Foreign Literature Sources Research Articles

About the Necessity and Limits of Vivisectional Experiments in Medicine

The aim of this research was to study the possibilities and limits of conducting acute medical experiments from the moral and legal aspect. Modern Russian and foreign literature sources, as well as the latest scientifi c works on the problem under study, were reviewed. It was found that acute experiments are applied in a wide range of scientifi c research studies. The existing alternative methods cannot abolish the use of laboratory animals. Laboratory animals remain a suitable bio-model for conducting preclinical tests and experiments. Currently, vivisection is a necessary research method due to the lack of adequate alternatives.

Application of the international classification of functioning, disability and health in the system of comprehensive study of young children with down syndrome

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of complex study of early development of children with down syndrome based on the principles of ICF. The analysis of the comparability of parameters describing the current level of development of a child with normal and impaired ontogenesis in popular methods of early development diagnostics with the description parameters adopted in the new classification system of the ICF Presents the experience of processing and interpreting the results of psychological and pedagogical study of the cognitive, speech and motor spheres of young children in the context of the severity of restrictions on their daily life and health. The article describes the method of establishing a functional and rehabilitation diagnosis, as well as the procedure for documenting the results of the psychological and pedagogical study, taking into account the classification categories adopted in the ICF. The significance of the results obtained for the interaction of an interdisciplinary team of specialists within the framework of the early aid Service is determined.Materials and Methods. When writing the article, we used methods of studying domestic and foreign literature sources; generalization and systematization of the results of studying the cognitive, speech and motor spheres of young children with down syndrome; experimental methods and scales for assessing the timeliness of early childhood development.Results. The variety of approaches to studying the development of children with normal and impaired development in early ontogenesis is considered. Based on the study of domestic and foreign literature sources, the most common methods of comprehensive assessment of the cognitive, speech and motor spheres of young children with developmental disabilities were selected and their comparability with the description parameters adopted in the ICF domain classification system was evaluated. Data analysis has shown that in the process of studying individual or systemic indicators of early development of young children with down syndrome, any diagnostic tools familiar to the specialist that have passed the procedure of experimental testing and validation can be used. At the same time, only the process of processing, interpreting and finalizing the test results in the Protocol needs modification, while the stimulus material and the research procedure do not need any modification.Discussion and Conclusions. The study concluded that the ICF can be effectively applied at all stages of the study of young children with not only down syndrome, but also any variants of impaired development. The introduction of ICF profiles in the process of documenting the results of primary diagnostics and dynamic monitoring ensures consistency of interaction between specialists of the early care Service both within the organization and at the interdepartmental level

Modern digital technologies in the system of professional training of specialists for esports

