Foreign Trade In Goods Research Articles

Non-tariff regulation of foreign trade in goods as a factor of socio-economic development of member states of the Eurasian Economic Union

Subject. The article considers internationalization of the world economy and expansion of cooperation ties. Objectives. The focus is on the analysis of the role of non-tariff regulation in strengthening the integration of countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. Methods. The study employs methods of logical and statistical analysis. Results. We analyzed the legal framework for non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity in the EAEU, highlighted national (using the case of Russia) and integration features. We determined import substitution trends for certain types of food products. Conclusions. The efficiency of use of non-tariff regulation has an impact on the level of socio-economic development.

Impact of ukrainian economy on the development of trade and economic relations and cooperation between african countries

Methods. The scientific and methodological basis of the study of the impact of Ukrainian economy on the development of trade and economic relations with African countries is a strategic approach to public administration. The results of the study are based on general scientific and specific methods of the theory of public administration and international economic relations. In particular, the methods of generalization and comparison were used to formalize the trends and directions of development of economic relations and trade between Ukraine and African countries; methods of graphical representation and visualization of the results - to analyze the dynamics of trade exchange between the studied countries. Results. The article analyzes the patterns of formation of the state policy of trade and economic relations of Ukraine with African countries and their impact on the economy of the African region. Trend analysis and graphical method of data visualization allowed to determine the priority areas of cooperation between Ukraine and the countries of the African continent in accordance with the Strategy of Foreign Policy of Ukraine. Novelty. Approaches to the formation of the strategy of public administration of trade and economic policy of cooperation between Ukraine and the countries of the African region are generalized. Practical value. The features of the formation of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the five largest trading partners among the countries of the African region (Morocco, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya) are analyzed. The main problems of Ukraine's cooperation with African countries are determined, which include: insufficient level of diplomatic activity; significant influence of the Russian Federation on African countries in various spheres, in particular political, military, economic; lack of a basic strategy for the formation of relations with African countries; lack of a clear position, strategic vision of the development of trade and economic cooperation with African countries. The geographical structure of Ukraine's foreign trade in goods with individual African countries is analyzed.

ПАНЕЛЬНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ІНФЛЯЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ УКРАЇНИ

Inflation is a well-known and at the same time still insufficiently explained phenomenon of the socio-economic life of any country. This fact is related to the complexity and uncertain of the problem of inflation processes, as well as the fact that the essence of inflation evolves in time and changes in space, depending on the specific economic and political conditions in which the state finds itself. The investigation implemented a model of inflationary processes of Ukraine based on longitudinal data. Average wage index, industrial production index, regional volumes of foreign trade in goods and unemployment rate were used as factor variables for the model. Input information on the factor variables and the consumer price index as the resulting variable was collected across the regions of Ukraine for the period 2000–2020. After conducting a series of tests (Durbin-Wu-Hausman test and Wald test), the model was specified as a longitudinal data model with cross-sectional fixed effects. For such a model, it was necessary to apply the panel estimated generalized least squares method (panel EGLS), which is based on the assumed inequality of variance and therefore provides the opportunity to obtain the best linear estimates. After evaluating the unknown parameters of the model, namely the scalar coefficients, industrial production index, unemployment rate, average wage index, regional volumes of foreign trade in goods, we obtained the following values, respectively: 113.1856, 0.017839, -0.083791, -0.017515, -0.007895. In general, the quality assessment of the model gives good results. We can definitely state that the relationship between the consumer price index is close to, because the determination ratio is close to 1. Based on this, it is obvious that on average in the regions of Ukraine, 99.39% of changes in the consumer price index are explained by changes in the values of the average wage index wages, the index of industrial production, the size of regional volumes of foreign trade in goods and the level of unemployment. And the calculated value of the F-statistic exceeds the empirical value so the model adequately describes such a dependence. In general, the proposed panel model of inflationary processes of Ukraine has good quality indicators and is suitable and can be used for forecasting inflation at the regional level.

