Forest-steppe Part Research Articles

Kenophytes in different forest types of Ukraine

Abstract The article aims to 1) describe the distribution of non-native species of vascular plants (only kenophytes, i. e. naturalized species introduced after the 15th century) in different types of forests and different biogeographical regions of Ukraine; 2) compare proportions of kenophytes in forests of different areas; 3) detect statistically significant changes in the occurrence of kenophytes over the last 80 years. The material consists of 2701 relevés sampled in 1990–2018. They were taken from Ukrainian phytocoenological publications and databases. In Ukraine, as in other European countries, the highest proportion of kenophytes (percentage of species number per relevé) is in floodplain forests (up to 9.1% in willow and poplar forests). The lowest proportion is characteristic for bog woods (0%) and most types of mountain forests. Among biogeographical regions, the highest values were found in the flatland areas of the Steppic region and the forest-steppe part of the Continental region. The most frequent species are Impatiens parviflora (predominantly in broadleaved woods, absent in relevés from the steppic biogeoregion) and Erigeron canadensis (pine woods on sand). Comparison with 1466 older relevés sampled in 1950–1989 allows us to make a conclusion that the proportion of kenophytes increased at least in one habitat type (oak-hornbeam forests).

Стан та перспективи розвитку аграрного виробництва в Лісостепу в умовах змін клімату

The purpose. To analyze on an instance of administrative area typical for Forest-steppe features of modern most spread practice of agrarian production, to justify directions of interbranch optimization with the purpose of cardinal heightening profitableness of industrial activity. Methods. Assessment of changes of agrometeorological resources of terrain was realized by method of mathematical-statistical analysis, data of Goskomstat was treated by methods of system generalization, correlation, economic, settlement-relative analysis. Study of perspective directions of evolution of agrarian production was realized by method of multivariate imitative computer simulation. Results. As a result of climatic changes the forest-steppe part of Kiev area has passed from zone of sufficient into zone of insufficient humidification with deficiency of annual water balance — 100 mm. Average for 8 years productivity of grain grains makes 3–4 t/hectare, corn for grain — 9, soya bean, sunflower, winter rape and buckwheat — 2, sugar beets — 52 t/hectare with fluctuation on years 20–60%. Correlation between indexes of the cost price, the price of implementation and productivity of the crops, specifying on presence of the factors bounding net profit at a certain level are established. Profitableness on an average on years to the level for corn for grain makes 305 c.u./hectare, buckwheat — 243, sunflower — 235, winter rape — 199, sugar beets — 193, soya bean — 173, pease — 100, cereal grains — 60–115 c.u./hectare. The highest net profit for 1 hectare of arable land in the area for 8 years attained 324 c.u./hectare, the lowest — 45 c.u./hectare with an average on years index of 189 c.u./hectare and fluctuation concerning it of 42%. To cardinally raise economic efficiency of agrarian production in the area is possible by development of its branch structure on biopower basis. At this situation in uniform technological complex for 1 hectare of arable land they may produce 2 t of vegetable products, 0,8 — sugar, 0,2 — vegetable oil, 0,3 — fibers, 1 t — meat-and-milk products, 1,3 thousand m3 — gas-methane. It also leads to creation of closed cycle of macro- and microelements with cutting of net cost of production on 50% and heightening of the net profit up to 8 thousand in c.u./hectare. Conclusions. As a result of climatic changes in forest-steppe part of Kiev area aside aggravation of conditions of humidification they registered fluctuation in productivity of cultivated crops on 20–60% from average. Fluctuation of net profit in administrative area typical for region for 8 years made 45–324 c.u./hectare with average on years index of 189 c.u./hectare. Cardinal heightening of profitableness of plowlands of the area up to the level of 8 thousand c.u./hectare may be ensured with transition to principles of biopower agrarian production by building association of agricultural factories and engaging of investment resources.

