Foreign Security Research Articles

Study on Mongolia's Foreign Security Policy

Mongolia put forward the vision of neutrality in 2015, but it has not been recognized since then, and it seems that it has no further measures for neutrality. As a country with a special geographical position, Mongolia has been seeking the most suitable foreign security strategy to help the country develop better. Mongolia's foreign security strategy is also worthy of the attention of neighboring countries, especially for China. Both China and Mongolia are now facing rare opportunities for development. If we can seize the opportunities, we can promote the common development of the two countries.

Ukraine-NATO: Problems and Prospects of Partnership

The article contains an overview of the evolution of Ukraine-NATO relations from the beginning of our state’s independence to the present. The author made an attempt to identify and characterize the main periods of the formation of Ukraine-NATO relations, to identify the key problems of partnership development. It is noted that at the beginning of independence, Ukraine chose a neutral and non-aligned status, and then declared multi-vectorism as the basis of foreign security policy, which was a historically determined necessity in the transition period. At that time, Ukraine remained in the field of interests of Russia, which sought to restore its position in the post-Soviet space, and therefore did not have the opportunity to fully integrate into the Euro-Atlantic structures.
 Due to the difficult geopolitical situation, Ukraine was forced to maneuver between the East and the West in order to establish itself in the international field and take its place in the European security architecture. In the 1990s, Ukraine-NATO relations developed quite briskly, but not enough for Ukraine to become a NATO member. However, Ukraine managed to gain the status of a special partner, which subsequently contributed to the deepening of bilateral relations.
 In the 2000s, Ukraine-NATO relations first intensified, and after Yanukovych came to power, Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic integration was suspended. The situation changed after the Revolution of Dignity, when pro-European democratic forces came to power. Further policy is aimed at deepening Ukraine’s relations with the Alliance. Ukraine has finally decided on its course, but the necessary conditions must be met for successful integration. Also, for its part, NATO should conduct a more targeted policy regardless of Russia, which is not as strong as it has created an image of itself through propaganda. Ukraine receives the undisputed support of the Alliance, but, unfortunately, this is not enough to end the war and restore territorial integrity. Ukraine’s accession to NATO would guarantee Ukraine’s security on the one hand, and strengthen the Alliance’s values on the other. Therefore, NATO needs more determination in Ukraine’s accession to the Alliance.

China’s Foreign Security Strategy Through the Belt and Road Initiative Under Xi Jinping: Achievements and Challenges

After becoming General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in 2012, President Xi Jinping led the implementation of a comprehensive reform of the national security strategy. Among that, the foreign security strategy plays an extremely important role in China’s national security strategy under the leadership of President Xi Jinping to realize the goal of the “Chinese Dream”, rejuvenating the great Chinese nation. To achieve that goal, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the key strategy to help China rise to become a global superpower replacing the position of the US in the future. This paper uses a qualitative analysis method through secondary data collected in October 2023. The research results will provide an overview of the BRI. From there, the paper objectively and multidimensionally assesses the results achieved by the BRI so far, while reflecting the challenges currently and prospectively facing the BRI.

‘Wandering on a foreign strand!’ - foreign relations and trade policies of Malta and Iceland, 1964-2004

ABSTRACT The paper compares the foreign relations and trade policies of Iceland and Malta and policy reforms in 1964–2004, and the global economic and political context within which they evolved. In a historical comparative perspective, Malta and Iceland exhibited contrasting political processes and electoral systems, dissimilar economic structures and natural resource abundancies and antipodal locations with different foreign security considerations. Their economic structures, policies and institutions became more akin in the 21st century as a result of their participation in the growing economic and political cooperation of Europe.

СПІЛЬНА ЗОВНІШНЯ І БЕЗПЕКОВА ПОЛІТИКА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ НАБУТТЯ ЧЛЕНСТВА УКРАЇНИ В ЄС

The article examines Ukraine’s Answers to the EU Questionnaire on the Application for Membership in the Chapter Foreign Security and Defense Policy and the European Commission’s Opinion on Ukraine’s application for membership in the European Union. It was found that to understand all the obligations arising for Ukraine in the field of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU, knowledge of the documents defining this policy is necessary, in particular the Treaty on European Union, Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy 2016, as well as the Strategic Compass for Security and Defence of 2022. In the context of Russia’s war against Ukraine, sanctions policy is gaining particular importance. In this context, it is underway to update sanctions legislation to bring it closer to EU practices. Additional work is needed on preventing and combatting illicit trafficking in weapons, ammunition, and explosives. The ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and its related instruments remains an outstanding issue. These issues require increased attention because they will be directly considered during negotiations on Ukraine’s membership in the EU. It is proposed to analyze the new Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) projects, which were established in 2023, and primarily take into account the experience of the war that Russia is waging against Ukraine. Joining the PESCO projects will contribute to the interoperability of the Ukrainian defense forces with similar structures of the EU member states and increase the defense capability of Ukraine. It is proposed to increase the awareness of the citizens of Ukraine regarding the goals and tasks of the European Union in the foreign policy arena, in particular by expanding the study of the problems of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU in higher education institutions of Ukraine.

