Indonesian Forest Research Articles

The potential of Nypa Frutican as an energy source in Indonesia: A review

Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) belongs to the Arecaceae family, covering 30% of over 4 million ha of mangrove forest in Indonesia. The most valuable part of nipa is the fruits for food, drink, handicrafts, and medicine, leaving empty fruit bunches as waste. The empty fruit bunch waste reaches 75% of the total weight of nipa fruit, producing approximately 6 Mt/ha or over 6 million Mt in a year. Nipa empty fruit bunches (EFB) are biomass containing 27.3% lignin, 36.1% cellulose, and 21.8% hemicellulose. Due to Indonesia’s increasing nipa fruit harvesting, managing and finding a suitable solution to overcome waste issues is essential. In the present review, nipa EFB’s physical and chemical properties were found suitable as a biomass energy source. Nipa’s EFB energy recovery was potentially generated from direct combustion, pyrolysis, and briquette making. The harvesting challenge and emission from direct combustion or pyrolysis process limit the nipa utilization. Education and technology dissemination is required for the coastal communities to assist in utilizing nipa.

Pengembangan mata pencaharian alternatif berkelanjutan: diversifikasi produk ikan air tawar di Kampung Boha Dan Pachas Distrik Muting Kabupaten Merauke

ABSTRACT Merauke Regency is an Autonomous Regency located at the eastern end of Indonesia which is directly adjacent to Papua New Guinea (PNG). This region has the peculiarities of both its ecology and its people. Muting District is one of the areas in Marauke which has the potential for freshwater fish because it is located in the Bian Lake wildlife reserve. Together with partners the Peat and Mangrove Restoration Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BRGM) as a consortium partner of the Indonesian Forest Management Community (KOMHINDO) in 2022 to obtain funding for a vocational campus which involves three universities, namely the University of Papua, Musamus University and Halu Oleo University. One of the objectives of this activity is the Teaching Factory for the development of sustainable alternative livelihoods based on fisheries and forestry resources for poverty alleviation. This activity was centred in Boha and Pachas Villages, Muting District, Merauke Regency, South Papua. The results of the Training and Productive Economic Development Program for Local Communities Based on Fisheries and Forestry Resources are in the form of fish product diversification in the form of making fish sauce, meatballs and empek-empek. The participation of the UMK groups from Pachas and Boha villages was very enthusiastic and took part in the training which is expected to be used as a source of community economic income in the future. Key words: Kedaireka; Matching fund; Merauke; UNIPA

Media Framing on Indonesian Forest Fire in Three ASEAN Affected Neighboring Countries

Media Framing on Indonesian Forest Fire in Three ASEAN Affected Neighboring Countries

The effect of laminate configuration on the mechanical properties of model glued-laminated timber composed of single and mixed tropical fast-growing tree species

ABSTRACT The effects of laminate configuration on mechanical properties were investigated for model glued-laminated timber (GLT) composed of single and mixed fast-growing tree species (Acacia mangium Willd., Maesopsis eminii Engl., and Melia azedarach L.), which were grown in community forests in Indonesia. The simulation of lamina yield was decreased in graded GLT compared with that in GLT with randomly designed, while the mean values of simulated dynamic Young’s modulus (DMOE) in graded GLT were higher than those of GLT with randomly designed in each species. Graded GLT with mixed species should be produced to effectively utilize wood resources from fast-growing tree species. All mechanical properties showed higher values in single-species GLT especially for graded GLT, compared with solid lumber, suggesting that laminate configuration was effective for increasing mechanical properties. However, the factors that increase mechanical properties in single-species GLT differed among species. These factors can be evaluated by load-deflection curves. In GLT composed of single and mixed species produced with the same DMOE, almost all other mechanical properties were similar among laminate configurations. It is concluded that laminate configurations with different species and grades are useful for efficiently producing GLT with higher mechanical properties from multiple fast-growing tree species.

