Forest Management Programs Research Articles

Localization of elite capture in wood charcoal production and trade: Implications for development outcomes of a forest management program in rural Senegal

This paper examines how decentralized forest governance policy led to new patterns of wealth accumulation in villages as a result of economic opportunities created by wood-charcoal production and trade in rural Senegal. In the region studied, the locus for development through decentralized governance was offered through an institution: the democratically elected Rural Council. USAID provided assistance to Rural Communities and their Rural Councils by implementing Wula Nafaa, a project supporting capacity-building and consolidation of institutional infrastructure to encourage wealth creation from forests in a sustainable and inclusive way. This case study was constructed with qualitative data collected during fieldwork and complemented by secondary sources of data. It was observed that a warping of mechanisms meant for promoting equitable access to charcoal-related economic opportunities enabled only a small group of socially and economically advantageously positioned rural elites to grab and dominate the access to forest resources. Elite capture not only excluded less-privileged villagersfrom entering the lucrative charcoal business, creating inequitable access for smaller producers, but had implications for contributing to the existing spatial disparities in development between the remote rural regions and the urban centers of the country.

Forest Cover and Sustainable Development in the Lumbini Province, Nepal: Past, Present and Future

The analysis of forest cover change at different scales is an increasingly important research topic in environmental studies. Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) is an integrated approach to manage and restore forests across various landscapes and environments. Such restoration helps to meet the targets of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)–15, as outlined in the UN Environment’s sixth Global Outlook, which includes the sustainable management of forests, the control of desertification, reducing degradation, biodiversity loss, and the conservation of mountain ecosystems. Here, we have used time series Landsat images from 1996 to 2016 to see how land use, and in particular forest cover, have changed between 1996 and 2016 in the Lumbini Province of Nepal. In addition, we simulated projections of land cover (LC) and forest cover change for the years 2026 and 2036 using a hybrid cellular automata Markov chain (CA–Markov) model. We found that the overall forest area increased by 199 km2 (2.1%), from a 9491 km2 (49.3%) area in 1996 to 9691 km2 (50.3%) area in 2016. Our modeling suggests that forest area will increase by 81 km2 (9691 to 9772 km2) in 2026 and by 195 km2 (9772 km2 to 9966 km2) in 2036. They are policy, planning, management factors and further strategies to aid forest regeneration. Clear legal frameworks and coherent policies are required to support sustainable forest management programs. This research may support the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the land degradation neutral world (LDN), and the UN decade 2021–2031 for ecosystem restoration.

Factors Affecting Farmers Decision to Join Joint Forest Management Programme in Jammu Division of Jammu and Kashmir

The present study was conducted in purposively selected “East Forest Circle” of Jammu division of J&K. Multistage sampling plan was followed for the selection of respondents. Six forest ranges from East circle having maximum number of Joint Management Programme (JFM)Cs were selected purposively. Twenty four committees, four from each selected ranges of East circle and eight members from each selected JFMC were selected through random sampling technique. The respondents were divided into two groups 1).Treatment group: Eight members from each selected JFMC were selected randomly for the study making the sample size to 192 respondents. 2). Control group: Two villages from each range (12 villages in total) were selected through random sampling technique. From each selected village nine non- JFMC members were randomly selected. Thus, a total sample of 108 non-JFMC members were selected from these villages. Binary regression model was applied to analyze the factors affecting farmer’s decision to join JFM programme. The result of the study showed that family size, area under trees, extension contact and social participation significantly affecting farmer’s decision to join JFM programme.

Finding common ground: Toward comparable indicators of adaptive capacity of tree species to a changing climate.

