Foreign Service Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН УКРАЇНИ ТА КРАЇН АФРИКИ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ЄГИПТУ)

The article is dedicated to foreign economic relation Ukraine and African State. For example was took Egypt. There are some scientific publication about Ukrainian and African state cooperation. These publications analyze cooperation Ukraine and state of Northern Africa. At the article was given analyze of foreign trade between Ukraine and Africa state to 2014. The article analyzes foreign trade relation Ukraine and Egypt from 2016. At the article the law of foreign relation Ukraine and Egypt. Now a day, there are 31 laws on government and ministry level between Ukraine and Egypt. Goods structure of foreign goods and service trade Ukraine and Egypt was analyzed. The structure of Ukrainian export is very different. The main article of Ukrainian export were mineral fuel (24.08% of Ukrainian export), corn (20.58%), ferrous metals (9.08%), woods (9.01%), wheeled vehicles (6.5%), fats (6.13%), paper and cardboard (1.53%). Ukrainian import item are fruits and nuts (41.38% of Ukrainian import from Egypt), vegetable (39.6%), wear (5.72%), machines (2.3%), carpets (1.6%), electronic equipment (1.3%), pharmaceutical products (1.27%). As we see, the foreign trade between Ukraine and Egypt doesn’t have strategic character. The export and import has resource character. Ukraine has net-import, part of Ukraine of world service import at 1.9% and part of world export is 1.1%. The part of Africa state in Ukrainian service import is 3.7%, and part of Ukrainian export to African region is only 0.6%. The leader of export service to Ukraine is Egypt, Tunis, Algeria. Touristic service was given by Egypt and Tunis, service of aircraft. Finance service was given by Algeria. The leader of service export was Egypt. It was busyness service, transport service, telecommunication, and computer and information service, payment of intellect service. At the article investment activity Ukraine and Egypt was analyzed. Ukrainian investments are direct to tourism (54.4%), building (16.7%), service (10.6%), communication and information technology (5.3%), industry (5.2%), finance (4.7%), and agriculture (3%). Also Ukrainian company gets offers to invest to manufacture, aluminum production, aircraft industry, pharmaceutical industry, petrochemistry. At the article conclusion about cooperation Ukraine and Egypt. At the article investment activity Ukraine and Egypt was analyzed.

Analysis of Public Service Advertisement's Creation of Fashion Brand Image

The problem solved by this article is that the new media is increasingly showing a vigorous development, the market competition is becoming more and more fierce, media technology and media are changing rapidly, and traditional advertising can no longer meet the competitive development of some modern brands and the needs of the audience. The research process of this article is from the perspective of public service advertisements, studying the development status of domestic and foreign brand public service advertisements and the case analysis of its application in brand image shaping and dissemination. The conclusion of this article is that now that homogenization is getting higher and higher, if you want to build a brand that is recognized and loved by consumers, you must effectively distribute brand products, reflect the brand's social responsibility and love. The unique research of this article is the integration of public service advertising and fashion brands to create an innovative research model that combines practice and promotion.

Applications of Financial Technology in Foreign Exchange Market

Financial technology (Fintech), including a series of advanced technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence and block-chain, has been gradually applied to various industries after years of development and will become the major driver of the future financial industry. As one of the largest financial markets in the world, the traditional foreign exchange service industry is gradually entering the era of fintech, bringing new vitality to the foreign exchange market through advanced technology and improving the efficiency of foreign exchange management. However, while enjoying the opportunities brought by fintech to the foreign exchange field, practitioners in both fintech and the foreign exchange industry should also actively face the challenges and try to build a safe and efficient foreign exchange market environment.

The roadside infrastructure development: a geographical view

The roadside infrastructure has begun to form recently and is accompanied by different problems. These problems are common to many Russian regions, in particular Irkutsk Oblast. In this article, the authors share their experience in studying roadside infrastructure with the aim to improve the existing network and rational placement of new objects as well as prospects for developing roadside infrastructure in Russia as a whole. This publication is a continuation of our long-term research and the scientific novelty consists in the generalization of the results and comparison of various foreign models of road infrastructure development. In this study, we used the methods developed and tested in our previous works. This study is one of the first in Irkutsk Oblast, and the accumulated material can serve as a basis for creating a comprehensive scheme for the optimal placement of roadside infrastructure. We identified the main factors and problems of the roadside infrastructure development, made mathematical calculations, and compiled original thematic maps. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the Irkutsk Oblast that has a rich natural, socioeconomic, and energetic potential can be a good testing ground for the successful application of the existing foreign roadside service development systems (European or North American).