The global changes factors in international trade and russias military aggression: impact on the development of export activities in Ukraine regions

Comparative analysis of trends and structure of world trade and trade of Ukraine in the international market, as well as the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the volume of trade in Ukraine and the world is carried out. It is established that world trade is characterized by more pronounced nature of the growing and declining dynamics in comparison with Ukraine's international trade, which is characterized by relative stability in the volume of export-import operations. It is argued that the main globalizing factors determining the trends in Ukraine's international trade today and in recent years are covid-19 pandemic, free trade zone with the EU and Russia's war against Ukraine. Peculiarities of Ukraine's cooperation with the EU in international trade in goods and services are analyzed. It is established that in the pandemic 2020 there was strengthening of Asian and American trends in the geographical structure of exports from Ukraine and European and American trends in the geographical structure of export services. The foreign trade in goods and services of the regions of Ukraine with the EU is analyzed. It has been established that Lviv oblast is the most integrated into the EU according to the European Integration Economic Progress Index, the share of exports of services to the EU and the share of exports in commodity trade among all regions of Ukraine, despite the covid-19 pandemic. The possible consequences of Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine for the export activities of the state and its regions are analyzed. It is noted that Ukraine lost half of its export capacity in just one month of the war. This is due to the destruction of warehouses, production, freezing of production, as well as blocking the main export routes – the ports of Nikolaev, Odessa and Mariupol. It is established that in the future the following factors can reduce the export of agricultural products from Ukraine: reduction of the total area of crops, sown areas of export-oriented crops (including sunflower and corn) in favor of food crops (peas, barley, oats) for domestic consumption in wartime and the destruction of domestic granaries and elevators by the aggressor. It has been argued that Russia's military aggression against Ukraine as a factor in reducing export activity will not only lead to significant budget losses due to reduced export revenues, but will also threaten global food security. In view of this, the search for new alternative logistical ways to export goods to the world market is becoming one of the priorities in the implementation of Ukraine's export strategy in the near future.

Customs regulation of foreign trade as a tool of strategic state planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The intensity of foreign trade in goods within the framework of the increasing processes of globalization, the complication of trade logistics, as well as the strengthening of its role in the development of the state requires ensuring a high level of customs regulation of foreign economic activity. The article is devoted to the study of the role of customs regulation of foreign trade in the strategic state planning of the country. Based on the model, the variables of which were the index of imported machinery and equipment and the volume of industrial production in the manufacturing industry, the existence of a positive relationship between the customs regulation of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade and the development of the real sector of the country’s economy was proved, which confirmed the significant role of customs regulation of foreign trade in a positive change in the country’s economy. In the course of the analysis of the strategic state planning system of Kazakhstan (SSP) for the reflection of customs regulation in the documents of the SSP at various levels, the insufficiency of reflection of its mechanisms in the formation of Kazakhstan’s economic policy has been established. In the course of the analysis of the SSP of Kazakhstan for the reflection of customs regulation in its documents of various levels, the insufficient presence of its mechanisms in the formation of Kazakhstan’s economic policy was established. Along with general scientific methods of cognition, the method of correlation and regression analysis was used in the study.

