Forestry Officials Research Articles

Role of local markets in illegal wildlife trade and conservation efforts for trafficked species

In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in wildlife crime worldwide. In Benin, hunting activities are prevalent near protected areas, facilitating networks engaged in the illicit trade of wildlife products. Consequently, there is an urgent need to investigate the specific role of local markets in wildlife trafficking to support conservation efforts. This study examined 24 markets selling carcasses of animals and conducted interviews with forestry officers to compile a list of ex-situ wildlife management centres and the species they protect. A total of 161 wildlife species were identified, including 39 mammal species, 33 reptile species, and 89 bird species, whose products are traded in these markets. A substantial portion of these species is classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List and the appendices of the CITES convention. These products originate from both domestic and international sources, including Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Niger, Cameroon, and Senegal. The beneficiaries of these trafficked products span populations in Benin, Nigeria, China, Burkina Faso, India, Ghana, Niger, and Togo. Interestingly, the proximity of markets to protected areas did not significantly impact species richness within the markets, although traded species reflected those found in protected areas. Furthermore, our investigation revealed 20 ex-situ wildlife management centres in Benin, demonstrating a strong correlation between species managed ex-situ and those traded. This study highlights the substantial pressure exerted by illegal wildlife trade on conservation efforts in Benin.

Collaboration or Contravention? Ramifications For Effective Participatory Decision-Making in Collaborative Forest Management at Echuya Central Forest Reserve, South Western Uganda

Participatory decision-making has been extensively adopted worldwide as an essential mechanism and a good governance principle to reach a consensus in natural resource management. However, in most communities, local people who depend on forests are not involved in the decision-making process regarding conserving protected areas. This research assesses the ramifications of collaboration or contravention on effective participatory decision-making in collaborative forest management in Echuya Central Forest Reserve. It provides insights into how community consultations and participation of forest-adjacent communities in planning meetings influence the conservation of protected areas. We collected data from a total of 639 respondents, including Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) group members and non-CFM community members, government institutions, conservation organizations, and local community leaders, using semi-structured questionnaires, interview guides, and Focus Group Discussion guides. Results indicate that community consultations allow CFM stakeholders, particularly community members, to give ideas on how such projects can be implemented without destroying forest resources, promoting the goal of conserving the forest reserve. Community members’ participation in planning meetings allows them to contribute ideas about relevant and appropriate forest conservation approaches. However, the National Forestry Authority (NFA) and other non-community actor groups dominate the decision-making process mainly because the NFA has the legal mandate to manage the forest reserve on behalf of the Government. We concluded that the connivance of government forestry officials with unauthorized forest resource users undermines the spirit of participatory decision-making. Dishonesty and lack of accountability hampered effective participatory decision-making, and low attendance at meetings undermines effective participation in decision-making. Thus, community members’ consistent attendance of meetings is paramount for positive outcomes of participatory decision-making for the conservation of forests

A Comparison of the Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) Guidelines and the “Implementation of Governance, Forest Landscapes, and Livelihoods” Project in Lao PDR: The FPIC Team Composition and the Implementation Process

Free, prior, and informed consent, or FPIC, is a crucial component of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+) projects. This study addresses a significant research gap regarding FPIC in the context of REDD+ projects, with a focus on the Implementation of Governance, Forest Landscapes, and Livelihoods (I-GFLL) project in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This research aimed to evaluate the FPIC’s components and implementation. We employed a literature review of the FPIC implementation reports from 242 targeted villages involved in the I-GFLL project and face-to-face interviews with 12 key informants. The research found positive aspects, such as female team membership, boosting ethnic women’s participation; the exclusion of forestry officials to foster an open dialogue; and respect for project rejections, displaying adherence to the FPIC principles. However, some challenging aspects were also highlighted, such as the exclusion of civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-government organizations (NGOs) and the loss of their expertise; limited team knowledge of forestry/climate change, hindering communication; short consultation durations; and an incomplete understanding of technical terms due to the project’s novelty, raising concerns. The study emphasizes the importance of crafting FPIC teams that promote communication, respect community rights, and, ultimately, ensure successful project implementation.