The role of renewable energy use, technological innovation, and forest cover toward green development: Evidence from Indonesia

Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), and carbon dioxide (CO2) represent a significant threat to environment, economy, and human health. This article summarises the results of an empirical investigation on the potential for economic growth, renewable energy use, technical advancement, and forest cover in Indonesia to reduce CO2 emissions. This study utilized the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) approach to analyze the time series data covering 1990–2020. The empirical statistics suggest that Indonesia's CO2 emissions would increase by 1.17% for every 1% increase in economic development. Furthermore, a 1% increase in the use of renewable energy may be connected with a 1.40% decrease in CO2 emissions, technical innovation with a 0.17% decrease, and an increase in forest cover with a 3.94% decrease in CO2 emissions. The estimated outcomes are insensitive to alternative estimators such as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR). Furthermore, the pairwise Granger causality test was employed to capture the causal relationship between the variables. This article presents policy suggestions for achieving environmental sustainability in Indonesia through the reduction of carbon emissions. These policies emphasize a low-carbon economy, promoting renewable energy use, financing technical advancement, and the ecological viability of Indonesia's forests.

Population density and distribution patterns of Austruca annulipes (Ring-legged fiddler crab) in the mangrove of Bogowonto Estuary, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Fadilah RN, Yulia IT, Alfitra ZS, Armadhan WS, Widyaningtyas R, Rahmayani D, Permatasari DP, Igustita, Kusuma D, Prambudi SA, Berlin GE, Triyanto A, Sutarno, Indrawan M, Dadiono MS, Rahim KABA, Setyawan AD. 2023. Population density and distribution patterns of Austruca annulipes (Ring-legged fiddler crab) in the mangrove of Bogowonto Estuary, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Intl J Bonorowo Wetlands 13: 1-8. The mangrove forest ecosystem is a forest with coastal plant characteristics that are influenced by tides and tolerate high salt levels. Mangrove forests in Indonesia contain about 89 species of flora, and around 18% of their fauna are keystone species. Keystone species are species that play an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Austruca annulipes (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837), or Ring-legged fiddler crab is one of the fauna species in the mangrove ecosystem, which has an important role in maintaining the balance of the food chain and nitrogen cycle, so the study of this species is very important for the sustainability of the ecosystem in mangrove area. This study aimed to determine the population density and distribution patterns of A. annulipes in the Mangrove Bogowonto Estuary Area, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research method was purposive random sampling using a 10m x 10m square plot. Furthermore, the identification of morphology and documentation of the activities of A. annulipes was carried out, and data were examined using calculations of crab density. Based on the research finding, the population density of A. annulipes is 0.9975 individuals/m2. Calculating the Morisita Index of A. annulipes obtained a value of 1.38 with the category of clumped distribution patterns. Various factors influence this distribution, including abiotic factors such as soil moisture, temperature, air, salinity, and pH. In addition, the presence of vegetation has also affected the density of A. annulipes because it is used as a shelter and foraging among its roots.

PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PELESTARIAN HUTAN MANGROVE DI PESISIR TANGKOLAK DESA SUKAKERTA KECAMATAN CILAMAYA WETAN KABUPATEN KARAWANG

The destruction of mangrove forests in Indonesia is increasing over time. Preservation of mangrove forests is needed to maintain the mangrove forest ecosystem so that it can support the lives of coastal communities in environmental, social and economic aspects. The participation of coastal communities is very necessary in helping the success of existing conservation. The purpose of this study was to identify the form, level driving, and inhibit community participation in the conservation of mangrove forests in Tangkolak Hamlet, Sukakerta Village. This research is a quantitative and qualitative research. Data analysis using the method: Likert scale, score, and descriptive. The results showed that community participation in the form of ideas (78.46%), energy (63.08), property (98.46%), and skills (76.92%) were included in the low category with a combined score (81. 54%). Community participation was at the consultation level (score 394 based on Sherry Arnstein's theory). The driving factors consist of a sense of responsibility, the benefits of mangrove forests, self-awareness, and an invitation. Inhibiting factors consist of work, laziness, the role of the community is considered unimportant, and there is no invitation. There is an increase in the form of participation, it is necessary to involve the community in all process activities, and there is counseling to the community about mangrove forest conservation.