GEORGIA, UKRAINE AND MOLDOVA, THE EU EASTERN PARTNERSHIP MEMBER STATES: MODERN CHALLENGES

The study of various initiatives of the European Union is highly pressing in terms of current globalization and regional integration processes. The Eastern Partnership is an EU initiative aimed at deepening and strengthening relations between the EU, its member states and the six countries of its Eastern neighborhood. The study of the issues concerning the economic development of the three associated countries (Georgia, Ukraine and Moldova) of Eastern Partnership is very important. Therefore, if these countries carry out significant reforms and the EU supports the development of the initiative, the integration of all three countries with the EU will possibly deepen. The paper discusses the indicators and peculiarities of socio-economic development of the EU Eastern Partnership Associated Countries. These countries are actively seeking for further integration into the global economy. Trade relations between Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine and the European Union have significant prospects. The share of Georgian exports to the EU in total exports amounted to 22%. EU plays an important role in Moldova’s exports; in 2019 the share of the EU in Moldova’s exports was 64%, which is the highest among the associated countries. Ukraine's trade with the EU is also high among these countries. In 2019, Georgia's foreign trade turnover (%) accounted for 75% of GDP, which is quite high. Negative trade balance is a very important problem for the country; trade deficit (%) accounted for 32% of GDP. In 2019, the share of trade turnover (%) of Moldova and Ukraine reached 72-72% of GDP. It should be noted that territorial integrity of all these countries within internationally recognized borders is violated which significantly hinders the economic development of the country; in addition, it also poses a serious threat to maintaining security and stability; and hinders their striving towards the EU. The Eastern Partnership allows its member countries, including Georgia, to accelerate the process of trade and economic integration with the European Union through bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The EU Eastern Partnership initiative promotes further integration of the member states into the EU, as well as the socioeconomic development of its member states. The Eastern partner countries have a common communist past. Georgia has the highest negative trade balance in foreign trade in goods among Eastern Partner countries. In addition, Georgia has the highest negative trade balance and negative import-export ratio. In case successful economic reforms are carried out Georgia might be the first Eastern Partner country to be awarded the status of an EU candidate country. None of the Eastern Partner countries is a member of NATO. There is no direct link between the EU and NATO; however, the recent enlargements have shown that before joining the EU the country first becomes a member of NATO. Georgia should continue further integration with the European Union and increase trade and economic cooperation with the EU and its member states. Increasing Georgia's exports to the EU remains a major challenge for the country. The Eastern Partner countries have to continue their effort to develop their economies and further integrate with the EU and the international community. Thus, Georgia has a good opportunity to get closer to the EU, develop the national economy, make it competitive and increase trade and economic cooperation with the EU. The Eastern Partnership allows its member countries, including Georgia, to accelerate the process of trade and economic integration with the European Union through bilateral and multilateral cooperation.

Modeling of regional freight flows of road transport in Ukraine

A transport system can be defined as a complex system characterized by a random value of transport demand, variable weather and climatic factors, a set of characteristics of transport infrastructure, and a complex system of interconnections. One of the key modes of transport providing freight transport both in domestic and international traffic is road. Its mobility and the ability to deliver cargo from door to door is a unique competitive advantage over other modes of transport. To create an effective logistics infrastructure that meets the demand for domestic freight transport, first of all, information is needed on the needs for transport between regions of the country. Thus, it is necessary to look for mathematical approaches to modeling freight flows, combining their practical implementation using widely used software products (for example, MS Excel). The purpose of the paper is to build effective multifactor regression models of demand for input and output transportation of goods by road for each region of Ukraine according to publicly available statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The modern approach to modeling cargo flows requires fast processing of a large amount of statistical data. In addition, the method should be as universal as possible and capable of quick and simple changes under conditions of a change in statistical data. From this point of view, the most acceptable option can be considered to be the modeling of freight traffic using regression models based on correlation and regression analysis. In general, the task is to find the dependence of the demand for transportation on the factors that influence it. Such factors in the existing models are connected with various macroeconomic indicators, as well as the distance of delivery. The data of regional statistics of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and data of the “Lardi-Trans” website as the most widely used by freight carriers and shippers were taken as the initial data for modeling. A list of factors has been found that significantly influence the demand for freight transport by road between regions of Ukraine. A rating of influencing factors has been compiled, among which are the gross regional product, regional volumes of foreign trade in goods (imports) and gross regional product per one inhabitant of the region. The absolute values of the correlation coefficients are in the range 0.351-0.974. The lowest correlation coefficient is between the transportation distance and the demand for delivery, which proves a negligible relationship between the volume of regional transportation and the distance of delivery. Multivariate regression models with thirteen, five and two factors of influence on demand are built. Accuracy parameter values are acceptable for all model variants. The normalized R-squared of the obtained models does not fall below 84%, and the average approximation error does not rise above 1.6%, which is an excellent performance of the models.

ЛОГІСТИКА В ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ТОРГОВЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ УКРАЇНИ, ЩО ВИХОДЯТЬ НА РИНКИ ЄС