PENJATUHAN SANKSI UNI EROPA ATAS TINDAKAN ANEKSASI RUSIA DI KRIMEA, UKRAINA

<div>This study raises the issue of the legality of the imposition of European Union sanctions for Russia’s annexation of Crimea, Ukraine based on international law and the forms of imposing these sanctions. The method used in this research is normative legal research and is prescriptive. The types and sources of research data used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials collected by using library research legal materials collection techniques. The data analysis technique used is a deductive mindset technique. This research results that the legality of EU sanctions is Council Decision 2014/512/CFSP and Council Regulation (EU) No. 833/2014 with provisions for imposing sanctions based on the European Union Agreement adopted within the framework of the Common Foreign Security and Policy (CFSP). The form of sanctions imposed are; (1) Arms embargo; (2) Export of dual-use goods; (3) Financial sanctions; (4) Prohibition of fulfilling claims; (5) Restrictions on services and other items.</div>

Інституціональні проблеми безпеки та оборони ЄС у контексті розширення співробітництва з Україною

Розглянуто проблеми функціонування та розвитку наднаціональних інституцій Європейського Союзу (далі – ЄС) у сфері безпеки та оборони на фоні змін військово-політичної ситуації у світі. Проаналізовано діяльність безпекових структур, визначено їх організаційно-правовий статус та обсяг завдань із забезпечення обороноздатності ЄС. Охарактеризовано їх повноваження стосовно національних систем безпеки та оборони. Розкрито основні напрямки забезпечення інституціональної стійкості оборонних структур у контексті зміни позиції Сполучених Штатів Америки (далі – США) як основи військової могутності Північноатлантичного альянсу (далі – НАТО) та охарактеризовано можливості створення Європейського оборонного союзу. Доведено, що ЄС необхідно кардинально переглянути свої підходи до забезпечення безпеки передусім у сфері взаємодії збройних сил країн-членів при проведенні спільних операцій і їх ресурсного забезпечення. Встановлено, що для України розвиток автономних наднаціональних європейських оборонних структур відкриває можливість для додаткового поглиблення співпраці із ЄС і паралельного посилення обороноздатності.

АТЛАС ЗАГРОЗ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНІЙ БЕЗПЕЦІ УКРАЇНИ ЯК МЕХАНІЗМ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОАНАЛІТИЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ОРГАНІВ ПУБЛІЧНОЇ ВЛАДИ

The article examines the essence and features of the development of an atlas of threats to Ukraine's foreign economic security, which is proposed to mean a three-level highly mobile inter-enclave and international economic system that allows comprehensive monitoring of security challenges and threats to Ukraine's global security security at global, regional and national levels. It is established that the atlas of threats to foreign economic security will allow to identify challenges, potential and real threats to foreign economic security and quickly adapt the system of providing the foreign economic system to the new requirements of a dynamic security environment; provide relevant information to the authorities for the development of management decisions in the field of foreign economic security. It is noted that the solution of strategic, tactical and operational tasks of foreign economic security and the adoption of appropriate management decisions requires an interpretation of foreign economic security space, convenient for compiling an electronic (computer) version of the atlas of threats to foreign economic security. Therefore, the author's definition of "electronic version of the atlas of threats to foreign economic security" is proposed as a reflection of foreign economic security space in a computer version (software and use of information systems), convenient for solving various strategic and situational problems in foreign economic security. It is concluded that filling the pages of the atlas of threats to foreign economic security will allow comprehensive monitoring of the foreign economic security situation, as well as to develop adequate and timely management decisions in the field of foreign economic security.

СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ СПІВПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЄС У СФЕРІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article examines modern trends of development of Ukraine's foreign economic activity as an important component of foreign economic security. The Law of Ukraine "On National Security" defines the fundamental national interests of Ukraine, through which the idea of foreign economic security of the state, because sovereignty and territorial integrity, economic development, close cooperation with European countries and organizations are possible through the development and implementation of effective public mechanisms in the fild of foreign economic security. It is noted that foreign economic activity is the basis for export-import operations, purchase and sale of goods and services, filling the budget, realization of national interests, ensuring economic security and more. It is established that Ukraine is an active participant in international economic activity. As of the beginning of 2022, Ukraine carried out trade operations with more than 170 countries. In 2021, compared to 2020, imports of goods increased by 34% to $72.84 billion, and exports - by 38.4%, to $68.07 billion. At the same time, in 2021 the export of Ukrainian goods and services to the EU reached $26.8 billion. The volume of imports of 27 EU countries to Ukraine amounted to $28.9 billion. The EU is Ukraine's main trading partner at the present stage. The article points out that as a result of hostilities there have been significant changes in Ukraine's foreign economic activity. Analysis of this impact on foreign economic security can be divided into the following groups of problems: the inability to carry out production; difficulties in ensuring the sale of goods; financial problems; difficulties in communications, investment and social projects. It is noted that in support of Ukraine, the European Union is lifting trade restrictions on Ukrainian exports. The abolition of customs duties applies to exports of industrial products, fruits and vegetables from Ukraine, as well as anti- dumping duties on steel imports. Thus, the European Union is trying to support Ukraine's economic system, create conditions for at least minimal development and economic activity.

ПРІОРИТЕТНІ НАПРЯМИ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ У СФЕРІ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

The article investigates current priority areas for improving public administration mechanisms in the field of foreign economic security. In particular, it is noted that public administration in the field of foreign economic security is a dynamic process that develops over time, space and depends on many factors. It is established that the main political and security trends of today indicate that global contradictions are exacerbated in the world, which together with the ineffectiveness of international security instruments does not allow to resolve existing and provokes new conflicts. The competition of large powers is intensifying, in particular for resources - human, natural, economic, etc. Stronger international players seek to improve their positions at the expense of weaker ones... The nature of international conflicts is changing, in which non-military instruments are playing an increasing role: political-diplomatic, economic, information-psychological, cybernetic. Mercenaries, paramilitary groups, private military companies, criminal and terrorist organizations, and religious sects are increasingly used. It is determined that in the Foreign Policy Strategy of Ukraine, Ukraine’s relations with five countries (USA, Great Britain, Canada, Germany and France) have a strategic priority. However, the range of strategic partners is not limited to this. According to the document, Ukraine's strategic partners are Poland, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania, China and Brazil. It is also about the global partnership with Japan and the importance of cooperation with India. In turn, it emphasizes the priority of developing relations with neighboring countries, in particular, bringing contacts with Moldova to a strategic level. It is proposed to introduce into the practice of public administration of national security of Ukraine a conceptual model of formation of mechanisms of public administration in the field of foreign economic security, as well as an integrated model of institutional matrix of public administration in the field of foreign economic security.

ПРІОРИТЕТНІ НАПРЯМИ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ У СФЕРІ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

The article investigates current priority areas for improving public administration mechanisms in the field of foreign economic security. In particular, it is noted that public administration in the field of foreign economic security is a dynamic process that develops over time, space and depends on many factors. It is established that the main political and security trends of today indicate that global contradictions are exacerbated in the world, which together with the ineffectiveness of international security instruments does not allow to resolve existing and provokes new conflicts. The competition of large powers is intensifying, in particular for resources - human, natural, economic, etc. Stronger international players seek to improve their positions at the expense of weaker ones... The nature of international conflicts is changing, in which non-military instruments are playing an increasing role: political-diplomatic, economic, information-psychological, cybernetic. Mercenaries, paramilitary groups, private military companies, criminal and terrorist organizations, and religious sects are increasingly used. It is determined that in the Foreign Policy Strategy of Ukraine, Ukraine’s relations with five countries (USA, Great Britain, Canada, Germany and France) have a strategic priority. However, the range of strategic partners is not limited to this. According to the document, Ukraine's strategic partners are Poland, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania, China and Brazil. It is also about the global partnership with Japan and the importance of cooperation with India. In turn, it emphasizes the priority of developing relations with neighboring countries, in particular, bringing contacts with Moldova to a strategic level. It is proposed to introduce into the practice of public administration of national security of Ukraine a conceptual model of formation of mechanisms of public administration in the field of foreign economic security, as well as an integrated model of institutional matrix of public administration in the field of foreign economic security.