Behavioral Study of Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela) as Conservation Education in Pusat Suaka Satwa Elang Jawa

One of the raptors commonly found in Indonesian forests is Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela). However, its population in its natural habitat is hampered due to habitat loss, illegal trade, and hunted for pets. Pusat Suaka Satwa Elang Jawa (PSSEJ) is a rehabilitation center specialized for mountain eagles, focused on rehabilitation and releasing the eagles to their original habitat. Eagles taken care of in PSSEJ were handed over from the public, Nature Conservation Agency (BKSDA), or other conservation institutions. Other than as a rehabilitation center, PSSEJ became an education and conservation center for raptors as a continuous effort to manage natural resources and biodiversity. Crested Serpent-eagle that are not eligible to be released based on observation in the rehabilitation stage would be kept in a display cage. The display cage is purposed as a conservation education facility for PSSEJ visitors. This study aimed to find daily activity frequency of Crested Serpent-eagle in PSSEJ display cage as information that supports conservation education. The observation was conducted for five days from 08.00 am - 04.00 pm using ad libitum sampling and focal animal sampling methods. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the biggest percentage of Crested Serpent-eagle’s daily activity in the display cage is perching at 71.6%. This percentage is similar to the percentage of eagle perching activity in nature. Although the percentage of its activity is similar, the Crested Serpent-eagle in this study has a very small possibility of being released into the wild because, after more than one year of rehabilitation, its dependency on humans has not disappeared.

DESIGNING A COLLABORATIVE MODEL FOR THE RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT PROCESS TO ELEVATE THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS

The furniture industry is a non-oil and gas sector that can be developed aggressively due to the abundant natural resources provided by Indonesia's forests. However, there are several issues in the wooden furniture industry, starting on the upstream supply chain, especially in the raw material procurement process. The increasing product cost because of high procurement costs could make this industry hard to compete or grow. Thus, this study proposes an improvement of raw material procurement by developing a collaborative model to minimize the total circular procurement cost in the wooden furniture industry supply chain. Adopting the collaborative model is expected to reduce the raw material procurement costs of all parties involved in the supply chain by shortening the supply chain. In addition, this study built a dynamic system model with an implementation circular supply chain concept, which focuses on regenerating the wood raw material toward zero waste. The finding is that a collaborative model could reduce the total circular procurement cost by 25% to 35% compared to the base model. A recommendation for building the terminal comes from the collaborative model. The result of this study provides a solution to elevate the furniture industry's competitiveness through cost reduction.

DESIGNING A COLLABORATIVE MODEL FOR THE RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT PROCESS TO ELEVATE THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS

The furniture industry is a non-oil and gas sector that can be developed aggressively due to the abundant natural resources provided by Indonesia's forests. However, there are several issues in the wooden furniture industry, starting on the upstream supply chain, especially in the raw material procurement process. The increasing product cost because of high procurement costs could make this industry hard to compete or grow. Thus, this study proposes an improvement of raw material procurement by developing a collaborative model to minimize the total circular procurement cost in the wooden furniture industry supply chain. Adopting the collaborative model is expected to reduce the raw material procurement costs of all parties involved in the supply chain by shortening the supply chain. In addition, this study built a dynamic system model with an implementation circular supply chain concept, which focuses on regenerating the wood raw material toward zero waste. The finding is that a collaborative model could reduce the total circular procurement cost by 25% to 35% compared to the base model. A recommendation for building the terminal comes from the collaborative model. The result of this study provides a solution to elevate the furniture industry's competitiveness through cost reduction.

