Foreign Service Research Articles

The Intelligence Process in Finland

Civilian and Military Intelligence Acts entered into force in Finland on 1 June 2019. With the Finnish Security and Intelligence Service and the Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency securing new statutory powers to collect and use information on both domestic and international threats to Finland’s national defence and security, these authorities have been transformed into combined domestic security and foreign intelligence services. The intelligence reform represents the most profound change ever made in the Finnish security sector, and it will have a major impact on the work of Finnish intelligence authorities in the years to come. How then is the Finnish intelligence organised as a process? This article aims to distinguish norms regulating the intelligence process from the vast intelligence legislation, and to organise this legal substance into four stages: (1) steering, (2) collection, (3) processing and analysis, and (4) sharing. The second objective is to identify areas of development in the intelligence process and suggest law and policy recommendations for the future.

Independent travelers’ niche hotel booking motivations: the emergence of a hybrid cultural society

This study attempts to examine travel motivations from a hybrid cultural perspective in the context of Chinese niche hotels. Using an in-depth netnographic methodology, the paper analyzed 659 online reviews on 12 niche hotels from 6 travel websites to identify the motivations of Chinese independent travelers’ hotel selection. The research findings revealed that travelers’ motivations include the following: attractive environment, quality, uniqueness, spiritual well being, traditional architecture, family togetherness, foreign style offerings and service, luxury amenities, and entertainment. These motivations can be classified into modern Chinese cultural motivations, traditional Chinese cultural motivations and foreign cultural motivations. The study identifies the characteristics of the market segment of Chinese independent travelers and offers valuable insights into the role of this emergent travel group. Theoretical implications Management implications are discussed, and marketing suggestions are made to better understand what attracts this growing market segment in China.

United States Foreign Service Institute: A Historical Retrospective

Purpose of the study. The article analyzes the history of the formation of a scientific center at the US Department of State, which is engaged in the training of professionals in the diplomatic field. Research Methods. General scientific research methods are used. The article is based on the principleof historicism. The research and synthesis methods, as well as the problem-chronological method, which made it possible to show the development of the institute of foreign service in chronological sequence, became the base for the study. This helped preserve historical continuity, present a unified picture and consider qualitative changes in the issue of the development Foreign Service Institute. Scientific novelty. The stages of the establishment of the institute were detailed, which made it possible to structure the information about its activities from the period of its inception to the present day. The substantive and structural elements of thedevelopment of the institution of foreign service were identified and their evolution in accordance with the political realities on the world stage was shown. Findings. Today, the institute is the cornerstone of the career of American diplomatic officers, as well as thousands of government officials from all walks of life whose work requires expertise in foreign affairs. gradually over the last seven decades, the methodological and not only the content of the educational process has changed, which was due to the everincreasing number of employees in the diplomatic service, but alsothe need to improve the training of such employees due to constantglobal changes on the world stage. New skills and knowledge is realized in the implementation of practical effective diplomacy. Today's mission of the institute is to conduct worldclass diplomatic training and provide opportunities for professional growth throughout the career of a diplomat in order to achieve success on the world stage in the matter of promoting US foreign policy on behalf of the American people. For more than seventy years o history, the institute has not only not ceased to exist, but has alsomodernized in the preparation of diplomats to modern international realities

Technologies of formation of speech competence foreign service officer

The article deals with the practice of speech training of specialists of the diplomatic service. The process of formation of speech competence of these specialists at the present stage in the leading diplomatic universities of our country is analyzed. Features of development of speech skills and abilities at studying of speech disciplines are revealed.

Characterizing Transnational Internet Performance and the Great Bottleneck of China

Transnational Internet performance is an important indication of a country's level of infrastructure investment, globalization, and openness. We conduct a large-scale measurement study of transnational Internet performance in and out of 29 countries and regions, and find six countries that have surprisingly low performance. Five of them are African countries and the last is mainland China, a significant outlier with major discrepancies between downstream and upstream performance. We then conduct a comprehensive investigation of the unusual transnational Internet performance of mainland China, which we refer to as the "Great Bottleneck of China''. Our results show that this bottleneck is widespread, affecting 79% of the receiver--sender pairs we measured. More than 70% of the pairs suffer from extremely slow speed (less than 1~Mbps) for more than 5 hours every day. In most tests the bottleneck appeared to be located deep inside China, suggesting poor network infrastructure to handle transnational traffic. The phenomenon has far-reaching implications for Chinese users' browsing habits as well as for the ability of foreign Internet services to reach Chinese customers.