ПОНЯТТЯ Й ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНІСТЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СФЕРИ ПОСЛУГ

The article is devoted to topical issues of managing the competitiveness of enterprises in the service sector. The active development of the service sector exacerbates competition at all its levels, requires enterprises interested in increasing the efficiency of their activities, ensuring a certain competitiveness, forming and developing competitive advantages, taking into account modern trends in management, technology and organization. Ukraine's integration into the global economic space leads to increased competition, changes in the competitive environment, a significant increase in foreign service providers, as well as the intellectualization of this segment of the market economy. The tougher competition necessitates purposeful activities to manage the competitiveness of enterprises in the service sector, using international and domestic experience and scientific developments. The practice of modern business development proves that without an effective competitiveness management system, it is impossible to ensure the success of an enterprise in its struggle for survival, achieving leading market positions and ensuring long-term effective functioning in a dynamic competitive environment. This determines the relevance of the problem of mastering and creative use of the modern world theory of enterprise competitiveness management, its organizational and methodological support and practical tools. The problem of managing the competitiveness of an enterprise in the service sector is not fundamentally new for science, since competition has always been and is an immanent component of the economic life of all countries of the market economic system without exception. The growing urgency of these problems in states with a transitional economy, in particular in Ukraine, is primarily due to the complexity and ambiguity of the processes of the formation of market economic relations in them and those shifts occurring as a result of integration into world economic processes. In a competitive environment, any business entity must assess its level of competitiveness in order to function effectively and assess its future prospects.

The Conduct of Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Structure, Strengths, and Issues (2018-2020)

Owing to its character and location, Pakistan is among the countries that often remain in international focus. Situated in one of the world's most-happening regions, the state and nation of Pakistan always have several challenges and options to work their way through. Naturally, the foreign office of Pakistan is expected to do a lot on various fronts to tap the opportunities, deal with the challenges, safeguard national interests, and serve overseas Pakistanis. This office, however, works with several limitations in terms of its capacity and the liaison with the relevant policy-making institutions in the country. The incumbent government in Pakistan had come with the promise of strengthening the foreign service of Pakistan through expansion, modernization, and better coordination. It, however, seems to have a lot more to do during the rest of its current tenure to actualize its promise. There certainly are achievements and positive developments that offer foundations for further developments but a detailed look at the conduct of national policy asks for a renewed and more inclusive approach at the external front. This paper reviews the operational, institutional, and political factors that have shaped the conduct of foreign policy by the current regime during the first half of its five-year tenure. It underscores the strengths and issues that need to be acknowledged and properly tackled.

Problems of foreign service and diplomacy in the post-Soviet context: the case of Armenia

The institutional development of many post-Communist countries remains a daunting task. Since the early 1990s, some of them have managed to achieve visible results in eradicating corruption and enhancing the effectiveness and accountability of public institutions, while others still struggle with several systemic problems. Since regaining its independence Armenia has managed to transform some of its public institutions by carrying out large-scale reforms; however, much remains to be done. The present research examines the institutional features of Armenia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) before the 2015 constitutional amendments, which changed the semi-presidential system of government to parliamentary democracy. It particularly looks at the MFA’s effectiveness in policy planning and formulation, its relation to the presidential administration, its recruitment strategies and the promotional prospects of the diplomatic staff. The study argues that for the past decade or so the impact of the MFA on foreign policy decisions has been limited, whereas the evaluation of recruitment and career promotion policies reveals several significant systemic deficiencies. Existing research on post-Soviet states concentrates mainly on diverse foreign policy and geopolitical problems and rarely pays attention to institutional considerations. The present research aims to address this gap.