Adaptive capacity, one of the three determinants of vulnerability to climate change, is defined as the capacity of species to persist in their current location by coping with novel environmental conditions through acclimation and/or evolution. Although studies have identified indicators of adaptive capacity, few have assessed this capacity in a quantitative way that is comparable across tree species. Yet, such multispecies assessments are needed by forest management and conservation programs to refine vulnerability assessments and to guide the choice of adaptation measures. In this paper, we propose a framework to quantitatively evaluate five key components of tree adaptive capacity to climate change: individual adaptation through phenotypic plasticity, population phenotypic diversity as influenced by genetic diversity, genetic exchange within populations, genetic exchange between populations, and genetic exchange between species. For each component, we define the main mechanisms that underlie adaptive capacity and present associated metrics that can be used as indices. To illustrate the use of this framework, we evaluate the relative adaptive capacity of 26 northeastern North American tree species using values reported in the literature. Our results show adaptive capacity to be highly variable among species and between components of adaptive capacity, such that no one species ranks consistently across all components. On average, the conifer Picea glauca and the broadleaves Acer rubrum and A. saccharinum show the greatest adaptive capacity among the 26 species we documented, whereas the conifers Picea rubens and Thuja occidentalis, and the broadleaf Ostrya virginiana possess the lowest. We discuss limitations that arise when comparing adaptive capacity among species, including poor data availability and comparability issues in metrics derived from different methods or studies. The breadth of data required for such an assessment exemplifies the multidisciplinary nature of adaptive capacity and the necessity of continued cross‐collaboration to better anticipate the impacts of a changing climate.

Forest restoration and support for sustainable ecosystems in the Gandaki Basin, Nepal.

Restoring degraded forest is essential if we are to reduce human pressure on natural ecosystems and their biodiversity. Forests were nationalized in 1957 in Nepal and as a consequence, forest cover declined from 45% in 1964 to just 29% in 1994. However, as its response, sectoral plans and policies, particularlyintroduction of community-based forest management programs since the1980s and conservation activities resulted inlargescale forest cover restoration. Here, we examined the forest cover change in the Gandaki River Basin (GRB), thecatchment with the largest altitudinal variation (ranging from ± 93 to 8167m) and environmental and ecological significance. To see how forests have changed since then, we analyzed snapshots of spatiotemporal, ecological and physiographic changes in forest cover, and forest type at decadal intervals from 1996 to 2016 using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images. We observed an overall gain in forest cover of 207 km2, from 7571 km2 (34.4% of the total area) in 1996 to 7778 km2 (35.3%) in 2016. Of the 21 forest cover types identified, the greatest forest coverage during 2016 was of Schima-Castanopsis forest (25.9%) and hill sal forests (16.4%). In terms of physiographic zones, land below 500m (Tarai) where most people live, witnessed gradual declines in forest cover, in contrast to large increases in forests above 500m. Historical examination of forest cover at ecological and physiographic scales helps to identify the elevation-wise distribution of forest resources, vegetation composition, ecosystem characteristics,anthropogenic pressure upon vegetation, and hence theoverall influence of LULC upon the environment. These outputs willassist planners, policy makers, and researchers in their formulation of effective basin wideplans and policies to ensure the protection of basin level biodiversity and ecosystem function.

Discourses on sustainable forest management and their integration into climate policies in South Africa

In South Africa, forests can play an important role in achieving the broader goals of climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, national policies on climate change mitigation and adaptation seem to narrow the potential contributions of the forest sector to climate protection targets. This is largely because of the divergence between the management goals of forests for climate protection, and products for both industries and livelihoods. This article uses discourse analysis as a methodological tool to analyze South Africa's climate and forest policies to identify the discourses shaping forest policy goals and mandates, and their integration into climate policy targets for forest-based climate change interventions. Four discourses, namely, preservation of forest integrity, social inclusiveness, equitable benefit sharing, and inclusive development of forests and forest-based communities, were identified as the dominant discourses influencing forest policy goals in South Africa. Their influence on forest management programmes has a mix of costs and benefits outcomes. For example, policy responses to the discourse on the preservation of forest integrity have resulted in ecologically sustainable forests in some cases and in other cases restricted the participation of local people in forest enterprise development. Additionally, climate policies recognized six possible interventions with respect to forest-based climate change mitigation and adaptation in South Africa but were silent about the four discourses shaping forest policy goals. Consequently, existing climate policies do not contain regulations to guide forest management for climate change mitigation and adaptation. We therefore recommend that forest-related goals in climate policy be grounded in the past experiences and lessons of forest policy implementations in order to take advantage of the synergies and reduce the trade-offs with respect to multipurpose management of forests for livelihoods, enterprise development, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Role in the Forest Village Community-Based Forest Management Sustainable Development

