangeable, TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure), and PBET (Physiologically Based Extraction Tests)) to determine the biochar treatments' efficacy. The findings show that SB biochar at 450-60 are more effective in immobilizing heavy metals in water-soluble (Cd-100% Pb and Cu-70%), exchangeable (Pb:91%, Cd and Cu by 70-80%) and PBET-extracted forms (Cd-91%, Pb-80%, and Cu-75%), whereas biochar derived from BS (84%) and CP (90%) at 600-60 are more effective in immobilizing TCLP-extracted form of Pb and Cu. Urban derived biochars significantly reduced the toxicity of Pb, Cu, and Cd in various extractable forms and can stabilize and convert them into less accessible forms except for Cr. These extraction methods aid in evaluating environmental risks and influencing remediation strategies for soil heavy metal pollution. Urban biochar, as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution, significantly solves this issue, facilitating sustainable waste management.

Attitudinal barriers: a reflection of our actions in the Inclusion process

The article discusses the importance of attitudinal accessibility in the inclusion process, beyond physical and pedagogical transformations, highlighting that without attitudinal accessibility, other forms of accessibility are not effective. Share our actions as people and professionals in the inclusion process and beyond the transformations in the physical environment and teaching practices, which refer to physical and pedagogical accessibility, it is necessary to consider, mainly, the aspects that involve attitudinal accessibility because, without it, not another form of accessibility becomes effective. We aim to present the teachers' narratives on the themes. Thus, this article deals with an experience report on the impressions of teachers in an assistive technology course, where we discussed in several forums and the 18 participants presented their impressions. As a result, we had contributions about their anxieties, expectations, and prejudices they had about the care of people with disabilities. We concluded that it is necessary to feed the movement of inner transformation bumping into our attitudes and understanding that what is different is not always the other; we are everyone.

Data Visualisation of the National Bibliography of Sweden in 2015–2022

The aim of the article is to analyse the experience of visualising the national bibliography data as a method of studying the documentary flow of the country’s publishing products, and as a means of imaging publishing industry statistics (using the example of Sweden). Research methods. Achieving the set goal is carried out using a system of general scientific and special methods: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalisation, etc.), empirical (description), review and analytical, comparative, statistical, etc.). The methodological basis of the study are general scientific principles of objectivity, complexity, continuity and comprehensiveness. From the standpoint of scientific methodology, the issue is studied on the system approach basis. Scientific novelty. The conducted analysis of the project in data visualisation of the national bibliography of Sweden presents an original approach to imaging some certain bibliographic data set, studying the documentary flow of publishing products, conducting publishing statistics, and informing users more widely in an accessible form. Main conclusions. The national bibliography of Sweden presents current and quality statistics data on the country’s publishing products. Implemented by the Royal Library of Sweden, the project in bibliographic data visualisation shows that the national bibliography, as an authoritative and transparent indicator of tendencies in Swedish book publishing, makes it possible not only to analyse the products publication, but also to clearly and definitely visualise and illustrate it. Visualisation makes it possible to identify certain relationships in the set of information about new publications, to display the distribution of data, as well as composition and comparison. The project demonstrates the ability of the Royal Library of Sweden, as a national bibliographic agency, to effectively and efficiently adapt to the modern media-landscape, and respond to the current demands of time and the users’ needs. Mastering the Swedish experience in data visualisation can contribute to improving the Ukrainian bibliographic practice and transformation of the national bibliography of Ukraine in the digital environment.