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of optimization of didactic conditions of complex support of professional training of specialists for modern esports on the basis of modern digital technologies. The article presents the literature review and the main content of research work aimed at creating it-services "KiberLab", allowing to identify the level of readiness for professional activity of the players and providing the possibility of determining on the basis of preliminary complex diagnostics of the optimal strategy (content, methods and phases) comprehensive support for the professional training of cyberhighway, aimed at improving its gaming potential. The significance of the results obtained and the possibility of using the IT service in the system of professional training of specialists for esports are determinedMaterials and Methods. When writing the article, the following methods were used: theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign literary sources; generalization and systematization of the results of a sociological survey of specialists in the field of cyber industry, experimental methods for studying professionally significant characteristics of an esportsman; methods of statistical processing of experimental data, experimental modeling, design and programming of an IT serviceResults. Based on the theoretical study of the problem, a model of comprehensive support for professional training of specialists for esports was developed. In order to optimize the diadactic conditions of comprehensive support of professional training of an esports player, an IT service was developed and tested, including safe and effective psychophysiologically based algorithms and methods of professional training and support of esports players. During 2019-2020, on the basis of the Laboratory of Esports Records, tasks were implemented to introduce modern digital technologies into the system of comprehensive support for the professional training of esports athletes. The IT service "Cyber Lab" was developed, which was experimentally tested and implemented in the practical work of the laboratory as part of the ongoing activities to provide comprehensive support for the professional training of esports athletes who are at different stages of professional development. 60 athletes, including 35 players who expressed their desire and consent to participate in the testing of the new model of support and 25 players included in the comparative study group, took part in the experimental testing of the Model of integrated support for professional training of esports athletes using an automated IT service that allows for a comprehensive study and development of the athlete's playing potential. At the end of the initial survey, individual profiles were compiled that reflect the game potential of each player and the structure of their psychophysiological and psychological indicators that correlate with individual game achievements. The primary identified indicators in the control and experimental groups did not have significant differences, i.e. the initial level in both groups was comparable in all characteristics. Based on the automated comparative analysis of the obtained data, individual recommendations and training programs were developed, aimed at optimizing the psychophysiological prerequisites of the athletes ' playing potential. At the end of the study, in February 2020, a second study of the individual indicators of esports players was conducted. A comparative analysis of the results of the repeated study of the experimental participants showed that the game performance in the experimental group improved by 17.8 % compared to the 9.3% obtained by the players in the comparative analysis group.Experimental testing of the developed information and digital technology has shown that the use of an automated IT service for comprehensive support of professional training of an esports player contributes not only to increasing its gaming potential, improving game performance indicators (including rating growth), but also to the implementation of health-saving technologies in the professional activity of esports players with different levels of professional skill.Discussion and Conclusions. The conducted research allowed to draw a conclusion that at the present stage of development of digital technologies it is necessary to carry out development and implementation of effective IT services in the system of complex support of professional training of esports players.

The Ratio of Personal and Reactive Anxiety in the Psychological Status of Stuttering Patients

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of studying the psychological characteristics of patients with stuttering. A theoretical review of classical and modern approaches to the study of the personality of stammerers and their social and communication skills is presented. The results of an experimental study determining the relationship between social and communicative abilities and indicators of personal and reactive anxiety of stuttering patients are presented. The significance of the results obtained for building and implementing the work of an interdisciplinary team of specialists is determined.Materials and Methods. The following methods were used when writing the article: theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign literature sources; generalization and systematization of the results of studying the personal sphere of stuttering patients; experimental methods for studying the socio-communicative and psychological characteristics of patients with stuttering; methods of statistical processing of experimental data.Results. A variety of approaches to the study of personal characteristics of persons with stuttering is considered. In the course of studying the literature sources, the relationship between the state of the emotional and personal sphere and the communicative and speech capabilities of patients with stuttering was revealed, which was later confirmed when analyzing the results of the empirical part of the study. Data analysis showed that the level of social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation (the severity of social phobia) in patients with stuttering is several times higher than normal and correlates with the rigidity of fixation on a speech defect. The study revealed invariant and variable components in the structure of social and communicative maladaptation of patients with stuttering. Among the invariant components, we attributed the presence of high social anxiety (social distress, avoidance, and fear of negative evaluation) in combination with a maladaptive system of social attitudes characteristic of most stutterers. Variable components include individual characteristics of situational anxiety and socio-psychological characteristics of difficult communication, which are personalized.Discussion and Conclusions. The conducted study allowed to conclude that the difficulties and peculiarities of socio-communicative functioning of patients with stuttering need to determine the design of hierarchically structured pedagogical model of speech therapy effects that take into account the fixed and variable components in the structure of socio-communicative maladjustment and differentiate rehabilitative effect in the context of algorithmizing and personalized approach to speech therapy.

Modern approaches to the management of menopause

Aim. To conduct an analytical review of modern publications highlighting modern approaches to improving the quality and increasing life expectancy in postmenopausal women.
 Materials and methods. The analysis of 47 foreign and domestic literature sources on this topic is carried out.
 Results. Menopause is a time of significant change for women and a good time to assess and promote health. Patient counseling should include information on lifestyle, contraception, individual and family risks of cancer and osteoporosis. Hormonal, non-hormonal and complementary methods can be used to correct the symptoms of menopause. MHT is the most effective treatment for symptom relief and can be offered to most women. Topical vaginal oestrogen treatment is effective in relieving urogenital symptoms. Women should be able to make informed choices regarding the use of MHT, based on balanced and accurate information about its benefits and risks.
 Conclusion. Menopause is a time of change for women and provides an opportunity for health assessment and promotion. The decision to treat menopausal symptoms using hormonal, non-hormonal and complementary methods should be made on an individual basis depending on the presence of risk factors and the patients preferences.