The Village Forest Society Institution is present on the basis of the existence of a Joint Community Forest Management (CBFM) program from one form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This PHBM policy seeks to empower communities around forest areas with managed areas under the authority of Perum Perhutani in the Provinces of Central Java, East Java, West Java and Banten, except for conservation forests which are implemented to provide welfare efforts for forest village communities so that they can participate in enjoying the results. forest production through a sharing system based on SK. Directors of Perum Perhutani No.682 / KPTS / DIR / 2009 concerning Guidelines for Collaborative Forest Resource Management, Law on Forestry, Village Law, and other supporting legislation..The role of LMDH is needed so that the partnership system in PHBM is able to reach forest village communities through an institution that is formed as an institution that receives delegations from the central / regional government in the management of production forests in the area specified in PP No. 72 of 2010 concerning State Forestry Public Company. With the existence of this LMDH, it is ecpected to be able to provide welfare for the communites around the forest and jointly manage forests based on sustainable development, so that the sustainability and availability of forest resources for future generations can be maintained.

Understanding forest users' participation in participatory forest management (PFM): Insights from Mt. Elgon forest ecosystem, Kenya

Participation of local communities in forest management decision-making has been promoted as a mechanism of improving livelihoods and forest conditions, yet the level of participation in many programs remains low. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of 924 forest-dependent households in Western Kenya, we examine the factors that support or constrain forest dependent people's participation in a Participatory Forest Management (PFM) program. We run a probit model to assess households' choice to join PFM and then compute a Participation Index (PI) for forest users' participation across different stages of the PFM program – planning, implementation and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E). The determinants of participation are then analyzed using the fractional regression approach. Results show that over half (52%) of the respondents participated in PFM. While vulnerability to shocks, being in a farmers' group, a household's access to the forest within the previous 12 months and access to extension were associated with the likelihood of participating in PFM, the influence of the household head's age and education, access to credit and food insecurity had a negative influence. Our results reveal PIs of 41%, 49%, and 42% at the planning, implementation, and M&E stages respectively, indicating a moderate participation level. The fractional regression model shows that transaction costs associated with access to markets, gender (being male), household expenditure and expected forest benefits positively influence household participation in PFM, while the opportunity costs associated with off-farm income, distance to the forest and lack of extension have a negative influence on participation. These results point to the need to take the household context (gender, education, household expenditure and vulnerability) into consideration during planning and implementation of the forestry programs. The implication is that forest authorities should identify and implement mechanisms to enhance benefits from forests but also reduce costs of participation, especially for women.

The impact of pine forest management on the surrounding community in Malang Forest Management Unit

Pine forest used by the community surrounding forest to improve the community’s economy through Community Forest Management Program established by Perum Perhutani with division of arable land and plantation of species vegetation. This study aims to: (1) determine the diversity of plants in pine forest; (2) to analyze socioeconomic of the land user farmers, and (3) to recognize the optimization of land use and the diversity of cultivated vegetables. The research was conducted at the Junggo Forest Resort Production, Forest Management Unit Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The survey method was carried out through a plant inventory with total of 23 plots. Farmers were interviewed from 30 respondents through a structured questionnaire and the data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. There were five species of stands found at tree canopy level namely Eucalyptus alba, Albizia sp, Toona sureni, Persea americana, and Pinus merkussi species with the highest. Various vegetables that combined in 2-3 species, implementing an agroforestry system. The average of land user’s income is IDR 4,500,000 - IDR 6,000,000 per 4 months of the harvest season. The implementation of Community Forest Management Program under pine stands would provide benefits for improving welfare of communities around the forest.

Gypsy Moth Management with LdMNPV Baculovirus in Cork Oak Forest

(1) Research Highlights: Applications of a species-specific baculovirus is a promising method to control the gypsy moth and regulate its population dynamics in forest ecosystems. (2) Background and Objectives: Cork oak protection against the Lepidopteran defoliator Lymantria dispar requires an appropriate forest ecosystem management program, involving the application of eco-sustainable microbial products during population outbreaks. The species-specific multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV), agent of natural epizootics in gypsy moth populations, represents an option that was investigated in a multi-year field study, involving viral applications either from the ground or by aerial treatment. (3) Materials and Methods: Efficacy trials against L. dispar populations were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Sardinia, according to a randomized block design. Each year, two trials were conducted, applying a baculovirus commercial formulation with an atomizer from the ground and assessing the effects of different doses and application timing, respectively. An aerial application trial distributing LdMNPV at ultra-low volumes (2 L/ha) was also conducted in 2019 to assess the virus efficacy at a larger field scale. (4) Results: In both years, a significant increase in larval mortality was detected in plots treated with higher viral occlusion body (OB) doses and with an earlier application targeting younger larvae, in comparison with untreated controls. Due to an observed retrogradation phase of the target pest in 2019, no significant differences in larval density between areas treated from a helicopter and control were detected, but in the few weeks following application, a meaningful vitality decrease in larval samples from treated plots was observed. (5) Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the use of LdMNPV in forest protection programs against gypsy moth can be worth consideration in multi-year integrated program strategies to modulate population dynamics.