Оцінка адаптивного потенціалу вітчизняних сортів тютюну в агрокліматичних умовах центральної частини Лісостепу України

The purpose. To study features of cultivation and efficiency of different varieties of tobacco in agroclimatic conditions of central part of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. It is established that in the given agroclimatic conditions plants of tobacco completely pass all stages of ontogenesis and form high-grade seeds. Varieties of tobacco Virginia and Temp 321 are characterized as late-ripening (vegetative period 115–120 days), other varieties may be characterized as middle-ripening (100-108 days). Varieties of tobacco are differed on height of plants, so they were conditionally divided into 3 groups: tall (Ternopolskii 7, Ternopolskii 14, Virginia, Trapezond), medium-height (Temp 321, Sobolchskii 33, Berlei 9, Spektr), low-height (Berlei 38, Berlei 46, Ternopolskii perspectivnyi). The greatest leafing was fixed at varieties Temp 321, Berlei 46, Sobolchskii 33, Berlei 9. As to the size of leaves they allocated varieties Ternopolskii 7, Ternopolskii 14, Ternopolskii perspectivnyi, Berlei 46 and Virginia. The highest productivity of raw material under all schemes of planting was at varieties Virginia (3,24 t/hectare) and Ternopolskii 7 (3,16 t/hectare). The least productivity in agroclimatic conditions of central part of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine was fixed for varieties Spektr and Sobolchskii 33. Conclusions. It is established that agroclimatic conditions of central part of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine are favorable for cultivation of the majority of domestic varieties of tobacco. In the given zone plants of tobacco completely pass all stages of ontogenesis and form high-grade seeds. The highest productivity of raw material was fixed for varieties Virginia, Ternopolskii 7, Temp 321 and Berlei 38.

Cообщества класса Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Soó 1947 Месягутовской и Красноуфимской лесостепей (Среднее Предуралье)

Cообщества класса Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Soó 1947 Месягутовской и Красноуфимской лесостепей (Среднее Предуралье)

Сучасні форми белігеративного рельєфу Чернігівщини – їх типи, морфологічні та морфометричні особливості

Investigation into relief forms which arose on the territory of Chernihiv region in the 2nd half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries from anthropogenic activities for military purposes were conducted in all districts of the region. During the work field research was actively used as well as encyclopaedic and Internet materials were applied. The morphological and morphometric features of denudation and accumulative forms of military relief which appear as a result of military operations and exercises, construction of warehouses and equipment of their security zones, erection of defence objects and arrangement of mass graves (fraternal graves) and so on were studied in detail. In particular, defensive fighting positions (including tank and cannon), trenches, breastworks, blindages, dugouts, traces of grenades from shells and bombs together with areas of proving grounds, training centres, airfields and monuments of various sizes and shapes were explored. The research results suggest that most objects which can be classified as military relief forms of World War II naturally occur in places where major battles in strategically important directions of offensive of both opposing sides took place. The findings also revealed that many military relief forms of the WWII period have undergone significant deformation as a result of development of scree formation processes, plane erosion, eolian processes, influence of various representatives of biota as well as agricultural and forestry human activities. In addition, in the southern (forest-steppe) part of the region such relief forms occur considerably less frequently than in the northern (Polissia). This is most likely due to greater plowing of the territory and, consequently, greater anthropogenic load of the agrarian type, which relatively quickly levelled military relief forms in the postwar period. A special place among all the objects of military relief of Chernihiv region of the WWII period is occupied by the museum-memorial complex of guerrilla glory “Lisograd”. It is located in the middle of forest near the village of Jeline in Snovsk district. Here, on the site of the former guerrilla camp, defensive fighting positions, trenches and residential (dugouts) structures of those times were reconstructed in the 2000s. The largest modern military relief forms within the territory of Chernihiv region are the military proving ground in Honcharivske (Chernihiv district), the Desna training center with its own proving ground near Desna (Kozelets district) as well as functioning and defunct military airfields and air bases near Horodnia, Dobrianka, in the village of Maliiky (Chernihiv district), Chernihiv, Pryluky and Nizhyn.