Prospects of using silkworm biomass in sheep feeding

Due to the increase of consumption of food products by the population, especially of animal origin, the need of the livestock industry including sheep breeding for high-quality feed from an ecological point of view also increases. Recently, insects have received a lot of attention as a source of feed protein in the diet of farm animals. This is evidenced by numerous studies on the nutritional value and use of larvae of Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), Green-bottle fly (Lucilia Caesar), House fly (Musca domestica), meal worm (Tenebrio molitor), silkworms (Bombyx mori), and crickets (Gryllusbi maculatus) as food for farm animals. It is well known from foreign literature sources about the use of additive from silkworm pupae in the ration of sheep, as well as meal from crickets as the source of protein in the diet of lambs. The silkworm is a monophage eats in only at the caterpillar stage absorbing and accumulating the necessary nutrients and water from the mulberry leaves. The analysis of the works of foreign authors shows that the protein content in the silkworm caterpillars depending on the breed ranges from 63,02 to 67,99 %. However, the analysis of the content of the main nutrients in the section of silkworm breeds as well as the age of the caterpillars was not carried out in the works of domestic scientists. This research presents data on the nutrient content and metabolic energy in silkworm caterpillars by age depending on the breed for further development of the feed additive from silkworm biomass and its use in sheep breeding. In the course of the conducted research, the following results have been obtained. So, at the end of the 4th age on average the caterpillars have a body length of 4,5–5,0 cm, the weight of one caterpillar is 0,6–0,7 g. The largest size and weight are the caterpillars on 10 days of the 5th age; their body length on average for the studied breeds was 8,0–8,5 cm, the weight of one caterpillar was 4,5–5,5 g. The optimal stage of development of silkworm caterpillars for the production of feed additive is 10 days in the 5th age. During this period the caterpillars of the studied breeds Kavkaz-1, Kavkaz-2, Belokokonnaya-1, Belokokonnaya-2 contain protein from 62,71 to 66,55 %, fat from 14,81 to 16,95 %, fi ber from 2,36 to 2,81 %, ash 4,39–3,96 % and nitrogen-free extractive substances 9,31–15,81 % in absolutely dry matter. The highest content of nutrients and metabolic energy is allocated to the breeds Belokokonnaya-2 (protein – 66,55 %, fat – 16,95 %, metabolic energy – 20,86 MJ/kg) and Kavkaz-2 (protein – 64,10 %, fat – 15,59 %, metabolic energy – 20,24 MJ/kg).

The Prospects of Succinates’ Use under Hypoxic Conditions in COVID-19

The aimof the work was the search for materials from experimental and clinical studies reflecting the pathogenetic role of the possible use of succinates for the correction of hypoxia in COVID-19. Materials and methods.79 foreign and domestic literature sources were analyzed concerning the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the pathogenetic role of succinates in hypoxia under conditions of COVID-19, oxidative stress, and diaphragmatic dysfunction were analyzed. The literature search was carried out using Pubmed and ELIBRARY.ru databases. Results.As the analysis of the literature has shown, tissue hypoxia is the basis of COVID-19 pathogenesis, triggering the entire cascade of pathomorphological events leading to the development of multiple organ failure. A number of experimental and clinical studies (on a fairly large number of patients) reflect the positive effect of tissue hypoxia correction using succinates, both in adult patients and in children with a different spectrum of pathology associated with acute respiratory failure syndrome. Conclusion.Analysis of literature data allows to substantiate the prospect of using preparations containing succinate (reamberin, cytoflavin) in the complex therapy of severe cases of COVID-19.