“India Looks at the World”: Nehru, the Indian Foreign Service & World Diplomacy

“India Looks at the World”: Nehru, the Indian Foreign Service & World Diplomacy

The Slow Ascent of Women in Dutch Diplomacy: the Case of Maria Witteveen

Maria Witteveen (1904-1991) started her international career in 1931 at the League of Nations Secretariat in Geneva. From there she was appointed secretary to the Netherlands delegation to the First General Assembly of the UN which met in London in January 1946. This provided Maria with an opening into diplomacy and she joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the following year as Counsellor to the Netherlands representation at the UN in New York. Despite an atmosphere that was unfriendly to women, she managed to obtain a permanent footing among Dutch diplomats, evidenced in a posting to Moscow in 1953 and then promotion to become Permanent Representative at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in 1956. Maria left this post in 1963, not to be re-posted until her retirement from the Dutch foreign service in 1969.

Mordechai Drory (1931–2020)

Mordechai Drory, who passed away on May 18, 2020, was one of Israel’s most outstanding diplomats. He was a mentor to many members of the Israeli foreign service, this writer included, and will be d...

All evidence is equal, but electronic evidence is more equal than any other: The relationship between the European Investigation Order and the European Production Order

The European Investigation Order (EIO) was supposed to offer a comprehensive solution to cross-border gathering of evidence within the area of freedom, security and justice replacing a patchwork of instruments and providing for one single standardised order for all types of evidence. However, not even a year since the deadline for its implementation had passed, the Commission proposed an instrument that would be applicable for electronic evidence: European Production Order (EPO). This initiative was born from an increasing frustration in gathering this type of evidence and the conviction that the EIO is not suitable for that purpose. The need for digital evidence (according to the estimate of the EU Commission, 85% of criminal investigations require electronic evidence) is a direct consequence of the place information and communication technology has taken in everyday life. However, electronic evidence differs in a number of ways from ‘real-life’ evidence rendering current legal framework extremely impractical for law enforcement. One of the major obstacles that law enforcement authorities encounter is the fact that the data they need are often stored abroad or by a foreign service provider. Both instruments were conceived because of the need to gather evidence across borders; however, the transnational component is different (evidence being abroad vs. service provider being foreign). Both instruments subject ‘European citizens to the investigative machinery of any other Member State’, however, in a different way. If the e-evidence package is adopted, it will create a dual system of cross-border gathering of evidence, with different philosophy, procedure, enforcement and protective framework. The goal of this article is to analyse and compare two different models of acquiring evidence that these two instruments offer as well as to delimitate their (non-exclusive) scope. The concluding part will provide a reflection on the systemic consequences of this duality of instruments and of introducing the EPO model in particular.

Video-game based instruction for vocabulary acquisition with English language learners: A Bayesian meta-analysis

This meta-analysis reviewed the literature on the efficacy of game-based learning in English as a second language vocabulary acquisition. A systematic search of the literature produced 19 studies that met inclusion criteria. Using Bayesian methods and 20 standardized-mean-difference effect sizes we assessed 1) overall mean effects and between-studies variability, 2) subgroup analyses (grade level, sex, hardware, game type, intervention length, Foreign Services Institute level, allocation, and publication type), and 3) risk of publication bias. The overall effect was moderately large, indicating favorability to the video-game based learning groups. We found evidence of effect-size heterogeneity with a large between-studies standard deviation, along with large Q and I2 values. Subgroup analyses produced mixed results when partially explaining effect-size variability. Furthermore, all publication bias tests indicated a low risk of publication bias. We found that video-game based learning can make a significant difference in promoting English vocabulary acquisition and that integrating entertainment video games into educational contexts can result in substantial student learning gains.