ОСНОВНІ ЗАСАДИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ У СФЕРІ

The article considers the principles of functioning of public mechanisms in the field of foreign economic security of EU member states. In particular, ensuring EU security is determined by a number of conceptual provisions: the indivisibility of security and its development on the basis of integration processes; scale and constant development of security programs; using national aspects to solve regional problems; equality of status and decision- making based on consensus; coordination of efforts in the field of common interests; territorial integrity of states and non-interference in each other's internal affairs; the formation of a market economy and the development of civil society. It has been established that scientists and politicians of EU countries do not single out the concepts of "foreign economic security", but operate with the concepts of "security", "national security" and "economic security", while really mean in their content and problems of foreign economic security. Have been found EU members to have different levels of economic security. Relatively stable economic systems in the EU (Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, France) are mainly focused on improving the efficiency of the economy and at the same time maintain the existing level of personal economic security of its citizens. The relatively new EU member states (Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and the Baltic states) have already completed first-generation reforms and are in the final stages of security sector reforms. It is concluded that the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine changes the security vectors in Europe. It has become clear that the current system of international security is not able to deter the aggressor and protect against real threats to individual countries. Only an effective combination of military force, diplomatic instruments and a strong economy can guarantee the realization of national interests, national ideas and national goals. This is the path Ukraine must take in its European aspirations, creating conditions for comprehensive protection of its own statehood and cultural and historical identification.

ІСТОРІЯ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТКУ СИСТЕМИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ (1990-2022 рр.)

The study of historical preconditions for the formation and development of Ukraine's foreign economic security system requires interdisciplinary knowledge. Accordingly, the article considers the methodological principles of research on the problems of economic security in the context of global transformations, such as the principles of historicism, objectivity, causality, system and development. Emphasis is placed on the following stages of development of the economic security system in Ukraine: Stage I, which lasted until 1917, Stage II - 1917-1930, Stage III - 1931-1940, Stage IV - 1941 - 1991, Stage V - from 1991 to the present. It is noted that on the basis of historiographical analysis of the results of historical and economic research, as well as highlighting the achievements in science the public administration in the recent history of public administration in the field of foreign economic security of Ukraine can be divided into six main substages: 1st sub-stage (1990-1996) is a historical period from the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine to the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine. 2nd sub-stage (1997-2002) - the period when the Concept (basics of state policy) of national security of Ukraine was approved. 3rd sub-stage (2003- 2009) - adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine" (2003). The 4th sub-stage (2010-2013) is the beginning of a change in Ukraine's foreign policy status, namely the renewal of its non-aligned status. This is reflected in the Laws of Ukraine "On the Principles of Domestic and Foreign Policy", "On the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine", in the new versions of the Military Doctrine of Ukraine (2012) and the National Security Strategy of Ukraine (2012). 5th sub-stage (2014-2019) - radical changes in the military-political and military-strategic situation around Ukraine caused by Russian aggression, the leadership of the Ukrainian state renounced non- aligned status and renewed its foreign policy towards European and Euro- Atlantic integration. 6th sub-stage (2019 - present) - in the difficult military- political and military-strategic situation around Ukraine caused by Russian aggression, the tasks of European and Euro-Atlantic integration the tasks of European and Euro-Atlantic integration are being implemented, as well as the legal and institutional mechanisms of public administration in the field of national security are being improved.

The Authorities of Province and District Governments Regarding Spatial Planning in Aceh

Article 7 of the Law Number 11, 2006 on Aceh Governance states that the Aceh Province and districts or municipalities Governments have the authority to regulate and manage government affairs in all public sectors except for government affairs which are under the authority of the Government. It is further stated that the central authority includes government affairs of national issues that are foreign policy, defense, security, judiciary, monetary and fiscal matters, and certain affairs in the field of religion. It can be concluded that the Job Creation Act in its approach contradicts the principle of autonomy because the regulation is centralized.

Security Force Assistance to Fragile States: A Framework of Analysis

ABSTRACT Security Force Assistance (SFA) – the training and equipping of a foreign security force – represent a common form of intervention into fragile states. This introduction assesses the state of the field of SFA research and focuses on dynamics specific to recipient states with fragmented security sectors. Based on insights from the contributions to the special issue we propose a framework for research which covers conceptualisation, implementation and impact of SFA programmes. The cases studied here emphasise that the logic of governance in many of these states relies upon manipulating security sector fragmentation, often producing outcomes directly opposed to SFA providers' intent.

Security Force Assistance to The Gambia Following the 2017 Political Transition: A Recipe for Further Fragmentation?