Subject of study. Logistics processes in the activities of trade enterprises in the conditions of European integration are considered. The purpose of the study. The purpose of the article is to study the logistics processes in the activities of Ukrainian trade enterprises entering the markets of the EU in the context of significant global changes. © Наталія Володимирівна Лагодієнко, Лариса Борисівна Скляр, 2021 Research methods. The methodological basis of the study is the position of theories of enterprise economics, trade, logistics, strategic management, systems and economic growth in the context of European integration, as well as system and structural analysis. Results. The peculiarities of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union are outlined. The necessity of logistic strategies formation in trade enterprises is substantiated. The structure of foreign trade in goods and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on it, as well as the dynamics of exports and imports of goods are analyzed. The basic principles of logistics in the activity of trade enterprises entering the EU markets are determined. The basic scheme of logistic functional branches is formed. The key logistic concepts of trade enterprises are substantiated. Possibilities of solving optimization problems in the field of logistics in trade enterprises entering the markets of the European Union are considered and calculated. The formed sales channel should have developed both logistic, and marketing strategy. Next, the distribution policy is the sales method, commercial service and delivery service. There are relationships between these elements. The method of sale differs depending on whether they connect the seller directly or indirectly with the final recipient and which companies are involved. By choosing a distribution channel, the company decides which tasks it will perform and which will be transferred to independent market partners. Conclusions. This model is an integer linear programming of the transport type and has a similarity to the transport problem, which allows it to be solved by the method of potentials. The use of these models will help optimize the strategic directions of export activities for trade enterprises. Keywords: trade enterprises, logistics processes, export-import operations, optimization, EU countries.

Тенденції розвитку зовнішньої торгівлі товарами України в контексті пандемії COVID-19

The article discusses and analyzes the volumes of Ukraine’s foreign trade in goods in 2019-2020. A positive trend regarding the foreign trade balance on trade in Ukrainian goods is allocated. It is found that there was a decrease in exports and imports of goods during the researched period. The commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade is analyzed. Changes in the commodity export structure in 2020 compared to 2019 have been identified. The main groups of goods that Ukraine exports and imports the most when trading with foreign countries are allocated. The groups of goods whose export and import volumes have undergone the greatest changes in 2020 and as compared to 2019 are allocated. The geographical structure of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods is analyzed. Changes in the geographical structure of exports in 2020 compared to 2019 are determined. It is specified, which countries are the largest importers of Ukrainian goods and from which countries Ukraine imports the most goods. The countries in terms of the largest changes as to the foreign trade with them in 2020 compared to 2019 are allocated. It is determined that the most important reason for changes in the volume of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods in 2020 compared to 2019 was the COVID-19 pandemic. The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the world economy and human life in general is noted. The main changes in the economy and society, which caused changes in the volume of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods, as well as the main reasons for the change in supply and demand, which are typical for all countries of the world, are allocated. The main directions of the State’s assistance to increase the volume of exports of goods from Ukraine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic are defined. The negative and positive changes in Ukraine’s foreign trade caused by the coronavirus pandemic are characterized.

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Economic Prospects and Historical Background

The essay discusses the socio-political challenges for the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its foreign trade in goods and services, including the Hungarian relation. The study uses descriptive tools and secondary data. Wedged in between Croatia and Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s economy is inextricably linked to the dramatic events of the past and the still unresolved social and political conflicts. Within Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina was a member state with significant export potential, but the war and ethnicisation have devastated the economy. The state administration of the Dayton system is expensive, and the foundations for capital flows, privatisation and European convergence are developing slowly. Capital flows, the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) and international aid play an important role in balancing the foreign exchange balance. A significant item reducing the negative current account balance is the amount of remittances, which is six times higher than FDI. Remittances have become the largest source of external financing, increasing dependency and exacerbating the vulnerability of the economy.

ЧИННИКИ ВПЛИВУ НА ТРАНСПОРТНІ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕННЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

In articles identified and investigated the main factors inhibiting the increase in freight traffic, identified the main measures to minimize them. The object of study is the economic processes of business entities in their operation under the influence of destabilizing factors. The subject of research are scientific-theoretical and practical aspects of transport management. The study used general and special research methods: the method of critical analysis, scientific abstraction and generalization of scientific experience of modern theoretical research, system-integrated approach. It is noted that the main causes of transport threats to the economic security of enterprises are: reduction of rail transportation due to reduced production of coal, ore, oil and gas condensate, wear and tear of material and technical base; the problem of increasing the volume of road transport due to extremely low quality and low capacity of domestic roads, the limited number of large transport companies and the relatively high cost of transport services due to the high cost of fuel; high cost of transportation by sea, river and air transport due to low renewable material and technical base and neglected infrastructure, especially for river transport; strengthening of external economic risks that affect the partnership relations of enterprises, which arose as a result of the military conflict in Donetsk and Luhansk regions and due to the loss of Crimea; inefficiency of the state policy on development of business, counteraction to corruption and legalization of the proceeds of crime. It is noted that Ukraine’s dependence on car imports is one of the determining factors in the growth of the negative balance in foreign trade in goods and the main one in foreign trade in transport engineering products; as a result of staffing of motor transport enterprises with low-skilled personnel, accidents and injuries on motor transport increase. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop and adopt at the state level a single methodology for minimizing transport threats, taking into account modern challenges, which will reduce the technical and technological lag behind the development of transport infrastructure in Ukraine.