Foreword

Foreword Mark Giordano (bio) We are in the midst of the first global pandemic to occur in a hyper-connected world. Individuals have been forced to change their daily routines through social distancing, wearing masks, and observing quarantine procedures. National governments are mobilizing resources within their borders to create and distribute vaccinations, confronting the economic impacts of shutdowns, and—we hope—addressing the uneven burdens of dislocation, disruption, and suffering. But as noted by Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norway’s first female Prime Minister, the virus cannot be successfully defeated without multilateral cooperation.1 We have international institutions to facilitate that cooperation, though their effectiveness has sometimes been undermined by national agendas unrelated to health. The clash between China and the United States over Taiwan’s status at the World Health Organization is a case in point. Vaccine development has also become a new form of national power projection, as exemplified in Russia’s reference to the Space Race in the naming of its Sputnik V vaccine.2 China’s delivery of pandemic supplies to African states is framed using phrases like the “health silk road” and with references to its Belt and Road strategy.3 Meanwhile, the United States and Europe are accused, with reason, of ignoring the shared nature of the problem through choosing to focus on their own short-term, domestic health interests. Thankfully, the cooperation news is not all negative. Scientists working on vaccines have established international linkages that The New York Times has called “a global collaboration unlike any in history.”4 After initial fears that pandemic related border closures and national restrictions on medical supply exports might mortally wound the European Union, a budget was passed that broke norms for cross-border transfers and laid the groundwork for stronger European cooperation beyond the pandemic. And when the severity of Iran’s COVID crisis became clear, the United Arab Emirates offered—and Iran accepted—medical aid.5 The extent to which state and non-state actors have worked together to defeat the pandemic and confront potential long-term consequences has prompted questions of collective responsibility. Who bears the onus for addressing problems that transcend concepts and constructs like state borders? In what ways do and should these responsibilities manifest? What lessons can we learn from the successes and failures witnessed in the age of COVID-19 that may be applied to future global problem sets? After all, COVID-19 is neither the first nor the last issue to pose such widespread challenges. The impacts of illicit trade, the spread of misinformation, the realities of climate change, and further issues will force various levels of actors to expend resources and to collaborate with one another to successfully confront these threats. The articles in this edition of the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs help us think through a range of issues related to multilateral collaboration and the pandemic, with a particular focus on topics that may be less commonly addressed in the news. These include the role of Latin America militaries in support of pandemic response efforts, the need to rethink frameworks for humanitarian governance, and the potential of technology-enabled contact tracing regimes to supplement global arms control. Through [End Page 3] engaging with these issues and innovative perspectives, the GJIA staff hopes to encourage its readers and the international affairs community to seek better solutions to global challenges and to further our collective understanding of what it means to serve our fellow citizens of the world in a time of uncertainty and change. Mark Giordano Mark Giordano is a professor of geography, the Cinco Hermanos Chair in Environment and International Affairs, Vice-Dean for Undergraduate Affairs in Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service, and the faculty advisor for GJIA, a role he assumed in the fall of 2019. His research focuses primarily on the international political dimensions of water, agriculture, and the environment. He teaches classes on those and other topics, including the (in)famous Map of the Modern World. Notes 1. Gro Harlem Brundtland, “COVID-19’s threat to our global civilisation and the need for collective responsibility,” The Elders, April 11, 2020, https://theelders.org/news/covid-19s-threat-our-global...

America, the Bordered: A Review of Charles A. Kupchan’s Isolationism: A History of America’s Efforts to Shield Itself from the World

America, the BorderedA Review of Charles A. Kupchan’s Isolationism: A History of America’s Efforts to Shield Itself from the World Rachel Li (bio) Like any other facet of United States politics, American foreign policy varies from one presidential administration to the next: from “the Monroe Doctrine” and “the Roosevelt Corollary” to “dollar diplomacy” and “moral diplomacy.” In recent years, the America First grand strategy has reflected a sudden push for isolationism following decades of worldwide American intervention. However, isolationism itself is rooted in the starting years of our nation, dating back to George Washington’s admonishment in his 1796 farewell address of “permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”1 From Washington’s speech to the start of World War II, the United States mostly stayed in its own geopolitical sphere. While the second half of the 20th century saw a dramatic shift towards internationalism, prolonged American commitments around the globe eventually led to recent calls for retreat. Charles A. Kupchan’s Isolationism: A History of America’s Efforts to Shield Itself from the World thoroughly details the complete trajectory of past, present, and future American isolationism for the first time in scholarly literature on American foreign policy. Kupchan presents a nuanced thesis for strategic isolationism and selective engagement in order to remedy previous interventionist overstep, but not to overcorrect. In his work, Kupchan recognizes the flaws in the reasoning historically used to justify isolationism, yet he stays hopeful that the United States can one day share a better version of the American experiment of democracy with the world. While Kupchan presents a strong case for current judicious retrenchment, he holds steadfast to his goal of objectively presenting isolationism as a continual trend throughout American history. A professor of international affairs at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and former member of the National Security Council under President Clinton and President Obama, Kupchan not only speaks from his extensive research but also his first-hand experience with recent domestic politics.2 The lessons garnered by Kupchan from the course of American history offer policymakers, practitioners, scholars, students, and general readers deep insight into the future of the United States in an increasingly globalized world. Kupchan begins the first section of the book by briefly describing the current context of American foreign policy. This contextualization not only familiarizes the reader of the place of current policy in American history but also allows Kupchan to circle back to current events at the end of the book, thus mirroring the cyclical resurgence of isolationism in the United States. Kupchan then links today’s global political landscape of today back to George Washington’s “great rule” of non-entanglement.3 But before laying out the specific origins of isolationism, he emphasizes a key concept that has always served as the foundation for U.S. grand strategy: American exceptionalism, defined as the doctrine that “the United States represents a unique experiment in political and economic liberty that it is destined to share with the rest of the world.”4 The question that has always been at hand is whether the United States should share its ideals by serving as an example or by actively spreading American ideals to other countries. Although American exceptionalism has manifested itself in policies motivated by diametrically opposed political ideologies, it has regularly been touted by politicians including both President Obama [End Page 134] and President Trump, demonstrating that at least one area of common ground remains in our increasingly partisan modern-day politics. After establishing the role of American exceptionalism, Kupchan outlines six distinct principles of American isolationism: “1) capitalizing on natural security; 2) serving as a redeemer nation; 3) advancing liberty and prosperity at home; 4) preserving freedom of action abroad; 5) protecting social homogeneity; and 6) promoting pacifism.”5 While Kupchan recognizes that these principles are often contradictory or just fundamentally flawed, his discussion of provides the reader with a greater understanding of the historical context and confronts the less-than-exceptional parts of America’s story. For example, in his analysis of the War of 1812, Kupchan highlights the patriotism in...