Changes in floristic diversity and stand damage of tropical forests caused by logging operations in North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Matangaran JR, Anissa IN, Adlan Q, Mujahid M. 2022. Changes in floristic diversity and stand damage of tropical forests caused by logging operations in North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6358-6365. Selective cutting of natural forests in Indonesia has been going on for decades. As a consequence, such activities cause disturbances in vegetation cover indicated by changes in diversity and evenness, forest stands damage and mortality of juvenile trees. This research aimed to determine changes in diversity and evenness of vegetation before and after harvesting at seedling, saplings, poles and tree levels, stand damage and forest opening, the number of natural regeneration, and the relationship between felling intensity and forest opening. The research was conducted in a logging concession applying Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) in North Kalimantan by restricting timber cutting to only commercial trees with a diameter of more than 50 cm. The result found 38 tree species in the research plot with average logging intensity of 6.5 trees per hectare. Before and after harvesting, it was found that there were slight changes in diversity and evenness indices at seedling, sapling, pole and tree levels. The percentage of stand damage was 17.8%, and the percentage of forest opening was 19.76 %, which was comparably lower than logging practices in other areas. Nonetheless, we found a strong positive relationship between felling intensity and forest opening. The findings of this study provide another evidence that it is necessary to implement reduced impact logging to reduce damage to forest ecosystems due to selective cutting in the tropical region. It is important to limit the number of trees logged per hectare in order to reduce logging damage and forest opening, minimize impacts on tree species diversity and facilitate natural regeneration.

Review on Bioactive Potential of Indonesian Forest Essential Oils

Review on Bioactive Potential of Indonesian Forest Essential Oils

Estimation of aboveground carbon stock using the 8 operation land imagery in Lemo Nakai community forest, Indonesia

Estimation of aboveground carbon stock on stands vegetation, especially in community forests in Indonesia has become an urgent issue in the effort to calculate, monitor, manage, and evaluate carbon stocks. The study aims to test the accuracy of the estimated model of aboveground carbon stocks, to ascertain the total carbon stock, and to map the spatial distribution of carbon stocks on stands vegetation in Lemo Nakai community forest lying on 3°25’59,588” - 3 27’57,982” alt. and 102°19’25,108” - 102°22’23,416” long., covering 1,053. 53 ha. The study was conducted from February to June 2022 at Baturaja Village, North Bengkulu District. Forest structure grouped classified into three classes; dense, medium and sparse stand using stratified sampling plots systematically spread out at the forest studied forest area. Above-ground biomass and carbon stock of the forest stand were estimated using allometric models. Spatial data collected from Landsat 8 OLI (operational land imager) were used to produce land-use maps of the Lemo Nakai community forest to estimate the total carbon stock, obtained from the United State Geological Survey (USGS, 2021). The result showed that the dense-, medium-, and sparse forest structure covered about 753,69 ha, 3232,41ha, and 32,49 ha, respectively. Above-ground biomass of the Lemo Nakai community forest was estimated at the dense-, medium-, and sparse structures were, respectively 389.74 tons ha-1, 278.88 tons ha-1, and 149.28 tons ha-1 with carbon stock at 179.40 tons ha-1, 128.29 tons ha-1, and 68.67 tons ha-1, respectively. Furthermore, estimated CO2eq absorption at the dense-, medium-, and sparse forest structure, respectively 657.80 tons ha-1, 470.58 tons ha-1, and 26.98 tons ha-1.

Pembuatan Tepung Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Berkualitas Tinggi Sebagai Bahan Baku Ekstraksi Glukomanan