Metabolic infant nephropathies: a systematic review

Background. Metabolic diseases are growing, also in paediatric practice. Metabolic nephropathy is becoming more prevalent comprising 27–64% total paediatric nephrological cases, according to various published evidence. In this concern, the correct diagnosis, dietary and drug therapy acquire particular importance.Objectives. An overview of current methods for laboratory and instrumental diagnosis and treatment of metabolic nephropathies in children.Methods. National and foreign literature sources were mined in the RSCI, VAK, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library and eLibrary databases at a search depth limited to seven years. The query keywords were: metabolic nephropathy [обменная нефропатия], children [дети], calcium oxalate crystalluria [оксалатно-кальциевая кристаллурия], therapy [терапия]. Content and descriptive analyses were used as research tools.Results. The review surveyed 74 literature sources, with 50 selected for further analysis.Discussion. Modern views on metabolic nephropathies are highlighted in terms of classification, clinical progression, methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention. A current trend in these diseases is earlier-age morbidity. The most studied metabolic nephropathy is calcium oxalate crystalluria. The article also discusses the role of Oxalobacter formigenes bacteria in secondary oxalate nephropathy.Conclusion. Therapies for metabolic nephropathies as polyaetiologic diseases are multicomponent to target both a causal factor and lithogenesis-contributing mechanisms. Current treatment approaches to metabolic nephropathies in children are highlighted in the light of published knowledge.

Labour Productivity in Medical Institutions as an Object of Scientific Analysis

The article provides results of scientific research on problems of evaluating labour productivity of workers in medical institutions. Now we face a certain deficit of knowledge about possibilities and specificity of using calculations of labour productivity in sectors of social sphere, especially public health. The authors analyzed sources of home and foreign literature, normative documents for the period 2010–2019 dealing with this problem and practices of public health system functioning. For the research they used database of the Russian index of academic citing, the search system of full texts of academic publications Google Scholar, reference system ‘ConsultantPlus’ and e-resource eLIBRARY.RU. At the same time the authors analyzed public reports by authority representatives on issues of raising labour productivity in medical institutions, information of open internet-sources with the help of search engine ‘Yandex’. The research helped the authors formulate their own definition of labour productivity in respect to medical institutions’ work. The article enumerates factors affecting the labour productivity index, such as selection system, training and development of personnel, working environment and staff interaction, digitalization of personnel in medical organization, system of quality management, advanced managerial technologies.

Optical Coherence Tomography-Angiography in Pediatric Ophthalmological Practice (Review)

Data from sources of domestic and foreign literature for 2016–2019 is presented in the review of literature. This data concerned of applying the method of optical coherent tomography-angiography in pediatric ophthalmic practice. OCT-A is a non-invasive research method, without the use of fluorescent dyes. The procedure is performed relatively quickly, with the possibility of additional repetition. The method allows to conduct visualization of the vascular network of the retina layer-by-layer, perform its quantitative analysis: to evaluate the density of the microvascular bed and measure the area of non-perfusion zones. Having appeared as a result of a qualitative modernization of OCT, a new method of visualization of vessels OCT-A is actively used in the diagnosis of pathologies such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, post-thrombotic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, etc. In present time OCT-A being performed in adult medicine, it is actively used in various areas of pediatric ophthalmology. Presently, pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, amblyopia, retinal artery occlusion, and coats disease have been performed with OCT-A studies. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is required a special attention among children’s eye diseases. However, mentioning about OCT angiographic studies in patients with ROP are quite rare in the literature. Nevertheless, the available data indicate the enormous diagnostic potential of OCT-A in this severe vasoproliferative disease. The method give possibility for fully control the pathological process, to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and timely prevent the development of severe stages of ROP. Due to the information and diagnostic potential, it is necessary to continue research on the possibilities of the OCT-A method in the diagnosis, analysis of treatment results and prediction of ROP.