Avifauna and biogeographical affinities of acarrasco-dominated landscape in north-eastern Brazil: providing baseline data for future monitoring

SummaryThecarrascois a dense, shrubby vegetation type that covers the higher parts of table-top mountains in north-eastern Brazil. The vegetation of this phytophysiognomy is often considered to have biogeographical and ecological affinities with thecerradoof Central Brazil, but the biogeographical affinities of its avifauna remain unclear. In recent years, deforestation due to local economic activities has been particularly severe in somecarrasco-dominated landscapes. In 2013, we initiated avian surveys at the Fazenda Pau D‘Arco, a privately owned property located on top of the Araripe Plateau, to evaluate the effects of a legal forest management program on the avifauna. Here, we present the results of four years of avian inventories to: i) characterize a well-preserved patch ofcarrascovegetation; ii) assess avian biogeographical affinities of this vegetation type; iii) identify associations between managed/unmanaged areas and bird species; and iv) provide baseline data for future avian monitoring studies. Using different survey methods, we provide a list of 148 bird species, including several dry-forest specialists andcaatingaendemics. Biogeographically, the avifauna of thecarrascorepresents a subsample of theCaatingadry forest, lackingcerradoelements. Forest management significantly affected the distribution of several bird species in the study area. We found that 1/5 of the species (24) recorded during our standardized surveys were significantly associated with either unmanaged (14 species) or managed (10 species) areas. Species such as the Ceará LeaftosserSclerurus cearensis, a globally vulnerable species, have only been detected in non-managed areas and therefore can be negatively affected by the management program. We also present data on 16 avian taxa with ecological and conservation concerns. By presenting a fairly complete and documented list of the avifauna, we characterize thecarrascoavifauna and offer the tools to evaluate the effects of forest management on this poorly known vegetation type.

Psychological outcomes of REDD + projects: evidence from country case studies

We apply self-determination theory (SDT) to explain how psychological outcomes on participants in ‘Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation’ (REDD +) projects can provide lessons for other forest landscape management programmes. Evidence from REDD + case studies suggests that negative outcomes may result from three design factors. Payment for environmental services (PES) may reduce participants’ motivation and competence in livelihood activities. A large-scale landscape approach to REDD + increases stakeholder heterogeneity which may reduce participants’ ability to liaise and cooperate. Trade-offs between traditional forest uses and conservation goals may reduce participants’ autonomy to develop their livelihoods. By inference, replicating these design factors in comparable forest landscape management programmes or projects may also result in similar negative outcomes. Replacing PES with additional—not substitute—livelihood-based capacity building and reducing the physical landscape to the social landscape which encompasses stakeholders’ capacity to work together may mitigate these outcomes.

Communication of Leadership and Group Conformity in Community Forest Management

The utilization of forest areas, especially in production forest areas managed by Perhutani, provides benefits to communities around the forest. The Collaborative Forest Management Program (PHBM) is supposed to improve community welfare and forest sustainability. Studies on the environment or forest area, group conformity (adjustment), and environmental values used by farmer groups in forest management practices can be analyzed using environment communication. The purpose of this research: Profile Mitra Tani Sejahtera group of forest village community associations (PMDH); Analyze relationship characteristics (cohesiveness and style of leadership) between forest management behavior of farmer groups; Analyze relationship conformity between forest management behavior farmer group; and Analyze environment values with forest management behavior. This research was conducted at the Mitra Tani Sejahtera group in Kediri. This study had 100 respondents using a random sampling system. Sampling from population data begins with determining the sample size using the Slovin formula. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and closed interviews, and FGD. Data analysis used the Pearson correlation test to determine the relationship between variables. The results showed that the Pearson correlation coefficient between the cohesiveness and forest guarding behavior was .549 **. There is a correlation between cohesiveness and forest protection behavior of 0.549. leadership style related to community behavior in protecting the forest by .245 **. The Result shows is a relationship between group characteristics (cohesiveness and leadership style) with the practices of maintaining forest security because of the sense of kinship in the group and a democratic leadership style. Conformity has a relationship with practices maintaining forest security because it complies with the rules made by Perhutani. Environmental values have a relationship with management forest security behavior because of a sense of cooperation within the group.