One of Indonesia's forest products is porang tubers (Amorphophallus Oncophyllus). Porang tuber is a food plant that has a potential source of glucomannan. Post-harvest processing is one of the main problems in obtaining optimal glucomannan levels in porang tubers. This study aims to obtain high quality porang tuber flour by increasing the glucomannan content in porang tuber flour. The research method used was the soaking technique on porang tuber chips before being processed into porang flour. The solvent (anti-browning agent) used as an immersion in this study was sodium metabisulfite with a concentration of 2%, 5% and 7.5% and ascorbic acid with a concentration of 2%, 5% and 7.5%. The length of immersion time in this study was 3 hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes). The results showed that the immersion technique carried out tend to have a real effect on increasing glucomannan levels. The best glucomannan content obtained was in the immersion treatment using sodium metabisulfite at a concentration of 7.5% with an immersion time of 180 minutes of 88.20% and the immersion treatment using ascorbic acid at a concentration of 5% with an immersion time of 150 minutes of 79.45%. The best characteristics of porang tuber flour from the results of the analysis showed the contents of water, protein, fat, carbohydrates and ash respectively were 12.758%, 7.039%, 0.926%, 73.111% and 0.988%.The soaking process using an anti-browning agent can increase glucomannan content as an increase in the selling value of porang flour.

Building Fire Safety Management Analysis Based On Building Safety System Reliability Assessment Method In Green House Display Building – Cibinong National Research And Innovation Agency, Bogor Regency

Fires should be alerted and anticipated or detected as early as possible. If a fire occurs, it will be fatal such as damage to buildings, infrastructure, To prevent or anticipate fires, detection must be carried out as early as possible and prepared facilities or infrastructure for fire safety. The Green House display building is an exhibition building of living plants from various mountains in Indonesia including the mountains of Java, the mountains of Sumatra, the mountains of Kalimantan, and the mountains of Papua. Plants and soil are taken directly from the associated location. This building is allegedly very prone to fire because there are so many flammable materials such as leaves, wood and others. As well as forests in Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan and Sumatra where fires often occur. Therefore, the application of Building Fire Safety Management in this building must be applied as well as possible. Active protection systems such as fire detection devices for this building cannot use ordinary systems, because in this building, the atmosphere is like mountains with many big trees. The inspection can be carried out by several methods, including analyzing based on applicable standards and analyzing based on the assessment of the reliability of the building safety system referring to the Settlement Research and Development Center, Research and Development Agency PU, Department of Public Works in 2005 (Pd-T-11-2005-C).

Integrating Social Forestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia

Social forestry (SF) has long been implemented in production and protected forests in Indonesia. SF is considered to be a win–win solution for occupied and cultivated forest areas. The aim of this paper was to review the implementation of social forestry in Indonesia and its strengths and challenges. The secondary purpose was to synthesize the lessons learned and recommendations for the government about designing SF that can integrate the objective of forest biodiversity conservation and the social welfare of the surrounding communities. The study used a systematic literature review (SLR) of international and national peer-reviewed articles. The results of the study indicate that SF is intended to achieve benefits in three main areas: social, economic, and ecological. However, the review found that the ecological aspects of biodiversity conservation often receive less attention compared to the social and economic goals. A strong point of SF implementation is increasing community access to forest land use, while a challenge that must be resolved is that including communities in forest management can result in fragmentation and changes to animal habitats; thus, there is the potential for population decline and extinction. This study advises policymakers to pay more attention to ecological functions to ensure forest sustainability in SF development.

Forestry Partnership Policy Between Farmer Group and Production Forest Management Unit Poigar Model

Indonesia's forests are very famous for the diversity of living plants and animals. In the forest is potency, the woods that do not can be ignored. In connection with diverse biological components, forests Provide various plants that can be utilized as providers of oxygen, materials, food, ingredients, and buildings. In a study, this approach is taken through a qualitative process. As for technique data collection used in the study, this is as follows: Method observation is something effort aware for collecting data in a manner systematic with a standardized procedure. Data analysis: the efforts carried out with working path with data, organizing data, sorting it out Becomes unit that can be managed, synthesized, searched, and found the pattern, find what is essential and what is learned as well as decide what is told to other people. Thus, the data collected from the results interview and study literature or documentation will be analyzed and interpreted to find the meaning and meaning then connected with the problem research. Collected data served in the form of narration and quoted directly from the results interview. Aspects of effectiveness policy partnership conservation forestry help the perpetrator's activity maximize results production and promotion, so that could produce quality products and promote results production to more area large so that could be known by the public wide.