The effects of internal driver, external pressure and green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO) on green supply chain management (GSCM) performance through GSCM practice in wood processing companies in Lumajang district

This study examines the correlation between internal drivers, external pressures, Green Entrepreneurial Orientation (GEO). In the context of wood processing companies in Lumajang, this study examines how green supply chain management (GSCM) practices and performance interact. The study relies on theoretical underpinnings grounded in both institutional theory and the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) theory to thoroughly explore and comprehend these complex interconnections. Data was collected from a sample of 98 wood processing companies registered as Primary Timber Forest Product Industries (IPHHK) in the Lumajang District Forestry Office up to 2020, using a saturated sampling technique over three months from January to March 2022. This study's data analysis was carried out using structural equation modeling (SEM), which uses the partial least squares (PLS) methodology. The results of the analysis indicate that internal drivers do not exert a significant influence on Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) performance. In contrast, external pressure and Green Entrepreneurial Orientation (GEO) have a notable and statistically significant impact on GSCM performance. Furthermore, GSCM practices play a crucial mediating role, fully mediating the correlation between internal drivers and GSCM performance and partially mediating the correlation between external pressure, GEO, and GSCM performance. This research holds practical implications for managers, supply chain specialists, and Lumajang wood processing industry policymakers. It clarifies the significance of particular drivers in putting GSCM practices into practice and reaching improved performance levels. Future research should consider expanding the sample size, extending the scope of the survey, exploring additional research avenues, and implementing longitudinal designs to investigate green supply chain integration and firm behavior over time.

Economic Assessment for the Recreation Value of Al-Sunut Forest Reserve in Khartoum State, Sudan

This study aims to present a methodological framework for estimating the recreational value as part of the ecosystem’s services provided by the Sudanese forests. The number of visitors ready to pay for the forest’s services has been analyzed using the individual travel cost method (ITCM). The data were collected using questionnaires with 640 visitors randomly participating at the forest site, and respondents’ results were analyzed using SPSS software v21. Further analysis of ITCM was performed using analysis of moment structure. The linear regression model is used to estimate the effects of variables, like socioeconomic variables, on the frequency of the visits to assess the recreational value of the forest site. The results showed that the consumer’s excess for each visitor was 21,500 Sudanese pounds (SDG), and travel costs, age, income, distance, and family size of visitors affect the recreational use of the site. Most of the visitors were students, with the majority of their ages ranging between 21 and 30. An additional discovery indicated that higher-income visitors were more willing to travel. These encouraging findings are a helpful guide for planning the future management of forests for recreational uses. This meant that forests offer great recreational value, which might help the Forestry Office ensure that natural forests are planned for and used sustainably.

“I Am a Poor Man with a Family”: Rangers, Social Welfare, and Monitor Networks in the Forests of Interwar Zlatna, Romania

In the interwar period, forestry emerged as a powerful tool through which state institutions attempted to shape social and natural environments in rural Romania. This article evaluates how criminality, poverty, surveillance, exploitation, and labor intersected in Romania’s forests through the figure of the forest ranger, responsible for a range of tasks from managing forest ecology to serving as the state’s representative in the woodlands. Using a microhistorical approach, the article recounts the story of a Zlatna ranger investigated for theft in the late 1920s. His story and the individuals involved offer important insight into the asymmetrical power relations and local social factors that negotiated the forests’ legibility. Rangers served as part crucial asset, part embarrassing liability, existing in a liminal space between the state and local society. Through local forestry agents, their informal networks, and the “involuntary monitors” these invariably created, state forestry officials had valuable points of contact with rural society. This article demonstrates the value of rural perspectives in historical studies, challenging prevailing notions that conceptualize rural people as simple, irrelevant, or singlemindedly opposed to the encroachment of the modern state.

Contestations, counteractions and equitable conservation – a case study of Ghana's Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve

This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of forest conservation conflict in rural Ghana, where state-led conservation efforts through forest reserves have met fierce counteractions from local communities within and around the Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve. The study adopts a critical postcolonial institutional framework to examine the historical struggles that have shaped conservation policies in the country and subsequent contestations by forest-fringe communities (FFCs) seeking to use forest reserves for agricultural purposes. It dwells on archival materials, participant observation and interviews with farmers, local chiefs and forestry officials. The paper highlights the multifaceted strategies employed by these communities to assert their right to produce food within the forest reserve, leading to clashes with forestry authorities. By employing a critical postcolonial lens, the paper sheds light on the complex power relations and the historical legacies that underpin this conservation conflict, ultimately providing valuable insights for navigating sustainable and inclusive conservation approaches that respect the rights and local priorities of dispossessed, marginalised FFCs.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Three Volatile Oils Extracted from Nigella sativa L. Seeds

Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) and its volatiles have a wide range of benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of three volatile oils from Erzincan (Local market/Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office in Erzincan) and Konya. These three samples were grown under different edaphic and climatic conditions. The disc diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity against ten standard bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli). Monoterpenes were abundant in the chemical composition of all volatile oils tested. The seeds of Erzincan (from local market), Erzincan (from Erzincan Provincial Authority of Agriculture and Forestry) and Konya were characterized by the presence of p-cymene (41.74%-51.98%), α-thujene (16.02%-16.49) and nerol (7.91%-8.50%). Clostridium perfringens (inhibition zone: 35 to 39.3 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (inhibition zone: 29.7 to 38.7 mm) were found to be particularly sensitive to all volatile oils tested. The results of this study show that the volatile oil of the seeds of N. sativa has remarkable antibacterial activity, which may be due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. In view of the uncontrolled development of antibiotic resistance, these compounds can be used for prophylactic or curative purposes.

Institutional Improvement in Supporting the Carrying Capacity of The Kendari City Coastal Area, Indonesia

This research is an escalating the environmental management of Kendari Bay coastal areas using an interpretatively structural modeling (ISM) technique. The fundamental circumstances of various problems in the coastal areas of Kendari Bay become complex due to the involvement of many interested parties (stakeholders) such as local government, communities, industries, merchants, hotel's owners, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and dynamic because the degradation rate of the coastal environment will change over time. This research aimed to seek the institutional roles in terms of concerned institutions, related government policies, and the needed programs in managing the coastal areas of Kendari Bay. Data collection was conducted from August to October 2018. Data were gathered through interviews, observation, and focus group discussions by using a technique of Interpretatively Structural Modelling (ISM). Results of this research exhibit that key elements of prioritized programs were information system development, research and development consolidation, clean the Kendari Bay movement and against pollution socialization, the establishment of community or custom-based organizations, and creating a coastal development agent of the bay. Furthermore, the results of analyzing the institutional key elements in broadening environmental management of Kendari Bay coastal areas were suggested to increase multi-sectors coordination among institutions such as Marine and Fishery Office, Regional Development Agency (Bappeda), Settlements and Public Housing Office, Environmental Office, Traditional Leaders, Watershed Management Agency, and Forestry Office. Those institutions in the analysis were hoped to be standard institutions in expanding the management of Kendari Bay coastal areas sustainably.

Implementation of PP No. 71 of 2010 concerning Accrual-Based Government Accounting Standards in the Preparation of Financial Statements

This study aims to look at HR's understanding of the implementation of Accrual-Based SAP and to find out the application of accrual-based government accounting standards in Government Agencies of the North Sumatra Province Environment and Forestry Service,This study applies a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques, namely observation, interviews, and documentation,Application of Government Accounting Standards to the Environment and Forestry Service of North Sumatra Province only presents 5 financial reports, namely the Budget Realization Report, Balance Sheet, Operational Report, Report on Changes in Equity and Notes to Financial Statements. It can be concluded that the financial reports presented by the Environment and Forestry Office of North Sumatra Province are in accordance with Government Regulation Number 71 of 2010.It can be concluded that the readiness of Human Resources (HR) at the Department of Environment and Forestry of North Sumatra Province is Inadequate. This is due to the lack of competent human resources in preparing financial reports and the lack of knowledge regarding the accrual basis at the North Sumatra Province Environment and Forestry Service. But it does not hinder and disrupt the process of preparing accrual-based financial reports, in which HR is guided by the preparation of financial reports in the previous period.

Venality in town: the civic participation of venal forestry officers in Villemur (1671–1776)

Abstract Ancien régime venality of office has been axiomatically associated with inefficiency and corruption. In the case of mid-ranking provincial royal forestry officers, such behaviour was blamed on the limited promotion opportunities and poor financial rewards of their office. This article argues that active engagement with municipal politics was an additional, and more effective, compensation strategy for these office-holders because they could capitalize on the opportunities provided by the introduction of municipal venality in 1692. While financially unrewarding, civic participation enhanced their local status and prestige. It also contributed to the concentration of municipal power into few privileged hands, which over time severely undermined more participative forms of local governance. Ultimately, the failure of Colbert’s vision of forestry as an efficient public service was not due to the venal nature of the forestry office per se, but to office-holders sacrificing dedication to the king’s service for enhanced municipal prominence.