Сегетальная растительность Южного Урала: союзы Caucalidion Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 и Lactucion tataricae Rudakov in Mirkin et al. 1985

Segetal, or weed, communities are the stands of the weed plant species which are formed under the influence of edafo-climatic conditions and the mode of soil disturbance within the processing of crop rotation (agrotechnical factor) (Mirkin, Naumova, 2012). This paper is the second part of weed community study in the South Ural, assigned to the class Papaveretea rhoeadis S. Brullo et al. 2001, syntaxon unites the weed communities of winter cereals with two orders: Aperetalia spica-venti J. Tx. et Tx. in Malato-Beliz et al. 1960 and Papaveretalia rhoeadis Hüppe et Hofmeister ex Theurillat et al. 1995; and three alliances (Khasanova et al., 2018). Data on diversity, floristic, ecological and spatial differentiation of mesoxeric and xeric weed communities of the alliances Caucalidion Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 and Lactucion tataricae Rudakov in Mirkin et al. 1985 in steppe and southern part of the forest-steppe zones are given (Table 1; Fig. 1). The dataset contains 756 relevés: 647 made by authors during the field seasons of 2002–2018, while 109 taken from published monography (Mirkin et al., 1985). The alliance Caucalidion combines weed communities on rich carbonate chernozem soils in the forest-steppe zone. Diagnostic species are Galeopsis bifida, G. ladanum, Galium aparine, Erodium cicutarium, Persicaria lapathifolia, Silene noctiflora, Thlaspi arvense. This alliance occupies the central position within class between communities of forest zone of the alliance Scleranthion annui and these of the steppe zone of the alliance Lactucion tataricae. The last alliance combines weed communities of the steppe zone and southern part of the forest-steppe one on south and typical chernozem soils. Two species are diagnostic: Lactuca tatarica and Panicum miliaceum. Alliances are differentiated in sample plot species richness and coenoflora: 145 species in alliance Caucalidion coenoflora (mean species number per plot is 16), and 207 species in that of Lactucion tataricae (consequently 13 species). There are 8 associations, 4 subassociations, 6 variants, 1 unrank community within these two alliances, among which 5 associations and all subassociations are new. The alliance Caucalidion includes 4 associations with spatiall and crop differentiation, which are mainly character for the forest-steppe part of the Trans-Urals within the bounds of forest-steppe region of the eastern slope of the Southern Urals. Two associations are new: Cannabio ruderalis–Galeopsietum ladani ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2; holotypus hoc loco — rele­vé 7) unites weed communities of winter, less often — spring crops; Lycopsio arvensis–Camelinetum microcarpae ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 4; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 3) unites weed communities of row crops, mainly sunflower, less often — cereals. In the same area the communities of the ass. Cannabio ruderalis–Sinapietum arvensis Rudakov in Mirkin et al. 1985 (Table 3) unite the weed communities of mainly winter cereals — wheat and rye. These communities, described in 1980s, previously were widespread in the Trans-Urals (Mirkin et al., 1985), while now occur locally in the northern part of this area. The communities of ass. Centaureo cyani–Stachyetum annuae Abramova in Mirkin et al. 1985, also described in the 1980s, were not found in the 2010s. The diversity of the most xerophytic alliance Lactucion tataricae is represented by 4 associations which occur both in the Trans-Urals and the Cis-Urals. The most common in the last area are weed row crops (beet, nute, flax, sunflower, corn, peas, buckwheat) communities of the ass. Echinochloo crusgalli–Panicetum miliacei ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 5; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 5. They are common in five natural districts: Predbelskiy forest-steppe one, forest and fo­rest-steppe of Belebey Upland, Cis-Urals steppe one, forest and forest-steppe one on Zilair Plateu, and Zabelskiy district of the broad-leaved forests. The weed communities of spring and winter cereals of the ass. Lathyro tuberosi–Convolvuletum arvensis ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 6; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 5) are common only within the Cis-Urals steppe district. The communities of ass. Lactuco serriolae–Tripleurospermetum inodori ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 7; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 2) which unites the weed communities of winter cereals, are common in the steppe zone and the southern part of the forest steppe one of the Trans-Urals and the Cis-Urals within the Cis-Urals steppe, Trans-Urals steppe, and Predbelskiy forest-steppe districts. The communities of the ass. Lactucetum tataricae Rudakov in Mirkin et al. 1985 are associated exclusively with the steppe zone of the Trans-Urals. The Lactuca tatarica community (Table 8), distributed in the steppe and southern part of the forest steppe zones of the Trans-Urals, probably is derived from the ass. Lactucetum tataricae under the intensive chemical weeding of cereal crops. Floristic differentiation of associations is confirmed by the results of the ordination analysis (Fig. 2), the diagram of which shows the distribution of communities along the moisture (first axis) and the complex soil richness–salinity gradient and agrocoenotic factor (second axis).