Продвижение российских экономических интересов на юге Африки

In this study Southern Africa refers to 10 countries: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Angola and Mozambique. The author states that this region can take an important place in the general policy of the economic turn of the Russian Federation to the Global South. The Soviet Union developed close ties with some countries, supporting them in their struggle for independence, but after the collapse of the USSR, our country “left the region”. Analysis of main features of modern Russian foreign trade in goods and services, as well as foreign direct investment, has shown that only South Africa and Angola are characterized by a diversified structure of bilateral economic relations, and quite favorable in terms of Russian exports of goods. However, even in South Africa and Angola, the dynamics of trade with Russia is unstable, Russian investment was made by a limited number of leading TNCs (mainly in raw materials). Imports from Angola are associated only with diamonds, which does not distinguish this country from Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi, which mainly specialize in the supply of tobacco raw materials to Russia. Russian high-tech exports are primarily related to arms supplies, while a significant proportion of other high value-added goods are usually associated with small volumes of supplies (as in the case of Russia’s pharmaceutical exports to Angola). So far, Russian grain and mineral fertilizers are most in demand in Southern Africa. At the same time, almost all countries in the region have the potential to deepen cooperation with Russia. Russian companies that come to the region as investors will be able to significantly increase trade turnover and diversify its structure. The most significant investments have been made by Russian oil and gas TNCs and diamond mining giant ALROSA. However, Russian investors from other industries, as well as service companies, are also showing interest in Southern Africa. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared at IMEMO under the support of the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 17-78-20216).

Розвиток зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств Херсонської області: економіко-статистичний аналіз

The article is aimed at analyzing the main indicators of foreign economic activity of the Kherson region. Considering that in the context of globalization the development of the economy of any country is firmly related to the development of its foreign economic activity, the article contains an analysis of the main indicators of international trade in goods and services of the Kherson region. Based on the carried out analysis, it is found that in 2020, in the total structure of Ukraine’s exports and imports, the share of the Kherson region amounted to 0.6%. Active participants in foreign trade in goods and services were more than 300 enterprises of the region, and the partners - 120 countries over the world. The analysis of the dynamics of indicators (exports, imports, balances) showed that in trade in goods there are positive tendencies to increase export volumes in recent years, as well as an increase in the number of participants and the expansion of the geography of foreign trade. The article analyzes the commodity and geographical structure, as a result it is identified that the main importers of products of the Kherson region are the Netherlands, Turkey and Poland. Export of services in the Kherson region was implemented by 123 enterprises into 75 world countries. The largest partners remain Turkey, Belize, as well as Germany, Poland, Switzerland. It is identified that in the structure of exports of commodity products, the largest share in 2020 was made up of the following commodity groups: cereals, seeds and fruits of oilseeds, fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin, residues and wastes of the food industry, wood and wood products, vessels, etc. The analysis of sales volumes of certain types of products in natural and cost-based indicators is carried out. The indicators of the region’s imports are analyzed according to the same method. The article contains findings of the analysis of the export and import indicators in the regional districts structure.

Оценка влияния пандемии COVID-19 на внешнюю торговлю России и стран Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона

The article represents the assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on foreign trade in goods in the Asia-Pacific region. As a result, it is concluded that the developed countries of the region with a strong dependence on global production chains suffered the greatest damage. At the same time, the least developed ones showed positive dynamics due to the later arrival of the pandemic. The European Union share in the Russian trade turnover has significantly decreased, while the Asia-Pacific countries share, on the contrary, has increased. However, a detailed analysis of the Russian exports commodity structure showed that these positive results were achieved due to an increase in the supply of traditional goods, but not exports diversification by products and directions