The Role of Government in Supervision of Protected Forests in Konawe District

This study aims to determine the role of forestry officials in monitoring the Protected forests in Konawe District and the factors that influence the role of forestry officials in monitoring the Protected forests in Konawe District. The informants in this study were employees at the UPTD KPH Unit Xiii Laiwoi Barat, Konawe Regency, 7 of whom were employees, heads of UPTD KPH Unit Xiii Laiwoi Barat Konawe Regency, community leaders, forest monitoring field officers, heads of forest protection and security and communities who have committed violations in protected forest areas. This research is descriptive qualitative. The type of data used is primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques by observing, studying documentation, and interviews. The results of this study are, 1) The role of the UPTD FLaiwoi Barat Konawe Regency in monitoring protected forests includes the roles of facilitators, regulators, dynamic actors, and coordinators that have been going well, 2) Factors influencing the Government in Controlling Protected Forests in Konawe Regency is the human resource factor as well as the regulatory factor

Forests of Fear: Illegal Logging, Criminalization, and Violence in the Carpathian Mountains

In this article we explore the twisted consequences of the worldwide turn toward prohibitive policies and criminalization in conservation. We argue that tackling environmental challenges with legal repertoires that are coercive and punitive in nature increases criminalization and produces insidious and overt forms of violence. Tough-on-crime measures aimed at curbing illegal logging advance social vulnerabilities, further marginalizing already disenfranchised rural populations. Also, such measures trigger the formation of a culture of patronage, secrecy, fear, and anger, which facilitates the rise of forest violence. Transformations of forest use under increasingly harsh regimes of conservation have been documented worldwide, but these processes in Eastern Europe have received far less scholarly attention. Here we explore forest criminalization in Romania after it became a member state of the European Union, looking at different groups of alleged wrongdoers: petty community users, local forestry businessmen, and forestry officers. Drawing on interviews with forestry and conservation actors, media analysis, and ethnographic research of communities for which illegal logging was an everyday reality, we show how criminalization escalated into insidious forms of violence and the deepening of rural vulnerabilities.

Analysis of Mercury (Hg) Heavy Metal Content in Rice Snail (Pila ampullacea) Derived from Rawa Taliwang Lake, West Sumbawa Regency

Danu Rawa Taliwang is a large body of water that receives sources of heavy metal pollution from human activities such as agriculture and mining. By using bioindicators such as fish, heavy metals have been detected in the waters. The aim of the study was to determine the content of heavy metal mercury (Hg) in the Rice Field Snail (Pila ampullacea) originating from Lake Rawa Taliwang to enrich Ecotoxicology course material. The special benefit is to protect consumers who consume fish from heavy metal contaminants. Sample Snail was put into a plastic bag and then stored in a sample box. The research sample was then analyzed at the Environmental Laboratory Center for the West Nusa Tenggara Environment and Forestry Office. The method of data analysis was carried out by taking muscle tissue from snails and then analyzing the content of heavy metals in the form of Hg using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Heavy metals in snail tissue were measured after adding concentrated HNO3 and HClO4, which were heated at 60-70ºC for 2-3 hours until the solution was clear. Ready samples were measured by AAS using an air-acetylene flame. The conclusion of this study is that the heavy metal content of Hg in rice field snails (Pila ampullacea) originating from Lake Rawa Taliwang to enrich Ecotoxicology course material ranges from 0.96 ppm to 1.91 ppm.

The Influence of Level of Education, Training and Work Discipline on the Performance of Forestry Officials in Makassar

This study aims to determine the effect partially and simultaneously the level of education, training, and work discipline partially affect the performance of employees in the Makassar Forestry Service. To determine the level of education, training, work discipline on the performance of employees in the Makassar Forestry Service. This study uses a quantitative approach. Data analysis techniques in this study used validity tests, reliability tests, multiple linear regression analysis, partial tests, and simultaneous tests. From the results of the validity test, the data shows valid with the R-count greater than the R-table. Based on the multiple linear regression analysis the results of the analysis are: Y = 42.460 + 0.050X1 + 0.830X2 + 0.857X3. It is known that the level of education, training and work discipline has a partial effect on the performance of forestry service employees in Makassar. Where each variable t-count value is greater than t-table, education level (2.362 > 1.699), training (1.974 > 1.699), work discipline (2.232 > 1.699) and simultaneous test scores show f-count greater than f -table (2.986 > 2.96). This means that the level of education, training, and work discipline simultaneously affect the performance of forestry service employees in Makassar.