Do Harvest Practices of Bromeliads and Forest Management in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca Have a Negative Effect on their Abundance and Phorophyte Preference?

The present study recorded inhabitants’ traditional knowledge and uses of bromeliads and the phorophytes present in their ecosystems in two localities of Oaxaca. We also evaluated the effect of harvest practices on the abundance and distribution of the populations of these epiphytes on different phorophytes, considering the existence, or not, of a Forest Management Program. Structured interviews were conducted with 60 adults to identify the species of bromeliads of greater cultural importance (BGCI). We identified recurrent harvest sites (RHS) and occasional harvest sites (OHS) in order to estimate the abundance and phorophyte preference of BGCI. Traditional names and uses of epiphytes and phorophytes are described; it was identified that Tillandsia deppeana, T. lucida and Catopsis occulta had the highest BGCI in both localities. Their populations showed greater abundance values in OHS in both localities compared with RHS (χ2 gl6 = 296.99, p < 0.05). T. deppeana and T. lucida were shown to prefer Quercus elliptica, while distribution of C. occulta showed a preference for Q. rugosa and Pinus oocarpa; however, phorophyte preference patterns of bromeliads may be influenced by the intensity of forest management. Decrease in abundance as the size category increased was recorded in three species, as well as the adult harvest. Finally, the inhabitants of both communities demonstrate similarities in their traditional knowledge, the intensity of harvest may be a factor influencing their abundance and preference of phorophytes, but also forest management programs determine the availability of bromeliads populations, due to the specificity phorophytes that some bromeliads exhibited.

Site quality and vegetation biomass in the tropical Sal mixed deciduous forest of Central India

Tropical Sal forests are gaining wide recognitions due to its multifarious significance. An estimation of vegetational structure and biomass would be helpful for evaluating both productivity and sustainability of the forest ecosystems. Information regarding vegetational biomass, litter mass and fine root biomass, and overall dry matter dynamics are very limited. Therefore, the present work deals the vegetation biomass influenced by four different site quality of Sal dominating tropical deciduous forest of Chhattisgarh, India. The current study provides a framework under which all vegetational attributes can be quantified under varying site quality which is modified by different seasons. Our study revealed a significant increase in vegetational attributes and biomass as per increasing quality of sites. The density value (individuals/ha) and basal area (m2/ha) of tree, sapling and seedling in different sites were ranged from 710 to 1010, 2000 to 2500, 9750 to 14,500 and 33.5 to 46.8, 0.32 to 0.33, 17.96 to 21.43, respectively. The total biomass varied from 187.39 to 383.46 t ha−1. The fine root and forest floor biomass varied between 2.44 and 4.20 t ha−1, and 2.32 and 2.83 t ha−1, respectively among different sites and seasons. The total litter fall varied from 4.18 to 5.69 t ha−1 yr−1 across the site quality. It reflected that highest value of forest floor, litter floor and fine root biomass were seen in site quality (SQ) SQ-I followed by SQ-II, SQ-III and SQ-IV, respectively in different seasons. A great synergy exists among site quality, stand structure and biomass which surely affect ecosystem structure and its functions. Seasonal impacts are another factor that regulates vegetational statistics, forest floor, fine roots and pattern of litterfall in varying site qualities. Thus, a management implication is needed to understand site quality variation which entirely affects vegetational structure and biomass pattern that would help in strengthening sustainable forest management program.

Forest participation of local communities: a study of a tribal dominated region in India

The present paper attempts to quantify the level of participation of local communities comprising women, landless people, illiterate people, scheduled caste and scheduled tribes (SC/ST), youth and elders who are involved in the participatory forest management program of India. The paper also tries to estimate the factors responsible for participation in different stages like planning, implementation and monitoring. This paper is based on primary data collected from 252 households in Bagmundi forest range office under Purulia forest division of West Bengal, India, in the month of January 2020. A multistage sampling technique and a questionnaire method have been used for data collection. Linear regression model is applied to estimate factors affecting participation at various stages. The level of participation is higher for scheduled caste and scheduled tribes, landless and illiterate households. The overall participation of the households is influenced by gender, family size, occupation, landholdings, forest income to total income, distance from residence to forest, distance from residence to market and cooperation on the part of forest department. The paper has an important policy implication for social and economic development.