HEURISTIC METHOD OF SHIPS SELECTION FOR THE COORDINATED WORK OF WATER TRANSPORT

Purpose. The study aims to develop a formulation methodology for ship selection in the coordinated work of sea and river transport using a heuristic approach. Methodology. To realize the purpose set in the study, the authors carried out an analysis of domestic and foreign literature sources on the current topic, studied specifics and conditions for the effective operation of marine mono-hulled ships and composite tug/barge towing ones. Findings. The analysis results allowed formulating the heuristics methods that ensure the selection of the type sizes of tug/barge towing ships for the mixed «river-sea» navigation from the priority range of ships of the existing fleet. The proposed method makes it possible to select ships in a more appropriate manner according to the established scheme of work. Rational combinations of technical and operational characteristics of such pairs as «barges and tows», «tug/barge towing ship and sea-going ship», «tug/barge towing ship and restrictive characteristics of the area of navigation» are a prerequisite for the shipping company profit growth by increasing the capacity of ships. Originality. For the first time, the authors applied a heuristic approach to the selection of tug/barge towing ships and sea-going ones for coordinated work with the performance of cargo operations on the raid of the estuary port when transporting bulk goods. The basis of the approach is the selection of a rational mix of technical and operational characteristics of barges and tugs. The proposed approach allows determining the best combination of ship type sizes in the organization of coordinated work of sea and river transport. At the same time, the continuity of the goods transportation process from the sea ports to the river ones located in the depth of the country (and in the opposite direction) is ensured. Practical value. The presented methodology is a logical continuation of the cycle of studies performed by the authors. The obtained results will also be applied in subsequent personal research developments. In addition, the presented research may be useful for shipping companies that run the tug/barge towing fleet. The presented methodology may also be introduced into the learning process of transport higher education institutions in the study of relevant disciplines.

Radical cystectomy in bladder cancer: complications, prognosis, history of the method

The article is a review of domestic and foreign literature sources covering the development of complications and long-term prognoses during radical cystectomy, as well as the history of the development of the method. The gold standard for the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. The high incidence of intra- and postoperative complications, as well as a large number of repeat visits (up to 25 %) in the first 30 days after open radical cystectomy necessitates a search and implementation of new methods of surgical treatment, one of which is robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). The robotic method reduces the need for intra- and postoperative blood transfusion, but does not significantly improve the patient’s quality of life compared to open surgery. The main disadvantage of the RARС is the long operation time. Urinary drainage is a necessary component of radical cystectomy. The most modern methods of derivation are «dry» stoma placement and orthotopic bladder surgery with urination along the native urethra. However, the choice of urinary drainage must be made based on a number of factors, including the patient’s comorbidities, surgical feasibility, postoperative care capacity, and patient preference.

Relevance of the problem and the current situation with infectious morbidity in the Russian ­Federation

The article provides an overview of domestic and foreign literary sources devoted to an urgent challenge in modern health care infectious morbidity. The extraordinary socio-economic importance of infectious diseases at the present stage throughout the world, including in the Russian Federation, based on their global spread and high economic losses associated with disability, treatment costs and anti-epidemic measures. In recent decades, the emergence of previously unknown new infectious diseases and the return of old infections, many of which pose a high epidemiological danger and are characterized by high mortality, have been noted. Among the significant reasons for the emergence of new infections, an increase in infectious diseases, changes in the nature of the course of known diseases, it is necessary to note such reasons as a change in a person's lifestyle and the introduction of new technologies. In Russia, a high incidence of acute respiratory infections is recorded annually. An increase in the incidence of acute intestinal infections of viral etiology and a decrease in the incidence of these diseases of bacterial etiology are noted. An urgent problem is the high level of morbidity and mortality from infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, as well as the incidence of chronic viral hepatitis and an increase in mortality from their unfavorable outcomes. Natural focal infections remain an important problem, among which hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and tick-borne infections occupy a significant place. The threat of the invasion of infections that cause emergencies in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population into the Russian Federation territory remains. Infectious diseases are becoming one of the leading causes of premature mortality in the working-age population. In 2020, the Russian Federation faced the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, which led to high morbidity and mortality. Thus, infectious diseases are an urgent problem for the Russian Federation at the present stage, necessitates the development of a targeted program to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ КОНСТРУКЦИОННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ ПРИ ЯВЛЕНИЯХ НЕПЕРЕНОСИМОСТИ АКРИЛАТОВ