Україна в системі зовнішньоекономічної діяльності: проблеми і шляхи формування умов виходу на міжнародні ринки

The dynamics of Ukraine's foreign trade in recent years was analysed. It has shown that Ukraine is a fairly significant country in the world market for goods and services. In 2020 it had a wide range of trade relations with partners from 234 countries. Ukraine exports nearly USD 50 billion worth of goods and is one of the 50 largest exporters of goods. At the same time, the following problems were identified: a slow and unstable growth in exports, a negative balance of foreign trade in goods, an imperfect structure of exports due to its raw material nature.The principal obstacles to increase exports were identified: the continuation of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the loss of the part of enterprises producing export products. Obstacles for Ukraine in the way of exporting products to some third countries associated with the actions of the Russian Federation; low technological level of economic development of the country, the consequence of which is a low level of competitiveness of Ukrainian goods, a small share of high-tech products and mainly raw materials structure of Ukraine's exports, which reduces export revenues; insufficient experience and knowledge of domestic manufacturers in the sphere of foreign economic activity, inability to conduct effective marketing research of foreign markets, present their products on them and establish partnerships.It was concluded that the Export Strategy of Ukraine for 2017-2021 adopted in 2018, which identified the priority tasks for the development of export potential, as well as the established state institution Office for Export Promotion will contribute to the revitalization of the national enterprises on the way to conquering foreign markets. For active and effective foreign trade, it is also necessary to strengthen activities in the field of advanced training and the formation of competencies of entrepreneurs, particularly, among representatives of SMEs, which is necessary for participation in international trade.

РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНОГО ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ

Development of international cooperation in the context of globalization as an important component of the foreign economic activity has been considered. One of perspective areas of the foreign economic activity for Ukraine is the development of economic cooperation with the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of analytical assessment of the economic cooperation effectiveness are being in need for the development of the effective foreign economic strategy. The purpose of this article is to identify the development trends of economic cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine as an analytical basis for the formation of the effective foreign economic strategy. Nowadays, the new completely different stage of cooperation and diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine begins. Major irreversible changes are occurring in the post-Soviet space and in the Commonwealth of Independent States free trade zone which are including the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine. These factors predetermine the need for the form adjustment of cooperation between countries. Methodological approach in order to conduct the research and to quantify the development of economic cooperation with the Republic of Kazakhstan has been developed. Research by using estimates of the international organizations has been conducted. Formation of the information databases with the main indicators for the analysis of economic cooperation between countries has been foreseen. Analysis of the dynamics of foreign trade with the quantitative assessment on the base of the generated databases has been performed. Analysis of the structure of the foreign trade and investment activities has been presented. Developed methodological approach allows to form the analytical basis for the Ukraine’s foreign economic strategy. Indicators of the foreign trade in goods and services, information about results of the intellectual activity for the analysis of economic cooperation have been used. Particular attention is being paid to the study of investments as a form of the international capital flows. Trending algorithms for commodity markets with the identification of possible export reserves have been developed. Analytical bases of the effective foreign economic strategy of Ukraine and development of economic cooperation with the Republic of Kazakhstan have been formed.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СТАТИСТИЧНИХ МЕТОДІВ В УПРАВЛІННІ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ КОМПАНІЇ

The purpose of this article is to study the specifics of the application of statistical methods to study the state and trends of international road transport in modern conditions. At the present stage of development of the world economy there are an internationalization of production in various industries and the growth of economic interdependence of economies of different countries. The globalization of economic processes in the world has a qualitative and quantitative impact on foreign economic activity. Application of statistical methods to assess the foreign economic activity of the transport company, which provide practical recommendations for the organization of continuous and selective statistical observations to obtain complete and timely information in conditions of socio – economic tension, high levels of dynamism and uncertainty of external and internal environment, closed border with COVID pandemic. It is defined, that the organization and conduct of statistical research of foreign economic activity of the transport company includes four consecutive interrelated stages. There is a relationship between the various stages of statistical research, which is determined by the sequence of their use, according to the conditions studied by the problems in the transport market, secondary processes, the use of which will allow specific and systematic research. The main indicators of Ukraine’s foreign trade activity during the three quarters of 2020–2021, in particular, exports and imports of goods and services, has been analyzed. It was determined that in Ukraine’s foreign trade there was an increase in exports over imports by 1 billion dollars USA (7.7%). This positive situation for Ukraine has led to a partial reduction in the negative balance of foreign trade in goods. The physical volume of exports of Ukrainian goods exceeds more than twice the physical volume of imported goods, because the structure of goods is mainly raw materials. A large amount of cargo cannot be transported by Ukrainian transport companies because of insufficient environmental permits for trucks to travel in foreign countries and the lack of a clear, well-established system of distribution, as result foreign forwarders enters to domestic market.