ANTIQUITIES OF THE III—I CENTURIES BC IN THE FOREST-STEPPE DONETS REGION

For the territory of the forest-steppe part of the river basin. Seversky Donets, as well as for the entire Dnepro-Donets Forest-Steppe as a whole, the period of the last three centuries BC is the least studied. First of all, this is due to a very limited range of archaeological sources. The article gives an analysis of materials relating to the III—I centuries. BC, obtained mostly as a result of the excavations of the author, involving a few previously known random finds. In addition to the single random finds found on the surface, the main array of artifacts associated with the period under consideration is presented in the materials of the excavation of the Tsirkuni settlement. It is still the only monument in the forest-steppe Donets region on which objects are found, which, according to the general context, can be dated to the last centuries BC. Among them are fragments of imported pottery ceramics, iron brooches, a hook, a petioled three-bladed arrowhead, several types of buckles, a bronze ring with rounded protrusions.
 These findings allow us to talk about the continuation of life on some forest-steppe monuments of Scythian time in this period and only to suggest the ethnicity of new migrants in the territory, among which could be both late Scythians and Eastern nomads (late Sauromats, Sirmatians, Siraks).

Тенденції зміни строків сівби пшениці м’якої озимої (Triticum aestivum L.) у південній частині Правобережного Лісостепу України за трансформації клімату

The purpose. To study trends in change of time of sowing of winter wheat at climate change and use of innovative grades with selection of the best of them. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. For the first time in South part of Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine trends in change of time of sowing of winter wheat are studied at aridization of climatic conditions, global warming and use of modern grades and nano-technologies. In 1950-s the best terms were on August, 25, in 1970-s — 10, in 1980-s — 10–15, in completing decade — on September, 20. In the last years they observed drought, and significant extension of time of autumn vegetation of plants. It brings in essential updating time of sowing. For years of present century winter wheat forms the highest productivity at sowing on September, 30. In 1950-s winter crops, sown before optimum time, formed productivity above, than sown later, and since 1980th late sowings of winter wheat were more productive. The probability of deriving high productivity at early sowing makes 6%, at admissible early — 24, at optimum — 61, at late — 9%. Distinctive features of adaptive response to time of sowing of different genotypes are determined. Conclusions. The trend is determined in shift of time of sowing of winter wheat aside more later in comparison with time of sowing in 1950-s for 30 days, in 1970-s — 20, in 1980-s — 15–20, in 1990-s - for 10 days. Nowadays optimum time of sowing of winter wheat is September, 30, and it is largely depends on genotype.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ВОЛЬЄРІВ ДЛЯ РАТИЧНИХ ARTIODACTYLA НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ ЖИТОМИРСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