Fuzzy based association between China’s service industry and downstream manufacturing industry with liberalization effects

In this work, we study the impact of China’s services sector liberalization reform on the country’s manufacturing sector. In this paper we propose Fuzzy based association between service industry and Manufacturing Industry with performance evaluation of Manufacturing Industry based on different performance criteria. The results analysis of proposed work suggest that there is: a extremely important and constructive relationship between the existence of reserved services suppliers and the efficiency of downstream manufacturing companies; a constructive (yet unsteady) relationship between the existence of overseas services suppliers and manufacturing efficiency; and a important and adverse relationship between the extent of state-owned services providers and manufacturing productivity. Curiously, our results also suggest that given the unstable association between the presence of foreign services providers and manufacturing performance, overall imported services (including foreign services providers operating in China) have a highly significant and positive association with manufacturing productivity. In addition, taking into account firm heterogeneity, such as AI (artificial intelligence), our results suggest that there is no difference in the above effects of China’s services sector’s liberalization between those manufacturing firms that engage in importing and exporting and the manufacturing firms that do not.

외국 대형항공사 객실승무원의 면접 합격요인에 관한 델파이 연구: Q 항공사를 중심으로

외국 대형항공사 객실승무원의 면접 합격요인에 관한 델파이 연구: Q 항공사를 중심으로

Foreign currency services of advanced banks of Ukraine for seamen

The paper is devoted to the analysis of currency services of the leading banks of Ukraine for seafarers. The authors analyzed currency transfers of various banks in Ukraine, banks that provide services to seafarers, banks that cooperate with crewing companies. Terms of currency transfers from and to Ukraine and abroad, conditions of receiving foreign currency funds in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine. Conditions for opening dollar and euro accounts in Ukrainian banks, opening card accounts, restrictions on withdrawing currency from Ukrainian accounts. Bank power of attorney is free of charge. Ability to withdraw cash abroad without commission. Convenient currency exchange, online payments in the Internet banking. Savings account with higher interest rates. They showed statistics on the volume of money transfers, the benefits of tariff packages for seafarers, the possible consequences for the client in the case of using payment cards. New banking accounts management philosophy that is developed for different needs of different clients: account with increased interest rate for the funds’ remaining balance, pension account for people receiving pension or social allowances, account for sailors as well as current and salary accounts. Features of lending to seafarers in Ukraine. Possible consequences for the client in the case of using consumer loans. Each seafarer prepares a package of documents before departure and provides it through the crewing of his employer. One of the most important, first of all, for the sailor is a scan of bank account details. How and in which bank to open a dollar or euro account for a Ukrainian sailor, so that there is less commission and account conditions. We took four banks, the services of which are most often used by sailors.

