Foreign Products Research Articles

A Review of Research on Pricing Strategies and Pricing Factors of Enterprise Products

As one of the core strategies of enterprise marketing activities, product pricing has an important impact on the market share, profit level and brand image of enterprise products. There are many factors that enterprises consider in product pricing, such as cost, customer demand, brand awareness, market penetration, market trend, market development prospects, market competition environment, policy and other factors, which are important factors affecting enterprise product pricing. This paper firstly introduces the importance of product pricing in marketing strategy, combined with the nature of domestic and foreign enterprise products, and then summarizes the pricing strategy, pricing method and applicable conditions of enterprise products, and analyzes the pricing factors and influencing mechanism of enterprise products. Then, it summarizes the product cost, product types, customer demand, price elasticity, consumer behavior, sales channels, etc. Finally, it summarizes the shortcomings of existing literature research.

The effect of digital game-based language learning mobile application on the development of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in foreign language monologic oral production among Chinese learners of English as a foreign language

The study reported the effect of a digital game-based language learning (DGBLL) mobile application “Speaking English Fluently – An Automated Scoring Artificial Intelligent Tutoring System on Spoken English” on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency in foreign language (FL) monologic oral production among 31 second year Chinese university learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). The participants’ monologic oral production was measured in the first (week 1) and last week (week 21) of a semester using the same narrative picture description task. The oral production was audio-recorded and transcribed. Both the transcripts and audio-files were analyzed on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency dimensions. The complexity was measured using the number of Mean (M) words per T-unit, the accuracy dimension was measured using the number of repairs and errors per 100 words; and the fluency dimension was measured via speech rate (i.e., number of words per minute), and M length of pauses. Students were required to download the mobile application and followed the monological practice section twice a week for 30 minutes each time. Using paired sample t-tests, we found that even though the participants’ repair rate and speech rate remained unchanged, they produced more complex monologic speech, had significantly fewer errors, and reduced average length of pauses after 20 weeks treatment using the mobile application, demonstrating a positive effect of the DGBLL mobile application on FL learners’ monologic oral production.

China’s ecological footprint via biomass import and consumption is increasing

As China’s economic and population demands grow, the need for biomass imports rises, presenting challenges for sustainable development and global ecosystem protection. Here we examine China’s increasing influence on global ecosystems through its biomass product consumption and trade using the Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity framework, analyzing data from 2004 to 2017 with projections until 2050. In 2017, China was the world’s largest biomass consumer, consuming approximately 1.75 petagrams of carbon per year, projected to rise by 317.6% by 2050, highlighting China’s major role in global ecosystem stress. Our findings also show an increase in biomass imports from lower-middle-income and low-income countries between 2004 and 2017, and these imports are expected to continue increasing by 402.9% in 2050. The analysis reveals that domestic product demand and changes in foreign production efficiency are key drivers of this trend, suggesting the need for China to shift towards more efficient trade practices and support cleaner production methods internationally.

Assessing the impact of authorisation process as a regulatory tool in the European REACH regulation: A study on improving occupational safety for applying companies.

This study looks into the effectiveness of the authorisation procedure as a regulatory instrument within the framework of the European REACH regulation. It highlights its impact on enhancing occupational safety and health for both applicants and companies utilising the substances. This procedure encompasses manufacturers, importers, and downstream users of substances, as well as representatives of foreign manufacturers who are also eligible to seek authorisation. When applying for authorisation, the ECHA Risk Assessment Committee (RAC) assesses the risks associated with the intended uses of the substance, including the appropriateness and effectiveness of the Occupational Conditions (OCs) and Risk Management Measures (RMMs) described in the application and the risks posed by potential alternatives. If the RAC determines that the OCs/RMMs are inadequate for managing or controlling the risk, or if the measures to protect workers are deemed insufficient, it may recommend additional measures to enhance occupational safety and health or environmental protection. The 398 processed Applications for Authorisation (AfA) that have been submitted to date were examined to determine these recommended measures, categorised as Conditions for use, Monitoring arrangements, and Recommendations for Review Reports. Overall, a significant improvement concerning occupational safety and health seems necessary, as indicated by the large number of measures recommended by the ECHA Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) and ECHA Committee for Socio-economic Analysis (SEAC) or supplemented by the European Commission. In addition to the proposed measures, a short assessment provided by the committees as to whether the operational conditions and risk management measures are adequate in controlling the risks is also included in the study.