Досліджено стан вольєрного господарства Житомирської області. На 01.03.2018 р. на території області мисливське господарство веде 91 користувач, в 11 з них функціонують вольєри. Їх загальна площа становить 941,7 га. Порівняно з 2007 р. площа вольєрів зросла у 8 разів. Найбільшими у регіоні є вольєри ТОВ "Камія Плюс" (500,0 га) та СФГ "Земля Полісся" (228,0 га). Серед державних підприємств найбільші вольєри функціонують у ДП "Білокоровицьке ЛГ" (70,5 га) та ДП "Баранівське ЛМГ" (56,2 га). Ще три вольєри можна вважати (для Житомирської обл.) середніми, а саме: вольєр ТОВ "МК "Хантер" (40,0 га), ТОВ "УТМР" (29,0 га) та Житомирської ОО УТМР (12,0 га). Упродовж 2007–2017 рр. загальна площа вольєрів області істотно зросла. У 2007 р. вона становила 120,0 га, а на початок 2018 р. – 941,7 га. Завдяки будівництву у 2011 р. вольєра ТОВ "Камія Плюс" їх площа зросла більш ніж удвічі. На початку ХХІ ст. на території області існувало 4 вольєри (ДП "Баранівське ЛМГ", ДП "Радомишльське ЛМГ", СФГ "Земля Полісся" та МГ "В'юнки"), в яких утримували 46 особин Cervus nippon та 75 особин Sus scrofa. У 2017 р. чисельність основного поголів'я ратичних становила уже 561 особину 6 видів (Cervus elaphus (29,6 %), Sus scrofa (20,0 %), Dama dama (19,3 %), Ovis ammon (18,2 %), Cervus nippon (8,2 %), Capreolus capreolus (4,8 %)). Якщо у 2013 р. більше половини всього поголів'я (52,4 %) становила Sus scrofa, то за два роки – у 2016 р. – її частка становила вже 40,0 %, а у 2018 р. – тільки 20,0 %. Натомість частка Cervus elaphus за останні три роки у вольєрах зросла від 15,3 % до 29,6 %.

FEATURES OF ADVANCE REGENERATION OF ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE SPECIES UNDER THE CANOPY OF NATURAL OAK STANDS IN FRESH AND MOIST MAPLE-LIME FAIRLY FERTILE OAK FOREST TYPE IN THE LEFT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE PART OF THE SUMY REGION

The paper presents the data on the number of advance growth of economically valuable species under the canopy of natural oak stands of different age (60–140 years). The study was carried out in the conditions of fresh and moist maple-lime fairly fertile oak forest type in the forest-steppe part of the Sumy region. The species composition, age, quality and occurrence were determined in this study. The evaluation was given for the regeneration success. After a seed year, a mass oak sprouting of economically valuable species, particularly of oak, was observed in maple-lime fairly fertile oak forests of the region. The sprouts were evenly spaced in the area. In the conditions of fresh maple-lime oak forest type, the total of regeneration varied from 11.1 to 17.4 thousand stems per ha, including oak from 2.3 to 10.3 thousand stems per ha. In the conditions of moist maple-lime oak forest type, the total regeneration was slightly smaller (from 9.1 to 13.7 thousand stems per ha) compared with fresh oak forest type, including oak 1.9–4.6 thousand stems per ha. The advance regeneration was characterized as «insufficient» and «satisfactory». To promote natural seed regeneration of oak forests, activities are proposed.

Early Neolithic pottery from Central Asia to Denmark

This paper focuses on the analysis of the Early Neolithic cultures pottery on the vast territory from the Aral Sea region in the east to Denmark in the west. The most stable typological and technological features of ancient pottery are singled out: profiled upper part of the vessels, pointed bottom, poor ornamentation, pit or dash patterns under the rim, the compositions are represented by intersecting lines like an oblique lattice. The vessels are made of silty clay mixed with chamotte. The fragments of the surfaces are smoothed with a soft object. This set of features can be traced for the pottery of cultures in the Aral Sea region, forest-steppe part of the Volga region (Povolzhye), Don and Dnepr regions, up to Jutland. The radiocarbon dates for the Early Neolithic culture of the area of interest demonstrate their rather ancient age in the eastern part of the area (6200 ВС) and rather smooth transition to younger (5900 ВС) in the western zone. There is a combined chronointerval for the monuments of Elshanka and Erteblle cultures. The reason for the eastern trend in the appearance of the earliest pottery to the west of the Aral Sea region could be climatic disturbances (aridization), while household components became the instrument for the early pottery appearance in the west.