“On Tour” from Aachen to Rome

Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary spent much time journeying abroad. His “itinerant” court visited diverse places from Istria to Wallachia. The members of his entourage, mainly a new generation of homo novus lords, escorted him from the Aachen (1414) to the Rome (1433) coronations and were active in foreign service. This article reconstructs the itinerant entourage mostly during the Council of Constance (1414–18). It also aims to explore which “core” members of the retinue accompanied the king most of the time and show that there emerged an inner circle commissioned with special tasks. As an evidentiary control sample, the article uses Sigismund’s second period of journeys (1430–1434). There will be two further pieces of corresponding evidence examined, a list enumerated by Eberhard Windecke (1422) and a 1430 Nuremberg register. In order to give a descriptive list, the range of the available sources undergo a methodological analysis (direct and indirect evidence: royal letters and commissions; safe conducts; charters issued in personis and in praesentibus; armales and ius gladii donations; prorogatio and papal supplicatio documents; chancery writs signing someone’s relatio; narrative and iconographic sources). A possible reconstruction of Sigismund’s retinue is given in an appendix, on the grounds of which one may conclude that the king had a special company by his side. The presence of “a Constance group” was constant in the 1420s–30s. There are some “permanently” serving families. A nucleus was being formulated, remaining together from Aachen to Rome.

TASKS AND PRINCIPLES OF ENSURING THE INTERACTION OF COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE BODIES WITH OTHER ENTITIES OF THE SECURITY SECTOR FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL PROTECTION

The purpose of the article is to formulate the tasks and principles of ensuring the interaction of counterintelligence bodies with other actors in the security sector in order to protect national interests. The article is devoted to the disclosure of tasks and principles of interaction of counterintelligence bodies with other subjects of the security sector for the purpose of protection of national interests. It is determined that in the studied context the tasks answer the question why it is necessary to organize the implementation of situational or systematic jointly coordinated actions of counterintelligence bodies with other security sector entities and what positive results can be achieved by using this activity to protect national interests. It is noted that the basis for its organization and implementation should be considered the need for a permanent counterintelligence regime, ie timely receipt of operational information that will prevent the implementation of intelligence and subversive activities to the detriment of Ukraine by foreign intelligence services or organizations and groups. It is emphasized that it is not entirely appropriate to generalize the interaction of counterintelligence bodies with other actors in the security sector in order to protect national interests only by the existence of a permanent counterintelligence regime, as it has a number of other tasks – global and specific. These tasks are formed by specially authorized authorities – the strategic management of the security sector and the direct leadership of counterintelligence agencies. In order to do this correctly, efficiently and properly (within the legal norms), these entities must be guided by specific principles. They are classified into two groups – general principles of ensuring the interaction of counterintelligence bodies with other actors in the security sector in order to protect national interests related to the administrative procedure and special principles dictated by the specifics of counterintelligence activities.

The Scottish Women’s Hospitals: the first World War and the careers of early medical women

ABSTRACT The Scottish Women’s Hospitals for Foreign Service (SWH) was a women’s organization that equipped fourteen women’s hospital units across Europe during the First World War. About one hundred female doctors of different backgrounds served with the SWH. The aim of this study is to investigate how the experiences of women doctors during the First World War affected their later careers. This retrospective cohort study included the 92 women doctors who survived the War, as well as another 6 volunteers who qualified in medicine shortly after the War. By studying their publications, (auto)biographies, obituaries, genealogical databases and entries in the Medical Directory, their lives and careers are reconstructed. This study argues that, even though wartime service undoubtedly had an enormous impact on this group of brave and forward-thinking women, the beneficial effects on the position of women doctors, as a whole, were negligible.