UNVEILING THE POLITICAL IMPACT OF FAST FASHION CONSUMPTION: THE ROLE OF LOWER MIDDLE CLASS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS IN INDONESIA?

ABSTRACT. This article delves into the impact and role of the lower middle class on Indonesia’s environmental landscape. Despite their social and economic marginalization, this demographic heavily relies on cheap, easily accessible fast fashion for clothing, leading to detrimental environmental consequences such as ecosystem degradation and pollution. This research was carried out by conducting a literature review through library research, where the data came from library data collection. This study further analyzes literature regarding socio-economic dynamics and environmental problems. This approach unveiled the lower middle class’s profound influence of fast fashion consumption on Indonesia’s environment. The research highlights the lower middle class’s pivotal role in fast fashion waste distribution, exacerbating environmental pollution. Hence, governmental intervention becomes imperative to regulate fast fashion production, manage waste, and restrict the influx of second-hand fast fashion businesses. The article concludes by emphasizing the lower middle class’s dual role as both major consumers and victims of global capitalism in the fast fashion industry, necessitating state protection through various policy measures. These include elevating product quality standards, ensuring fair labor practices, enhancing consumer protection, and controlling the influx of foreign fast fashion products. Ultimately, the study underscores the necessity of comprehensive governmental interventions to mitigate the environmental repercussions of fast fashion consumption, safeguarding both the lower middle class and Indonesia’s environment.

The study of marketing opportunities for the use of the raw material of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) in the pharmacotherapy of musculoskeletal system diseases

Aim. To form a modern idea of the market structure and trends in the consumption of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis, to determine the possible potential for use of plant raw material of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). Materials and methods. The study was conducted using the structural analysis, logical and graphical methods, and marketing analysis methods. Results. It was found that in the pre-war period the market for drugs affecting the musculoskeletal system developed quite vigorously – its growth rate in the period of 2020-2021 ranged from 16 to 29 % in natural units and from 20 to 30 % in monetary terms. According to the structure of producing countries, the market was significantly import-dependent. The market for synthetic drugs was quite saturated, represented by various dosage forms – tablets, powder for suspension, injection solutions (ampoules), granules, capsules, sachets, alcohol solutions, oil solutions, suppositories, oral suspensions, transdermal patches, gels, ointments. The research was conducted taking into account the study of marketing opportunities for the use of the raw material of Tanacetum parthenium in the pharmacotherapy of diseases of the musculoskeletal system since this raw material had certain advantages compared to synthetic analogs. It should be noted that the market of herbal medicines for the treatment of the musculoskeletal system diseases or the prevention of their manifestations is very limited and is represented by a minimum number of product items and one representative of the medicinal flora – Symphytum officinale. In addition, 90 % of the market for this group of drugs belongs to foreign manufacturers. Although research of the market for biological supplements indicates a certain demand for products based on the medicinal plant raw material. Conclusions. Based on the trends identified, we can state the positive development of the market for drugs that affect the musculoskeletal system, the prospects for the development of drugs based on the medicinal plant raw material, including Tanacetum parthenium.

Cold resistance genes of fruit crops

Fruit crops are an irreplaceable source of essential nutrients, macro- and microelements, vitamins, organic acids, and antioxidants. Today, the overwhelming part of fruit supply in the market is provided by foreign producers. Import substitution and meeting the demand of the Russian Federation population for fruit consumption by the domestic agro-industrial complex is impossible without expanding the geography of cultivation areas, including those in zones of risky agriculture, which requires breeding of frost-resistant (cold-resistant) cultivars (fruit crops). Application of modern biotechnological and molecular genetic methods in breeding work will increase the profitability of fruit growing by reducing the time required for obtaining plants with the desired traits and by complex evaluation of the prospects of genotypes of parental forms. The present review considers modern data on cold tolerance genes of various fruit and berry crops, summarizes the known mechanisms of their action, activation, and regulation.The review considers modern data on genes of fruit and berry crops resistance to low temperatures, including characterization of genes encoding key receptors, signaling, effector proteins, and transcription factors in apple, pear, peach, pineapple, and strawberry. The known mechanisms of their operation, activation, regulation are given, and signaling cascades are described.