Introduction. Today, for the manufacture of prostheses with a plastic base, hot polymerization acrylic plastic is most often used, which contains a free monomer — methyl methacrylate. However, in some patients, after their placement in the oral cavity, as a result of orthopedic treatment, various clinical pathological manifestations may occur, which in general are defined as individual intolerance to dental materials. The aim is to carry out a systematic analysis of domestic and foreign literary sources to determine the most suitable base material in patients with intolerance to structural materials. Methodology. The research was carried out on the basis of the search for scientific papers, in the electronic scientific library elibrary.ru for the last 15 years, as well as in the search engines PubMed, Scopus and Wiley Inter Science for 2009–2020. The search was carried out by keywords. Results. The article analyzes the literature data indicating the importance of the choice of the base material in the pathogenesis of intolerance to dental materials. During the analysis of the literature, the positive properties of a new, alternative light-curing base material, which can be used in patients with acrylate intolerance, have been substantiated. Conclusions. The results obtained, in the course of the literature analysis, allow us to highlight the advantages of using a light-curing base material in comparison with acrylic plastics and thermoplastic resins. The results of the use of the light-curing base material in clinical practice will be communicated by us to the dental community in subsequent publications.

DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS

The article is devoted to an urgent problem - kidney damage in diabetes mellitus. The analysis of Russian and foreign sources of literature on diabetic nephropathy has been carried out. Data on the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy are presented, and the role of individual risk factors for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy is discussed.

Functional food products in the nutrition of seafarers of the navy: application potential

Purpose : to assess application potential of functional food, enriched with polyphenols and proteins. Materials and methods. Analysis of domesic and foreign literature sources and results of in-house studies. Results and its discussion . The analysis of domestic and foreign literature data and the results of in-house studies is carried out, scientific rationale for the prospects for the practical use of functional food products containing polyphenolic antioxidant compounds and easily digestible proteins in marine medicine is presented. The use of these food products is recommended for the prevention of risk factors for the development of diseases and the action of negative factors of professional activity (including radiation), as well as for the rehabilitation of seafarers, including during a sea voyage.

Prospects of development in aortic surgery: literature review

Foreign sources of literature regarding the issue of aortic surgery are analyzed. Special attention is paid to aortic valve replacement using the Ozaki technique. 
 The first replacement of aortic valve cusps with synthetic material was implemented by H. Th. Bahnson in 1959; he implanted the neocusp from Teflon. Nowadays, so as to replace the aortic valve, mechanical, biological valves, homotransplants, autotransplants and valves imitated endovascularly are actively applied. All the above mentioned types of the valves have both merits and demerits, therefore each patient should have an individual approach. When choosing the prosthesis and type of surgical intervention, cardiosurgeons take into account the following factors: patients age, availability of concomitant diseases (atrial fibrillation, chronic renal disease, malignant tumors), presence of small aortic ring, aortic dilatation, availability of other valve diseases, infectious endocarditis, first or repeated surgery on the valve as well as pregnancy or planning of pregnancy. In 2007, Shigeyuki Ozaki proposed the technique for replacement of all aortic valve cusps from autopericardium treated with 0.6 % glutaraldehyde solution. This surgery permits to form the aortic valve with excellent hemodynamic characteristics and low rate of reoperation in the early and remote periods. Aortic valve replacement using Ozaki technique is a perspective technique and good alternative for surgical treatment of aortic valve along with prostheses.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ВЕКТОРИ РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ СФЕРИ КАРПАТСЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19