Long-term retrospective trends in the EU foreign trade development with the UK, USA and China

Based on the latest data, the article examines the quantitative indicators of foreign trade in goods of the European Union (EU27) over the past 15 years with states that are not part of this economic grouping. Trends in the structure and dynamics of foreign trade turnover are revealed, including those determined by changing role of Great Britain and the United States in connection with Britain's secession from the Union (Brexit) in January 2020. In particular, there is a convergence in the growth rates of the studied countries group and an increase in its share in EU imports while reducing the share in merchandise exports. The quantitative trends of changes in the trade balance and commodity structure are analyzed. The author identifies the most significant factors determining the development of EU commodity exchange, comprising the role of US oil exports and anti-Russian sanctions. Some promising areas of research on this issue are determined with consideration of the results obtained by Russian and foreign scientists, such as competitiveness and the formation of the global value chains.

Foreign trade of Georgia in the context of the development of integration processes

The article researches the development of foreign trade in goods of Georgia in the context of the country's participation in international integration processes from the mid-1990s to the present. The evolution and features of Georgias participation in such integration organizations and projects as the Commonwealth of Independent States, GUAM, the Eastern Partnership of European Union, as well as interaction with the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union are examined. Based on a detailed analysis of the dynamics, commodity and geographical structure of Georgias foreign trade in goods in the long term period, the article substantiates the conclusion that the participation of Georgia in the Free Trade Agreements, as well as trade liberalization carried out in integration blocks, have practically no effect to change the exportimport flows of the country, and do not lead to an increase in foreign trade with the member countries of the integrations. The most significant factors that determine Georgias foreign trade and its trends are the country's geographical location and the level of the transport infrastructure development, the implementation of large-scale transport and logistics projects in the region, external financing provided to the country by international and regional organizations, foreign countries, on a credit and grant basis.

FOREIGN TRADE OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic led to problems in all sectors of the global economy. The world's leading companies are focused on how to adapt their activities to quarantine measures, save jobs and minimize losses due to the recession. There is no doubt that the pandemic will have far-reaching negative consequences for the world economy, including Ukraine. The economic consequences predicting of an outbreak of the COVID-19 virus is a difficult task due to uncertainty and lack of reliable information. The aim of the article is to study the development trends of Ukraine's foreign trade in goods in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the measures taken by countries around the world to stimulate it under these conditions. Materials and methods. The information base of the article is presented by analytical reports of international and national organizations, statistical data, forecasts of experts. The research was conducted using general scientific methods: system analysis, synthesis, theoretical generalization and comparison. Results. Trends in the development of Ukraine's foreign trade in goods in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic were studied. Groups of countries that have introduced restrictive measures in trade policy were identified. The complex of measures taken by the countries of the world to stimulate the economy in the conditions of a coronavirus pandemic was analyzed. Systemic and crisis obstacles in the development of Ukraine's foreign trade were highlighted. Measures to mitigate the effects of the pandemic were identified in trade and economic cooperation of Ukraine in the international arena. Conclusion. The economic damage from the pandemic has not yet been estimated due to the further spread of the virus. Research of measures taken by countries around the world to stimulate the economy in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that developed countries are trying to restore its economies, primarily through the mobilization of financial resources, the introduction of large-scale programs to support producers and tax breaks. It was found that only some developing countries introduce temporary foreign trade restrictions to avoid shortages in the domestic market. Most other countries use economic incentives to the leveling effects of the pandemic. Ukraine has implemented economic measures against the pandemic and temporary trade restrictions. COVID-19 has a neutral effect on exports of goods, but together with other global trends has led to a reduction of critical imports.The existence of systemic and crisis gaps in Ukraine's trade policy requires immediate action in the field of trade and economic cooperation with the countries of the world.