Along the Academe‐Policy Frontier: A Tribute to Aileen S.P. Baviera

Along the Academe‐Policy Frontier: A Tribute to Aileen S.P. Baviera

Romance, Rejection, and Idealism: The Illini, the Midwest, and the Peace Corps

Research Article| April 01 2020 Romance, Rejection, and Idealism: The Illini, the Midwest, and the Peace Corps Douglas A. Dixon Douglas A. Dixon Douglas A. Dixon is the author of Beyond Truman: Robert H. Ferrell and Crafting the Past (Rowman & Littlefield). He served in the US Foreign Service and on the faculties of several universities. His articles have appeared in popular and academic publications, most recently, “Elementary Lessons of Hoosier Peace Corps Volunteers” in Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. and “True Conservatives in Fifities America,” Ohio History Journal. Dixon resides in Austin, Texas. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) (2020) 113 (1): 67–86. https://doi.org/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.113.1.0067 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Douglas A. Dixon; Romance, Rejection, and Idealism: The Illini, the Midwest, and the Peace Corps. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) 1 January 2020; 113 (1): 67–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.113.1.0067 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressJournal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2020 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois2020 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Threshold Effects of Restraining Factors on China's Provincial Ecological Footprint in the Process of Urbanization.

This study uses a panel threshold model to explore the nonlinear relationship between restraining factors and ecological footprint (EF) evolution from 2003 to 2015 in China. In addition, the heterogeneity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is identified. The results show that the four regime-dependent variables, i.e., technology level, openness, industrial structure and energy efficiency, have significant single-threshold effects on the EF in China, and the negative correlations between these variables and EF are significantly enhanced when the threshold variable urbanization exceeds 86.20%, 68.71%, 86.20% and 47.51%, respectively. As the urbanization level increases, more factors begin to play a high restraining role on the EF. The single-threshold effects on the EKC are significant under the threshold variables of urbanization and industrial structure. Meanwhile, the significant inverted-U relationship trends emerge when the two variables exceed the thresholds of 86.2% and 69.1%, respectively. Based on an empirical study, to restrain the EF of China’s 30 provinces more effectively, the urbanization process should be accelerated, while energy efficiency, foreign capital investment, technology level and service sector proportion should be promoted according to the urbanization level. Compared to other studies, this study is more focused on EF restraining factors and it contributes to the identification of the heterogeneity of EF’s restraining factors and EKC hypothesis, which would be useful for the EF reduction policy in the case of China.

Osmanlı İdaresinde Vilâyet Mektupçuluğu

Osmanlı Devleti'nin modernleşme çalışmaları arasında idarî teşkilâtta yapılan değişiklikler önemli bir yer tutar. 22 Eylül 1858 tarihli bir talimatname ile ülkenin idarî taksimatı üzerindeki herhangi bir değişiklik ve düzenleme padişah fermanına bağlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede Tanzimat'tan sonra vilâyetlerin idarî teşkilâtında esaslı değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Bu değişikliklerin hepsi merkeziyetçi bir idarenin yerleştirilmesi gayesiyle yapılmıştır. Osmanlı vilâyet idaresinin yeniden düzenlenmesinde 1861'de tespit edilen Cebel-i Lübnan'ın statüsü bir örnek teşkil etmiştir. Avrupalılar bu sistemin bütün Osmanlı Rumelisi ve Mezopotamya vilâyetlerinde de uygulanmasını isteyince, Osmanlı Hükümeti adına Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Fuad Paşa ve Midhat Paşa yeni vilâyet idaresinin statüsünü hazırladılar.1864 Vilâyet Nizamnamesi, vilâyetin valisinin bütün devlet emirlerinin uygulanmasına memur olduğu gibi, belirlenen görev sınırları dahilinde vilâyetin iç işlerini yürütmekle görevli ve yetkili olduğunu belirtti. Vilâyette Defterdar, Mektupçu, Umur-ı Hariciye Memuru, Umur-ı Nafia Memuru, Umur-ı Ziraiye ve Ticariye Memuru bulunacağından bahseden Nizamname, valinin maiyetinde ve reisliği altında bir idarî meclis bulunacağını, bu meclisin, Şer'î Hükümler Müfettişi ile Defterdar, Mektupçu, Hariciye Müdürü ve ikisi müslim ve ikisi gayrimüslim halktan seçilen kimselerden oluşacağını açıkladı. Makalemizde Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinin ve araştırmaların ışığında Osmanlı Vilâyet Mektupçuluğunun kuruluşu, vazifeleri ve Osmanlı idare tarihindeki yeri üzerinde durulacaktır.