The aim of the article is to analyze the existing approaches to understanding the way out of the crisis in the Carpathian region caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, to determine the positioning of the tourism sector and its position relative to other natural and geographical areas, highlighting its main functions and problems. Development of directions and prospects of development of the tourist sphere of the Carpathian region. Method. The study was conducted on the basis of the analysis of available literature sources on this topic and the application of a spherical approach to the analysis of the positioning of the tourist sphere of the Carpathian region and the definition of its components. Existing domestic and foreign literary sources and the ratio of these concepts within this literature on COVID-19 are studied. Results. Theoretical and methodological problems of comparing concepts related to the tourism sector of the Carpathian region, its elements and their interchangeability and interconnectedness during the COVID-19 pandemic have been studied. The scheme of exit of the tourist sphere and its components from the crisis is offered. Based on the spherical approach, a model of the tourism sector in the post-COVID-19 period is proposed, which we consider as a model formed within the model territory - the Carpathian region, taking into account the following elements: socio-demographic, socio-spiritual, political-economic, natural- ecological, information and technical. Within each element that has a significant impact on the tourism sector, there are three main vectors that have the greatest impact on the tourism sector. Scientific novelty. The need for this study is due to the fact that despite the effects and to date it is not possible to fully assess the effects and effects of COVID-19. To date, there are no clear criteria that should bring the tourism sector of the Carpathian region to the appropriate level, this is what led to the implementation of this study. The article considers and identifies systemic problems related to Covid-19, which create negative trends in the use of tourist and recreational potential of the Carpathian region. Practical significance. Based on modeling and analysis, the main areas that affect the tourism sector as such and to what extent are identified, the areas of greatest influence and sectors of influence within the Carpathian region are identified. The functions of the tourism sector and the main factors that affect its development and transformation, as well as what measures need to be implemented to improve the situation in connection with Covid-19. The directions in which the most expedient application of adjustment of actions for increase of tourist potential of the Carpathian region is established are established. The results of the study are designed for regional government agencies to plan a program for the development of tourism in the context of the development of the United Territorial Communities. The geographical features of the tourism sector are highlighted, which

Modern methods in diagnostics of lacrimal system vertical part obliteration

A review of the literature is devoted to the description of modern diagnostic methods that are directed at detecting lacrimal pathway obstruction. The presented analysis is based on the study of data from Russian and foreign literary sources on both routine and high-tech lacrimal system examination methods, as well as on authors' experience in studying the diagnostic efficiency of imaging methods such as lacrimal scintigraphy, computed tomography with lacrimal pathway contrasting, and also single photon emission computed tomography. The article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of the presented methods, highlights the questions of the prospects of their usage in practical dacryology.

Historical aspects of studying the influence of physical activity on the mental health of people

This article presents the main results of work on the study of the issue of the historical process of improving knowledge about the influence of physical activity of a person on the level of his mental health. Based on the results of the analysis of scientific information presented in modern domestic and foreign literary sources, the conclusion was substantiated that the historical process of improving knowledge about human nature and his mental activity in recent years has reached the highest level of development. The study of the long-term experience of scientists in many countries of the world gives grounds to assert that the beginning of the process of targeted study of the effect of physical activity on human mental functions was laid back in the last century. However, scientists have achieved the most outstanding results in this area of scientific research in recent decades. The historical need for in-depth research in this scientific direction was maturing gradually and was due to the peculiarities of the course of scientific and technological progress in general. Due to the fact that it was in recent decades that many discoveries were made, which formed the basis of modern methods for studying the physiological state of a person and his intellectual functions, there was obvious progress in the study of the mental health of persons whose central nervous system works under conditions of extreme intellectual and psycho-emotional stress. Scientists working in the field of physical education and sports, in collaboration with scientists in the field of education and health, have significantly intensified their joint activities and developed modern complexes of measures aimed at studying the mental health of students and representatives of the teaching staff of state institutions of higher education. This contingent of the subjects was not chosen by chance. The fact is that the learning process in higher education institutions is associated with intense loads on the central nervous system of both students and teachers, as well as on some of their senses (in particular, on the visual and auditory analyzers).