Peripheral intravascular lithotripsy to facilitate transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement – Defining optimal treatable peripheral arterial disease burden

BackgroundTransfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TF-TAVR) has proven superior to alternative access. However, some patients evaluated for TF-TAVR are unfit secondary to peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Peripheral intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) can facilitate femoral access. This study aimed to characterize optimal lesions that can be treated with IVL. MethodsSingle-center, retrospective analysis of an institutional database, queried from 1/2018 through 7/2023 for all patients who underwent TAVR. Patients who received IVL-facilitated transfemoral access were analyzed. ResultsOf 2862 TAVR cases identified, 92 (3.2 %) underwent lithotripsy. The IVL-facilitated cohort had a mean age of 78 ± 9.2 years and 45 % were female. The right common iliac artery was most treated (47). Most IVL was performed with 7-mm balloons (73.9 %). All cases were successful. 30-day mortality was 1.1 % (1/92). ConclusionsIn our cohort, complications after IVL-facilitated TF-TAVR were more common with small vessel diameter (≤4.7 mm), significant luminal loss (>50 % stenosis), and heavy calcium burden (arc calcification >180°). The findings support the use of IVL to expand the population of patients who can undergo TF-TAVR without the increased risks associated with the various forms of alternative access. Summary for annotated table of contentsIVL-facilitated TF-TAVR is safe and feasible. Despite its introduction to TAVR clinical practice in 2018, IVL-facilitated TF-TAVR is not regularly performed and could increase the population of patients eligible for TF-TAVR.

PEMANFAATAN KOMODITI LOKAL DALAM PENDAMPINGAN WIRAUSAHA MELALUI PELATIHAN DEVIL PANCAKE DI SMK NEGERI 2 SINGARAJA

In the era of globalization and intense market competition, entrepreneurship is crucial for improving economic quality. One accessible form of entrepreneurship is through micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Entrepreneurship allows communities to enhance their welfare and economic potential, regardless of age, offering vocational high school students the chance to become young entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial mentoring for vocational high school students prepares them to innovate and develop strong entrepreneurial traits. This program, conducted in Buleleng Regency, Bali, known for its educational heritage, focuses on culinary entrepreneurship training, particularly in pastry making. Initiated by the Student Association of the D3 Hospitality Program at the International Tourism and Business Institute, the training includes practical food production using local commodities. One notable training involves making Devil Pancake, a simple yet innovative pastry. Participated by Culinary students from SMKN 2 Singaraja, using demonstration and duplication methods to enhance practical skills. Students observed instructors and then practiced independently, significantly improving their understanding and skills. The program yielded positive results, boosting students' confidence and practical experience. Using local ingredients and simple processes reassured students that starting a business is feasible. This program successfully motivated SMKN 2 Singaraja students to pursue entrepreneurship.

Dynamics of Multimodal Components in English Educational Discourse: the Case of “English Grammar in Use” by Raymond Murphy

This article aims to identify the linguistic features of English-language educational discourse in terms of structural, descriptive, semantic, and cognitive-pragmatic analyses. The relevance of the study stems from the need to identify trends in the representation of language components in modern grammar textbooks within the communicative-pragmatic paradigm of educational discourse. The authors focus on the linguosynergetic potential of the English grammar textbook “English Grammar in Use” by Raymond Murphy, manifested in changes of certain discourse markers in all five editions. Employing a multimodal discourse analysis methodology, this research scrutinizes the verbal and visual disparities—encompassing graphic elements, letter capitalization, italics, font, and color—that hold pragmatic value and fulfill various roles, from engagement to information conveyance. The authors also investigate the interference of advertising and educational discourses and the small-format nature of texts in this self-study textbook, whose hypertext structure and internal navigational system serve as a surrogate for teacher guidance, thereby performing a directive function. A diachronic analysis of communicative scenarios within the textbook’s exercises reveals the dynamic utilization of interjections, underscoring their importance in creating an emotive-expressive backdrop that facilitates the acquisition of grammatical phenomena, reflective of their real-world application. Thus, in an attempt to represent the features of natural communication and to avoid the use of linguistic terms, the author of the textbook presents complex grammatical material in the most accessible form for a wide audience. Consequently, the study highlights the textbook’s increasing emphasis on the personality-bound component, complementing the traditionally dominant status-oriented approach in educational discourse.