Oaxaca Resurgent: Indigeneity, Development, and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Mexico

In Oaxaca Resurgent, A. S. Dillingham explores the paradoxes of Mexican indigenista education and development in the Mixteca Alta. Indigenista thought “simultaneously cast the ‘Indian’ as the origin of national identity, a barrier to be overcome, and a source of inspiration for a multicultural future” (4). Indigenismo sought to recognize Native communities, but their resistance defied expectations. Triqui women of San Andrés Chicahuaxtla frowned and stared at the ground in the photographs of anthropologist Frederick Starr. Decades later, an elderly Mixtec man scolded a teacher: “Damn, Ramón. We sent you to Mexico [City] to learn la castilla [Spanish] so you could return and teach it to us. Now it turns out you want to teach us in our own language?” (58). Throughout the mountainous western region, the teachers, agriculturalists, and other promotores bilingües like Ramón joined Indigenous communities to engage, reject, and reshape state initiatives to modernize living standards.Dillingham captures the dissonant voices and visions that indigenistas represented. Early chapters explore economic development and inequality during the sexenios of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952–58) and Adolfo López Mateos (1958–64), Spanish literacy campaigns, and land and labor systems. Anthropologists of the Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI) Julio de la Fuente and Alejandro Marroquin, and the economist Moisés de la Peña, associated Indigeneity with colonialism. They reported that local mestizo elites, mine owners, forestry officials, merchants, coffee estate coyotes, and parasitic agraristas exploited Mixtecs at the Tlaxiaco market. For its short-wave radio broadcasts in both Spanish and Mixtec, INI hired Ramón Hernández López of San Agustín Tlacotepec and fifty other radio auxiliary teachers (nine were women) to educate Mixtecs over the radio station XEINI. The broadcasts invoked declarations that God or the devil spoke Mixtec. Two-hour daily lessons covered languages, literacy, and math and reached forty-nine schools at a time when children traveled miles to classrooms with a week’s worth of tortillas and no formal sleeping arrangements. In 1963, INI resettlement of Mixtecs to Oaxaca’s Costa Chica erupted into racial violence that required federal intervention.Dillingham devotes later chapters to Third Worldist development strategies, dissident trade unionism, and anti-colonial multiculturalism. The Oaxaca State Institute of Social Research and Integration (IIISEO) adopted anti-colonialist pedagogies during Luís Echeverría’s presidency (1970–76). Leading critics of indigenista policy, Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, Margarita Nolasco, and Mercedes Olivera deployed INI to politicize Indigenous claims to rights and autonomy. University students seized coordinating centers and demanded professional training. IIISEO director Gloria Ruiz de Bravo Ahuja hired Nolasco and recruited Indigenous children and young adults to promote their culture. IIISEO educators embraced the New Left, formed the Coalición de Promotores Culturales Bilingües (CPCB), and coordinated strikes until the PRI shuttered the organization in 1977. A year later, Santiago Salazar, Eva Ruiz, and the Coalition of Indigenous Promoters of Oaxaca (CMPIO) occupied the SEP building until President José López Portillo (1976–82) and the national teacher’s union Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (SNTE) honored their demands. Dillingham argues that Oaxacan teachers who declared their own multicultural visions for rural education, development, and equality predated the critique of neoliberalism and the Zapatista uprising in 1994. The rise of the Pátzcuaro Ethnolinguistic Program, decline of the SIL, and publication of school textbooks in twenty-two Indigenous languages (including Tutu sa’an ñuu savi, my first-grade Mixtec book) further valorized bilingual teachers. CMPIO’s resurgent anti-colonial agenda blossomed into the 2006 Oaxacan social movement, which “drew on decades of teacher activism and the strength of Oaxacan community ties” (187).Dillingham’s research on the Mixteca Alta presents myriad perspectives over decades, granting vast dimensions to a subject difficult to historicize and problematize. With exceptional gifts in interpretation, empathy, and exposition, he might consider producing an authoritative study of nineteenth-century Indigenous Oaxaca.