ABSTRACT This research explores the role of security force assistance (SFA) in the context of political transition, through the case of The Gambia. It shows how political and military leaders have preferred ad-hoc and shorter-term SFA programmes over wider security reform efforts. The Gambia has welcomed a range of new security partnerships through foreign security advisors and small scale SFA programmes provided by states, international organizations, and NGOs. These have not converged in a clear strategy and the uncoordinated efforts risks perpetuating long-standing problems. The case demonstrates the ways SFA can lead to fragmentation and (re)focus armed forces on presidential protection.

Fragmented We Fall: Security Sector Cohesion and the Impact of Foreign Security Force Assistance in Mali

ABSTRACT Security Force Assistance (SFA) is presented as a panacea for security threats and governance problems in the Global South. Using Mali as a point of departure, in this article we explore the complex reality of SFA in a state with a highly fragmented security sector. A plethora of SFA providers collectively leaves a negative impact on the cohesion of the recipient security forces. Multiple SFA providers and uncoordinated implementation muddle objectives and fragment already loosely assembled security forces. In consequence, rather than improving security, SFA may exacerbate the problems the assistance is meant to solve.

Political conditions of European integration from the security perspective

The contemporary form of security in the European Union is undergoing profound changes. The solutions adopted in the first decade of the 21st century no longer meet the needs of this organisation and the EU Member States. New solutions that would functionally change the form of relationships between institutions have not been conceptually worked out. The European Union, struggling with numerous economic, social, and political crises, enters the next stage. Soon it will be decided, in which direction the organisation and its member states will develop. This article focuses on the current form of organisational and functional solutions of the EU by subjecting them to a critical review. The author evaluates, what is created in terms of decision-making processes and their results in the areas of foreign policy, security, and defence. Consequently, the article demonstrates the conditions that determine the form of the EU’s activities at the threshold of the second decade of the 21st century. Its result is the identification of change processes in security that determine the projection of the development of the European Union.

Cybersecurity and its Legal Regulation (Foreign and Russian Experience)

Unmanageable and not well regulated nature of cyberspace, both on the national and the international level, is a serious problem for all governments of the world, therefore, the issue of ensuring cybersecurity in the cyberspace comes to the fore, and there is a need for regulatory documents to govern it. In this article, using the example of regulations of the European Union (the EU Cybersecurity Strategy, announced by the EU Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy on 16 December 2020), the USA (the National Cybersecurity Strategy of the United States of America, 2018), the Republic of Kazakhstan (Concept of Cybersecurity (“Cyber Shield Kazakhstan”), 2017) and the Russian Federation (Draft Concept of the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Russian Federation, 2014) the main characteristics of legal regulation of cybersecurity issues are examined. The analysis of the main documents in the field of cybersecurity of the EU, the USA and the Republic of Kazakhstan showed that their emergence and significant modifications are caused by the fact that the entire world is undergoing a transition to a digital economy. In Russia, the implementation of the national project “Digital Economy” (2019) has also begun. However, within its framework, the federal project “Information Security” is being promoted. This is explained by the fact that Russia adopts a broader approach to “information security”, while other countries use the term cybersecurity in their regulations. The paper suggests that the national understanding of cybersecurity and its key priorities differ significantly, but the issues that they treat are common: building a state level management system in the field of cybersecurity; determination of the necessary cybersecurity policy and establishing the corresponding mechanism regarding the problems of ensuring the cybersecurity of national information infrastructures and a clear definition of the roles in its implementation. The divergence in various cybersecurity visions is one of the main reasons that lead to a deadlock that prevents productive discussion of cybersecurity and the setting of norms at the international level.

Foreign Direct Investment Screening and National Security: Reducing Regulatory Hurdles to Investors Through Induced Reciprocity

Abstract An increasing number of States has adopted new or revised existing laws that establish foreign direct investment (FDI) screening mechanisms on grounds of national security. Comparing FDI screening in Germany and China as a case study, this article identifies three regulatory hurdles to investors related to such mechanisms, namely unpredictability, procedural uncertainty, and the lack of transparency in practice. Adopting the theory of induced reciprocity, this article argues that these regulatory hurdles could be reduced if symmetry constraint on national FDI screening schemes can be established between sovereign States in an international agreement. To achieve induced reciprocity between the European Union and China regarding FDI screening on grounds of national security, the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment could incorporate certain fundamental principles and regulatory objectives of EU Regulation 2019/452 Establishing a Framework for the Screening of Foreign Direct Investments into the Union as a starting point and a way forward.