An Empirical Study on the Effect of Tangible and Intangible Assets on the Utilization of Export Support Policy in Export SMEs in Jeju

본 연구는 수출중소기업의 경쟁력 강화에 필요 되는 수출지원제도에 대한 활용에 있어 수출성과에 필요한 글로벌역량, 재무적 역량 등 기업특성 변수들을 확장하여 수출중소기업의 역량의 차이에 따르는 지원제도에 활용에 관한 실증연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 본 연구의 가설 1, 가설 2, 가설 4, 가설 5는 채택되었고, 가설 3, 6은 기각되었다. 기각된 가설 3은 기업의 특성 변수 중 유무형자산에 대한 역량으로 세부 변인으로는 지적재산권을 포함하는 산업재산권의 보유 여부 및 가짓수, 수출전담인력 규모, 외국어 전담인력 및 가용 외국어 가짓수로서 이러한 요인들이 기업의 수출지원제도 활용에 있어서 유의하지 않은 결과가 나타났다. 둘째, 가설 1 수출중소기업의 글로벌역량은 수출지원제도 활용에 유의미한 영향이 나타났다. 셋째, 가설 2 수출중소기업의 재무적역량은 수출지원제도 활용에 유의미한 부(-)의 영향이 나타났다. 자사의 재원조달여력, 매출평균이 높은 기업일수록 수출지원제도의 활용에 대해 부정적인 경향을 나타내고 있음을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 가설 4 수출중소기업의 글로벌 경험요인은 재무적역량과 수출지원제도 활용간의 글로벌 경험요인은 조절 효과가 발생하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 다섯째, 가설 5 수출중소기업의 글로벌 경험요인은 글로벌역량과 수출지원제도 활용간의 조절 효과가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있다.This study was intended to look at how differences in the use of SME firms in their application of export support systems, such as financial capabilities required for export performance, would appear in the application of SME firms to the support system. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, hypothesis 1, hypothesis 2, hypothesis 4, hypothesis 5 of this study was adopted, and hypothesis 3, 6 was rejected. Rejected hypothesis 3 shows that these factors are not significant in the use of the company s export support system, as detailed variables include intellectual property rights, the number of such industrial property rights, the size of export experts, foreign language personnel, and the number of available foreign languages. Second, Hypothesis 1 The global competence of export SMEs has a significant effect on the utilization of export support system. It can be seen that the more companies that have a diversity of foreign language services, acquisition of overseas export standard certification, and participation in overseas exhibitions, the more they use the export support system. Third, Hypothesis 2 The financial capacity of SME exporters was shown to have a significant negative impact on the use of the export support system. Fourth, Hypothesis 4 The global experience factor of SME exporting companies between financial applications and the use of export support systems shows that the adjustment effect is taking place. Fifth, Hypothesis 5 Global Experience Factors of SME export Companies show that the effect of adjusting between global capabilities and the use of export support systems is burning.

尿失禁予防に係る国内・外の医療・保健サービスについての文献レビュー

尿失禁予防に係る国内・外の医療・保健サービスについての文献レビュー

Making Diplomacy through Culture: Mikołaj Sękowski, the Polish Envoy to Naples and Madrid in the Late Sixteenth Century

The article is devoted to the little known but interesting Polish diplomat Mikołaj Sękowski, the envoy to Naples and Madrid in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. The main purpose of the text is to complete Sękowski’s biography with new details, and to shed a different light on his activity, placing it within the context of the beginnings of public diplomacy. Through the analysis of documental and literary sources comprised principally between 1576 and 1588, the author argues that Mikołaj Sękowski had, for more than a decade, remained a stable and active source of information about Poland in Italy in Spain. Thus, he provided an additional and unusual element of ‘soft diplomacy’ to the Polish foreign service actions in Naples and Madrid, aimed principally at recovering the Neapolitan sums.