Фрактальний аналіз кліматичних параметрів та продуктивності зернових культур

The purpose. To analyze long-term series of climatic parameters and series of dynamics of productivity of cereal crops (winter wheat, corn) depending on system of adaptive measures (fertilizing, machining), to determine their classification attributes according to fractal properties, to fix basic trends of further development and realization of the forecast for the future in agrocnosises of the Central Left-bank Forest- steppe. Methods. Field experiment and weather observation, fractal assessment of the statistical information. Results. Except for the annual cycle, 12-years climatic cycle caused by solar activity is precisely manifested. Cyclicity of change of productivity of cereal crops makes 4 — 5 years. Conclusions. Climate fluctuation, in particular, increase of temperature in conditions of central part of Left-bank Forest-steppe promotes increase of yield of new hybrids of corn and winter wheat for all period of probes.

Optimization of some elements of cultivation technology of ornamentals in the north-eastern part of forest-steppe of Ukraine

Aim of the experiment was to study factors influencing on effectiveness of the root formation in cuttings of ornamental plants (Buxus sempervirens L., Thuja occidentalis L.).Methods. The experiment was conducted in a nursery at the Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine in 2013–2015. The types and mixtures of rooting media and rooting hormones were used, and terms of plant cutting under mist were analyzed.Results. It has been found that the best substrate for rooting cuttings of these species was a mixture of peat DOMOFLOR (pH 6.0) and sand in the ratio 1:1. It has been revealed that its acidity and the optimum time for plant cutting are important components of cultivation technology of plant propagation material. B. sempervirens is proved to be successfully propagated from April to August, and cuttings T. occidentalis – in April. There has been grounded the appropriateness of Rhizopon AA powder for rooting stem cuttings T. occidentalis.Conclusion. The best media for rooting cuttings of ornamental species with the closed root system included peat, sand and humus in the ratio of 1:1:0.5. It set up the effect of using the rooting hormone (Rhizopon AA poeder); propagation of shrub ornamentals: B. sempervirens is more expediently from April to August by stem cuttings, T. occidentalis - in April

Сорт, попередник і строк сівби – фактор технології вирощування пшениці ярої у південній частині Правобережного Лісостепу

The article is devoted to the technology of cultivation of spring wheat in the southern part of right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. In result of studies it is established that the level of productivity of middle-ripening varieties of spring wheat is higher than langostinos. The yield of spring wheat primarily expressed by the time of sowing. Almost equally affect the yield rates and preciding crop. The average for three years the yield on experience of langostinos variety Vetka was in the range of 4.00–4.53, and middle-ripening variety Collectivnaya 4.08–4.94 t/ha for spring wheat grown on organic-biological background of supply, such yield is quite strong. Low yields of both varieties in experience was in 2009 – variety Vetka – 3.26-3.90 t/ha, and variety of Collectivnaya 3 – 3.33-3.99 t/ha. Noted that in the southern part of Right-Bank Forest-Steppe to sow spring wheat is advisable after soybeans in the first half of the first decade of April.

Energy productivity of sugar sorghum as affected by the elements of growing technology

Purpose. Improving the energy efficiency of growing sugar sorghum as a feedstock for biofuel production in the eastern part of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. Field, laboratory, analytical and statistical techniques.Results. The results of studies on the impact of the varietal characteristics, sowing time and background of mineral nutrition on the energy productivity of sugar sorghum for the production of different biofuels under the conditions of the eastern part of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine shows that the maximum yield of ethanol was obtained by sowing seeds of sugar sorghum late April and for fertilizing N160P160K160, specifically 2.18 t/ha in ‘Sylosne 42’ variety and 2.93 t/ha in ‘Favoryt’. The maximum yield of solid fuel was obtained for the introduction of double fertilizers, but for different sowing times and reached 18.19 t/ha in ‘Sylosne 42’ (mid-May), 22.07 t/ha in ‘Favoryt’ (late April). The lowest yield of biofuel (1.52 t/ha of ethanol and 13.6 t/ha of solid biofuel in ‘Sylosne 42’; 69 t/ha of ethanol and 14.79 t/ha of solid biofuel in ‘Favoryt’) was observed for sowing seeds in mid-May in the treatment without fertilizer. For total energy yield, ‘Favoryt’, on average in the experiment, exceeded ‘Sylosne 42’ by 45.0 GJ/ha. However, the maximum total energy yield in ‘Sylosne 42’ (341.8 GJ/ha for sowing seeds in mid-May) and in ‘Favoryt’ (426.3 GJ/ha for sowing seeds in late April) was noted for fertilizing N160P160K160.Conclusions. The aximum energy productivity of varieties ‘Sylosne42’ and ‘Favoryt’ was for sowing seeds in late April and fertilizing with N160P160K160.