Impact of Collaborative Forest Management on Rural Livelihood: A Case Study of Maple Sap Collecting Households in South Korea

Some forest-dependent rural communities participate in the Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) program in South Korea, which provides the local people with access to national forests for the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in return for their contribution to the management of national forests. This study investigated what factors influenced rural communities’ participation in CFM and how their participation in CFM affected livelihood strategies and income level. Households in 17 villages near the Seoul National University (SNU) forests owned by the Government were interviewed. The study found that CFM participating households tend to choose diversified livelihood strategies. CFM participating households with diversified livelihood strategies are likely to have a higher income than non-CFM participating households choosing sectoral focus strategies. Expansion of the CFM program is suggested as a policy option to improve forest-dependent rural livelihood. However, ageing and female-headed households are faced with difficulties in participating in CFM due to their physical ability of forestry work while new settlers restricted access to forest resources. There is a need for innovation in forest governance for equitable distribution of forest services for both original and new residents to achieve sustainable rural livelihoods.

Policy Model Reconstruction of Social Forestry

Internationally, there has been a paradigm shift in forest resource management from state-based forest management to community-based forest management. This change has also occurred in Indonesia, namely through the social forestry program as outlined in the the Minister Regulation on Social Forestry and the Minister Regulation on Social Forestry in Perhutani Area. Indeed, these Ministerial Regulations already contain the principles of community-based forest management. However, the implementation still leaves problems. This paper will analyze the procedural weaknesses and inaccuracies in the designation of these Ministerial Regulations. The approach used is the statutory approach and comparison with qualitative analysis. The result shows that it is necessary to change the policy model by changing procedures by re-functioning the role of Forest Management Units as an institution that has the authority to manage forest resources in its area. Besides, the Social Forestry program should only be intended for forest communities who have pioneered forest resource management, whether they have joined the Community Joint Forest Management program or not. However, they must reside around forests managed by Perum Perhutani.

Forest Cover Change and Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Community Forest in Mechinagar and Buddhashanti Landscape (MBL), Nepal.

The community-based forest management program has been successful in the conservation of forest cover in Nepal. We investigated forest cover change for the Mechinagar and Buddhashanti Landscape (MBL) area within the Jhapa district, Nepal, during 1990-2019 using Landsat images and GIS tools and valuated the major ecosystem services (ES) of Kalika Community-managed Forest (KCF) within the MBL landscape using the economic approach-market price method (revealed price). Land cover analysis of the MBL area indicated that over the study period, there were increases in urban/built-up areas, forest, and tea plantations, and declines in cultivated land, shrub, barren land, water body, and grassland areas. In particular, forest cover increased by 8.6% from 41.5 sq.km to 45.1 sq.km, due to the conversion of 3.9 sq.km cultivated land and 2.4 sq.km shrub into forest cover. KCF, the selected case study area for ES valuation, has been successful in providing noticeable economic benefits from provisioning and cultural services. Of the provisioning services, wood and timber make the largest contribution with an average revenue collection of Nepali Rupees (NRs) 3091.4 thousands followed by non-timber forest products (NRs 883.1 thousands) and firewood (NRs 524.3 thousands), respectively, while ecotourism-based income is also important (NRs 458.4 thousands) and is increasing in later years. As monitoring forest cover in a rapidly changing landscape and evaluating the ES of the community-managed forest cover are imperative for sustainable environmental planning and policy formulation, these research outputs are expected to be a significant benchmark for planners, policy makers, and future researchers.

The analysis of farmers’ access mechanism and social network in community-based forest management programs in Garut Regency, West Java Province Indonesia

This study aims to analyze access mechanisms and social networks formed in community-based forest management programs. This study uses a qualitative approach through access and social network analysis based on the results of in-depth interviews with 23 farmers as s who are members of the Kramatjaya forest farmer group in Cisurupan District, Garut Regency, West Java, Indonesia, which were conducted from September 2020 to February 2021. the stage of maintaining access through efforts to increase and maintain types of access to capital, technology, knowledge, markets and social relations. This study also shows the form of the Radial Personal Network which shows the form of a personal network that is widespread, large, and open to outside information so that it is one way to improve the welfare of farmers.