Police service in the civil service system: foreign experience of some democratic states

he study analyzes the experience of advanced democracies, as well as some postSoviet states that have implemented successful reforms and joined the European Union, on models for building a civil service system and the division of civil servants into categories, types and groups. It is noted that the civil service is classified according to various criteria, in accordance with the division by branches of government service is allocated in the legislative, executive, judicial branches, there is a division into civil, specialized and militarized civil service (the latter include police). It is emphasized that the specifics of the civil service system and, accordingly, the place of service in the police were influenced by a number of factors, namely the historical development of the state, the legal system, the form of the state. In accordance with such traditions, there are three groups of models of foreign civil service: organizational models with a division into centralized and decentralized, a model of openness with a division into career, job or open, Anglo-Saxon and continental (from the standpoint of Western civilization). It is also outlined that due to traditions in the world, the terms "civil service", "public service", "civil service" are interpreted differently. Specific examples of division into different categories of civil servants and the place among such division in France, Germany, Hungary are considered. Particular attention is paid to the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania, which regulates civil service and the place of service in the police in the general system. It is noted that police officers are statutory civil servants who are subject to special legislation determining the specifics of service, selection and dismissal, their system of ranks, etc., and who are not covered by the Law "On Civil Service" of the Republic of Lithuania.

Anti-vaccine movements - health care, ignorance or a diversion aimed at destabilizing the health situation? Part 2. Contemporary conditions for the functioning and development of anti-vaccination movements.

Vaccinations are a way accepted by science of the struggle against infectious diseases. Because of their epidemiological significance, vaccinations are considered compulsory in many countries and their evasion is penalized. The WHO experts list anti-vaccine attitudes and movements among the top 10 threats to human health. Most people's refusals are mainly due to fears of anti-vaccine propaganda. Understanding this phenomenon will be the basis for improving the epidemiological situation in Poland. The study is based on the analysis of data stored in scientific databases, as well as information obtained from Google, Bing and Yahoo and newspapers, magazines and opinion-forming websites. The anti-vaccine movements occur due different motivations, such as ignorance, fear and religious beliefs. Sometimes they can be supported by foreign services aimed at destabilization in selected areas of the globe. Increased activity and effective propaganda carried out by anti-vaccination movements is possible, among others, thanks to the development of the so-called 2nd generation of the Internet (Web2), enabling the free and difficult to control flow of information. Increasing data indicate that the activity of anti-vaccine movements may be a form of organized action (diversion in cyberspace) aimed at social, epidemiological, and economic destabilization of selected countries and regions. Among the various forms of combating anti-vaccination movements currently used are awareness-raising activities and restrictions on freedom on the Internet by monitoring information flow, blocking materials containing selected phrases or keywords associated with anti-vaccine propaganda, and sanctions imposed on people avoiding vaccination.

El centenario de la Expedición Libertadora al Perú: ¿un homenaje a la confraternidad? Apropiaciones entre Argentina, Chile y Perú

En 1920 se celebró el centenario de la Expedición Libertadora en Argentina, Chile y Perú. Esta conmemoración anticipa el ciclo de centenarios latinoamericanos de la tercera década del siglo XX. El artículo analiza la conmemoración a partir de tres escalas de apropiación: local, nacional e internacional. Examina los modos de conmemorar, restituye sentidos, performances y narrativas empleados por los tres gobiernos nacionales, junto con elementos del mundo asociativo. Pone en relación los festejos con los intereses geopolíticos en juego, en particular la cada vez más álgida “cuestión del Pacífico”. Se observa un intenso uso local de la efeméride por parte de la ciudad de Pisco y destaca la instrumentalización internacional del presidente Augusto B. Leguía para acercarse a la Argentina y aislar a Chile, a modo de ensayo de los centenarios de 1921 y 1924. Estos últimos países darán un peso menor al evento en su calendario, donde sobresale la iniciativa asociacionista por sobre la gubernamental. El análisis se inscribe en una línea historiográfica reciente con eje en el carácter conectado y transnacional de las conmemoraciones nacionales. Metodológicamente, se sustenta en prensa comercial y revistas ilustradas de Argentina, Chile y Perú, y documentación de los archivos diplomáticos de las tres cancillerías.