Influence of long application of fertilizers in crop rotation on the change in the potential and effective soil fertility

The result of 50-years scientific researches, conducted in 10-fields crop rotation on the grey forest dusty light-loamy soil in the northern part of Forest-Steppe at the experimental farm DPDH “Chabany” of National Scientific
 Centre “Institute of Agriculture of UAAS” are presented in this work. There is stated the importance of potentional soil Fertility forming with saving or increasing of absorbed cation sum, which determines its amelioration processes and provides optimal terms for organic matter and nitrogen compounds transformation. A direct correlation is found between fertilization and labile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium accumulation. The moderate organic-mineral and renewal fertilizing systems are economically and ecologically sensible.

ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ПО ВОПРОСУ О СТАНОВЛЕНИИ СКОТОВОДЧЕСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЗАПАДНО-СИБИРСКОЙ ЛЕСОСТЕПИ В ЭПОХУ ПОЗДНЕЙ БРОНЗЫ

The article deals with the history of development of livestock farming among the Irmen people in the Late Bronze Age. The authors’ analysis of a number of research works revealed that Irmen population had a pastoral type of economy with cattle prevailing in the livestock and a smaller proportion of horses and sheep. In addition, it was revealed that the main trend in the pastoral farming development was the formation of distant-pasture cattle rearing. The review of scientific studies showed that the Irmen people of the forest-steppe part of West Siberia had both summer and winter settlements and practiced winter cattle housing. Cattle grazing was conducted within floodplain valleys of large rivers, as well as on remote pasture fields. The conclusions about the use of horses primarily as riding and draft animals, as well as those about their specific ritual role in the Late Bronze Age are rather essential. A conclusion was drawn about individualization of horses’ burials in funeral complexes and connection between burials of horse skulls and certain buried subjects. As a rule, those are cases of men who acted as community leaders. Burials of such men usually marked a series of mounds within Irmen barrows. The rise of the tradition in the Irmen culture is explained in terms of the gradual increase of horses’ role in the economy of southern West Siberia. A hypothesis was also drawn according to which orientation of horse skulls to the northeast or southwest symbolized the rising of the sun in the northeast during the summer solstice and its setting in the southwest during the winter solstice. And the number of horse skulls in Irmen burial mounds symbolizes the number of months during which the sunrise and sunset points make significant shifts to the northeast and southwest respectively. Thus, horse skulls turned to the northeast symbolize the spring and summer months that “carry” the sun towards warmth and increasing daylight. The skulls turned the southwest, on the opposite, “carry” the fading sun towards the cold of winter. The mythological and calendar symbolism stems from the traditions of the early Andronovo sepulchral complexes with their southwestern orientation of buried horses (imitating a yoke) and those of Andronovo burials with the southwestern orientation of human remains. It was understood that the steady tradition of horse burials took shape in the livestock-raising communities of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Eurasia. In terms of archaeology, the sources of the tradition are well fixed in Bronze Age artifacts and found interpretation in Indo-European rituals. The privileged position of the horse found its archaeological reflection in Irmen house-building, burial and commemorative rituals. The location analysis of animal bone remains within the sacral space of Irmen burial mounds has shown that heads (skulls) and skins of horses had been used by the Irmen people most frequently during burial and subsequent commemorative ceremonies of the funeral cycle.