Mozambique Tilapia Fish from Taliwang Lake as Bioindicator to Determine Lead Heavy Metal in 2022

This study aims to determine the content of the heavy metal Lead (Pb) inmozambiqutilapia fish fromRawa Taliwag Lake and to find out whetermozambiqutilapia fish as a bioindicator originating from Rawa Taliwang Lake is suitable for consumption in accordance with The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority regulations Number 9 of 2022 concerning Requirements for Heavy Metal Contamination in Processed Foods. This research is a quantitative descriptive research. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling method. The number of samples taken as many as 4 tails. The part taken is mozambiqutilapia fish meat which will then be analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Sample analysis was carried out at the Analysis Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram and the Environmental Laboratory Center for the Environment and Forestry Office of West Nusa Tenggara Province. This research took place from August 2022-March 2023. The results showed that the heavy metal content of Lead in the bodies of Lake fish from Rawa Taliwang Lake ranged from 0.197 mg/kg to 0.199 mg/kg so that an average of 0.197 mg/kg was obtained. Tilapia fish from Rawa Taliwang Lake is still below the threshold so it is still safe for consumption

A Matter of the King’s Service: Supplying Ship-Timbers for the French Navy in the Eighteenth Century

This article examines the policies and personnel that allowed France’s Old Regime monarchy to obtain huge supplies of naval timber from within the kingdom. In contrast to many other accounts, however, the main focus here is on the people who actually carried out this work (forestry officials, naval shipwrights, government contractors), specifically in south-western France. These agents were supposed to cooperate, but that did not always occur, and this article suggests some explanations. The demands of the central state provoked varied responses from woodland proprietors (the Church, rural communities, and private landholders). Their reactions are considered as well, since this “social history” approach allows us to appreciate that France’s success in building up its naval forces during the “age of sail” were not always welcomed by the king’s subjects.

FUNGSI KOORDINASI DINAS LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN KEHUTANAN PROVINSI KEPULAUAN RIAU DAN DINAS LINGKUNGAN HIDUP KOTA TANJUNGPINANG DALAM PENGAWASAN HUTAN MANGROVE DI KOTA TANJUNGPINANG

The purpose of the study was to determine the Coordination Function of the Environment and Forestry Service of the Riau Islands Province and the Tajungpinang City Environmental Service in Monitoring Mangrove Forests in Tanjungpinang City. In this study, the theory used by Hasibuan (2019:88). The population in the study amounted to 8 people, the data analysis used in this study was a qualitative descriptive data analysis technique. The conclusion obtained is that the Coordination Function of the Environment and Forestry Office of the Riau Islands Province in Supervision of Mangrove Forests in Tanjungpinang City is in accordance with their respective authorities although several things need to be improved. Then for the socialization that was carried out both to the community and to employees, it was found that the socialization was not comprehensive. Because the socialization carried out only in general terms, such as raising the theme of cleanliness and environmental protection, has not focused on monitoring mangroves. Before being able to implement a policy, the implementor must realize that a decision has been issued, there are often misunderstandings about the decisions that have been issued so that there are no misunderstandings, socialization must be carried out and that everything is coordinated even though it only occurs when the RTRW is drafted and problems are related to mangroves

Conservation by corruption: The hidden yet regulated economy in Nepal's community forest timber sector

Through the case of commercial timber production in Nepal's community forests, we uncover and explain how effective anti-corruption and harvest regulation have produced a kind of ‘allowed’ corruption that promotes forest conservation. An ethnographic study in four community forests and in-depth interviews of nearly 200 actors along the Sal (Shorea robusta) timber commodity chain showed that all actors participated in a highly organised form of collusive corruption. Anti-corruption officials call this practice “corruption without illegality” because it does not involve unauthorised harvest in community forests. Instead, it suppresses producer prices through legally required but rigged timber auctions that generate windfall profits, which sawmill owners share with upstream actors to ensure a steady supply of raw logs. Local-level timber brokers connect community forest user groups to sawmill owners. They also operate as stealth conveyers of unofficial payments to forestry officials and other upstream actors because they can camouflage such cash flows as transaction costs. Anti-corruption authorities enforce formal timber harvesting rules, which deters forestry officials from getting involved in overharvesting schemes. However, these same rules, plus some legal posturing, allow forestry officials to extract rents from legally harvested logs at minimum risk. This is hardly a coincidence because it enables the central administration to regulate difficult-to-control field-level forestry officials' behaviour without curtailing their access to informal incomes. Forest user groups lose out, but they could increase their timber income substantially by exercising their powers to decide whether or not to harvest timber. Elevating timber auction floor prices through state intervention is also feasible.