Relationship between Trade Openness, Financial Development and Economic Growth of Nepal: Evidence from a Developing Country

Background: Capital investment, financial and technological developments are essential drivers for the economic growth of developing countries like Nepal. These factors, directly and indirectly, contribute to the growth of the country. Technological factors such as FDI and trade allow technology and knowledge transfers to Nepal along with foreign investments, goods and services. The financial sector encourages investors by providing loans that further generates investment in the country. Similarly, the development of human capital further increases labor productivity. Nepal, being a developing country, lacks advanced infrastructure and technology, that are vital for pushing the economic growth in the country.
 Objective: This paper examined the effect of capital, labor, foreign direct investment, financial development and trade on the economic growth of Nepal using the endogenous growth model.
 Methods: The study employedthe ARDLboundstesting approach to test the long-run relationships introducing an error correction model to estimate both short and long-term relationships among the variables.The TY non-granger causality test was used to ensure robustness and check the direction of causality.
 Results: The results showed that gross fixed capital formation, population and financial development were significant and inducedpositive economic growth in the long run at a 1% level of significance whereas, the impact of FDI on economic growth was negative and significant at 1%.
 Conclusions: The study concludes that an increase in gross fixed capital formation, population and broad money supply positively impacts the economic growth of Nepal. However, technological factors such as FDI and trade do not adequately explain the economic growth due to low FDI inflows, political instability, poor infrastructure and import dependency.
 Implications: The study emphasized domestic investment and financial development of the country as they were found to be highly significant in the long run. Also, the human capital of the country should be developed by providing education and training as the population was found to be highly significant. The study also indicated that Nepal should push export as its share in the trade is very less. Moreover, policies such as legal reforms, incentives to foreign investors and infrastructural development to attract FDIs in Nepal should be formulated.

Problems of foreign service and diplomacy in the post-Soviet context: the case of Armenia

The institutional development of many post-Communist countries remains a daunting task. Since the early 1990s, some of them have managed to achieve visible results in eradicating corruption and enhancing the effectiveness and accountability of public institutions, while others still struggle with several systemic problems. Since regaining its independence Armenia has managed to transform some of its public institutions by carrying out large-scale reforms; however, much remains to be done. The present research examines the institutional features of Armenia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) before the 2015 constitutional amendments, which changed the semi-presidential system of government to parliamentary democracy. It particularly looks at the MFA’s effectiveness in policy planning and formulation, its relation to the presidential administration, its recruitment strategies and the promotional prospects of the diplomatic staff. The study argues that for the past decade or so the impact of the MFA on foreign policy decisions has been limited, whereas the evaluation of recruitment and career promotion policies reveals several significant systemic deficiencies. Existing research on post-Soviet states concentrates mainly on diverse foreign policy and geopolitical problems and rarely pays attention to institutional considerations. The present research aims to address this gap.

Ethnocentrism at the Coffee Shop Industry: A Study of Starbucks in Developing Countries

Numerous studies have identified that ethnocentric consumers prefer buying products produced nationally rather than products from overseas. Nevertheless, this study has been focused on big economies, that’s why its application in developing countries is still scarce, especially if we want to know their relationship with a global and foreign brand that operates in these developing countries. On the other hand, this study has been centralized in products, and that is the reason why the studies in hedonic services are also scarce. The objective of this study is to identify the antecedents and consequences of ethnocentrism in hedonic services by applying the variable to a developing country such as Colombia. Considering the cultural and economic importance of Colombian coffee and, regarding a global brand, foreign and hedonic services like Starbucks. This allows the presentation of a theoretical model that forms the basis of an empirical study with a sample of 305 consumers of Starbucks in Bogotá. Via data analysis with Smart PLS 3.0, it was observed that although the Colombian consumer is ethnocentric, they do possess loyalty towards the cited global brand. These results provide us with implications for the management of international businesses as well as with future research pathways.

Greek Issue in British Foreign Policy (1914-1917)

The article sheds light on British policy of bringing Greece into the First World War on Entente’s side. Interests of mutual cooperation between Greek political circles and Foreign Office, the course of negotiations about terms of Greek participation in the war, and requirements of the sides are analyzed. Factors that made an influence on Great Britain’s diplomacy are researched, namely: a danger of joining Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to Central Powers after entering into the war by Greece in the first months of the conflict, an influence of Dardanelles operation on the positions of Greece and British diplomacy, an activity of French foreign service. Methods of British diplomacy, notably territorial compensations, financial assistance and bribery, were discovered

Revisiting the asymmetric impacts of the exchange market pressure on the inflation, interest rate and foreign trade balance in Eastern Europe

This study examines the relationship between the exchange market pressure (EMP) and macroeconomic and financial variables for Eastern European countries. The increase/decrease in the EMP influences the probability of a currency crisis, while this phenomenon may negatively/positively affect the foreign trade balance and may obstruct/facilitate foreign debt service in the Czech Republic and Poland due to the need for imported inputs for domestic production. We also consider that the effects of EMP can be asymmetrical and be opposed to regimes changes; furthermore, we find for the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland that changes in the EMP may affect the probability of a broad financial crisis.