Evaluation of onion collection materіal by main agronomic traits and properties in the conditions of northern part of Forest-steppe of Ukraine

Aim. To study wide range of onion collection samples of different ecological and geographical origin by set of agronomic traits and properties for subsequent use in crossbreeding and selection of valuable genotypes among breeding material.Materials and methods. The studies were conducted during 2011-2015 in vegetable crop rotation of Nosivka Plant Breeding Experimental Station of MIW located in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe ofUkraine. Annually 60-80 onion varieties and hybrids of different ecological and geographical origin (Ukraine,Poland,Russia, theNetherlands,France,Italy,USA,Germany, etc.) were studied in collection nursery. The methods of the State strain testing, methods of studying selection samples by main agronomic traits and evaluating disease resistance were used. Statistical processing data obtained was performed by the method of B.A. Dospekhov.Results. 14 samples (Gladstone F1, Valensiia, Liubchyk, Tamara F1, Tkachenkivska, Stryhunivska, Variah, Supra, Universo F1, Veselka, Pandero F1, Kometa F1, Density F1, Mavka) were identified among onion collection varieties and hybrids by a number of agronomic traits (yielding capacity, early maturity, resistance to the major diseases, keeping quality, marketability of onions) and recommended to be used in breeding programs.Conclusions. The above-mentioned high-yielding, early maturing, little susceptible to downy mildew and sufficiently resistant to rots samples with high marketability and good storage can be involved in hybridization to develop promising breeding material with the specified parameters.

The extension of genetic diversity for barley breeding under conditions of central part of forest-steppe of ukraine

The aim and tasks of the study. To identify practical means of extension of genetic basis of spring barley varieties to be created and to implement them in breeding process at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS for improving productivity potential, its stabilizing and diversifying the use of the crop.Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2011-2014 at the laboratory of barley breeding of the V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine (MIW) with conventional methods. Object of the study – collection samples and own breeding material created by the complete scheme of breeding process. In addition, retrospective analysis of research results of preceding years was applied.Results and discussion. Resulted from the research spring barley collection having 1408 samples which belong to 58 subspecies and originate from 52 countries has been formed. As a result of thorough analysis of own theoretical and practical developments over many years there were defined the main means of extending the genetic diversity of spring barley breeding material at the MIW: comprehensive studying genepool and involving sources of valuable traits of various environmental origin which complement their characteristics and properties into breeding process depending on the direction of breeding – brewing, feed and food; involving various barley subspecies into breeding process; using various growth habit (spring, winter and alternative) forms in creation of initial material; induced mutagenesis and using material obtained for both direct selection and hybridization; combining the above mentioned approaches. Based on the approaches diverse initial material being under study in all links of breeding process has been created.Conclusions. In order to extend the genetic basis of spring barley varieties to be created under conditions of the central part of Forest-steppes of Ukraine various approaches for creating initial material were defined and applied to breeding process. A diverse initial material involving environmentally remote samples, rare subspecies, forms with different growth habit, and induced mutagenesis in crossing has been created.

Распространение степной гадюки Vipera renardi (Reptilia, Viperidae) в Харьковской области

Изучение современного состояния популяций животных, находящихся под охраной, является неотъемлемым элементом в разработке и построении грамотной стратегии охраны видов. Vipera renardi Christoph, 1861 (Reptilia, Viperidae) включена в Красную книгу Украины, а также в Красную книгу Харьковской области и имеет статус уязвимого вида. В статье приведены обобщенные данные о распространении вида в историческом прошлом, а также о современном состояним популяций в Харьковской области, полученные в результате натурных обследований ранее известных и потенциальных местообитаний. Восемьдесят процентов известных до конца ХХ века популяций степной гадюки в области исчезли. Вероятнее всего, это связано с преобразованием биотопов и, возможно, другими не выясненными причинами, в числе которых отдаленные эффекты фрагментации популяций, загрязнение и побочные результаты применения ядохимикатов. Гадюки практически отсутствуют в северной, лесостепной части области. Северная граница вида в регионе сместилась к югу и сейчас проходит по северной границе степной зоны. На данный момент в Харьковской области достоверно подтверждено пять местообитаний этого вида. Находки в окрестностях пос. Червона Хвыля и пгт. Шевченково приводятся впервые.