Utilization of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology for mangrove species identification in Belawan, Medan City, North Sumatera, Indonesia

The mangrove forests in Indonesia are starting to decrease over time because there is still a lack of knowledge among people around the coast about the importance of mangroves. Kampung Nelayan, Medan Belawaan, is a coastal community area whose life is very dependent on coastal, mangrove, and water resources. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has the potential to provide a fast, cost-effective, and efficient mangrove mapping technique. It is very useful because mangrove areas are located in remote areas, where field measurements are difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. The objective of this study is to analyze mangrove species using UAV imagery with Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) classification. The object-based classification result for the overall accuracy is 82.94% where there are 7 classes of mangrove species based on the classification process, including: Avicennia alba, Avicennia officinialis, Avicennia Marina, Rhizopora apiculata, Nypah fruticans, Scyphipora hydrophylacea, Bruguiera gymnorriza. There are also two classes for non-mangrove, consisting of the water body and non-mangrove. The largest area of mangrove species in the research site is Avicennia Marina with a percentage of 33.86% covering an area of 7.80 Ha. The second-largest mangrove species with a percentage of 21.88% is Avicennia officinalis with an area of 5.04 Ha.

Does Gap Opening and Planting to Rehabilitate the Degraded Tropical Natural Forests Affect the Forest Composition and Structure?

By 2020, there were 33.4 million ha of degraded forests in Indonesia. If it is not rehabilitated, there will be land-use changes that significantly affect its biodiversity and environment. Gap opening and planting is an important silvicultural regeneration method to rehabilitate degraded tropical natural forests. We studied the subject in a 10 ha degraded lowland tropical natural forest in Central Borneo, Indonesia. The study aims to compare the composition and structure of degraded tropical natural forests before and after gap opening and planting. The methods used consist of 1) gap opening and planting with a proportion of the total gap area to the total degraded natural forest area of 40%; 2) vegetation analysis to assess the composition and structure of forest. The results showed that the gap opening and planting activities led to a decrease in the density of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees, and cause loss of two species at seedling level and one species at sapling level. The analysis results of the stand structure and species composition, index of species diversity, species evenness index, and community similarity index before and after gap opening and planting of the degraded forest in the study area of 10 ha showed that there is no changes of these variables. These results showed that the use of the gap opening and planting method in the rehabilitation of degraded forests is able to maintain the stability of species composition and stand structure, species diversity, species evenness, and forest communities. In conclusion, the study provided significant empirical results on the composition and structure of degraded tropical natural forests before and after gap opening and planting, which would be instrumental for the development of rehabilitation strategies. It is recommended that the rehabilitation of degraded tropical natural forests in Indonesia can be carried out using the gap opening and planting method.

Orchid (Orchidaceae) Inventory in Isau-Isau Wildlife Conservation Resort Area IX Lawang Agung Village, South Sumatra

Orchidaceae is one of the plant families which occupies 7-10% of the total flowering plants in the world. Of the 25,000 species of orchids in the world, 6,000 species are found in various forests in Indonesia, including Sumatra. South Sumatra save high diversity of orchid and one of them is in Isau-Isau Wildlife Conservation. This area has various types of plants, including orchids. Diversity orchids in the area have not gotten any attention, so the data regarding orchids in the Isau-Isau Wildlife Conservation, especially in Resort Conservation Area IX Lawang Agung Village, Mulak Ulu District, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra still limited and not well documented, so that need further research to know types of orchids in the area. The research found 22 species, consisting of 21 epiphyte orchids and 1 terrestrial orchid. Many orchids were found in the secondary forest of 16 species. An endemic orchid of South Sumatra was found in this research, it is Vanda foetida. Host plants found were 11 plants, 7 can identify and 4 not can be identified.