The Influence of Celebrity Endorser and Brand Image on Rational Purchasing Decisions Scarlett Whitening With Consumer Trust as an Intervening Variable (Case Study of DKI Jakarta and DI Yogyakarta Students)

The development of free trade has created increasingly fierce business competition, which has encouraged companies to become more creative in carrying out their business activities. The market is characterized by various new products and services, with innovation continuing to develop. The company makes various efforts to increase sales, meet customer needs, and increase trust. Scarlett Whitening is a beauty product quite popular in Indonesia, as seen from its high sales figures, and it can beat foreign products. It is necessary to evaluate and improve several promotional efforts that have been carried out, such as those of celebrity endorsers and brand image, when faced with purchasing decisions and consumer trust as intervening variables. This research aims to determine the influence of Celebrity Endorsers and Brand Image on purchasing decisions, with consumer trust as an intervening variable. This type of research is quantitative. Data is presented through questionnaires distributed to 150 student representatives throughout Indonesia using the SEM PLS method for testing and hypothesizing. The results of this research show that there is no influence between celebrity endorsers and consumer trust and purchasing decisions.

Exporting, Global Sourcing, and Multinational Activity: Theory and Evidence from the United States

Abstract Multinational firms (MNEs) dominate trade flows, yet their foreign production decisions are often ignored in firm-level studies of exporting and importing. Using newly merged data on US firms' trade and global production, we show that MNEs are more likely to trade with countries that are proximate to their affiliates. We rationalize these patterns with a new source of firm-level scale economies that arises when fixed costs to source from, or sell in, a market are shared across the MNE's plants. These shared fixed costs create interdependencies between firms' production and trade locations that generate third-market responses to trade policy changes.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИЗНАШИВАНИЯ ВОССТАНОВЛЕННЫХ С ПОСЛЕДУЮЩИМ УПРОЧНЕНИЕМ КВДУ ЛЕМЕХОВ ОБОРОТНЫХ ПЛУГОВ

The widespread use of plows from foreign manufacturers has led to the need to develop a restoration technology with subsequent hardening of replacement parts of their working bodies, in particular plowshares, due to their intensive wear. The situation is aggravated by the fact that there are currently significant interruptions in the supply of spare parts for foreign tillage equipment and a significant increase in their cost. Existing technologies for restoring parts of this type do not provide them with a high service life, and therefore require improvement.The wear features of reversible plow shares restored using wear-compensating elements followed by carbide-arc hardening (CAH) were studied in this work. Production tests were carried out using the shares of the Lemken EurOpal reversible plow when plowing medium and heavy loamy soils. Spring sheets made of steel 65G, which had lost their elasticity, were used as the material of the compensating element. A multicomponent paste containing 65% matrix powder PR-Kh30SRNDYu, 25% boron carbide and 10% cryolite was used for CAH. The specific wear of the cutting surfaces of plowshares along the width was studied in three sections. The production tests carried out made it possible to establish that the increase in wear of the cutting surfaces of both serial shares in the delivery state and those restored with subsequent hardening of the highpressure unit with an increase in their operating time is subject to a linear relationship. The greatest wear, regardless of the operating time of the ploughshare, is in the heel area, the least wear is near the bit attachment area. Restoring the studied shares with subsequent CAH on the rear side makes it possible to increase their operating time to 76 hectares, which is on average 1.8 times higher than that of serial shares in the delivered state. The use of the proposed technology will help solve the problem of resource conservation and import substitution.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО ПО В СФЕРЕ ЛОГИСТИКИ

Current trends in the development of logistics emphasize the importance of using software to optimize business processes. In the context of global competition and sanctions pressure, Russian companies face the challenge of choosing between foreign and domestic software products. This article is a comparative analysis of three leading foreign and three Russian software products in the field of logistics, evaluating their functionality, flexibility of settings, integration and economic impact of use. Special attention is paid to aspects related to sanctions and the impact of the national economy.

Educational Web Portal Software for Teachers, Tutors and Students

This article substantiates the feasibility of using the Data-Driven approach in education and creating a "one-stop shop" platform. The paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of modern domestic and foreign ED Tech products, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the necessary functionality of the designed platform. The article describes the software requirements for the UML design methodology, describes the choice of creation tools, and considers the program for implementing the tool system, including the database structure. It is shown that such a scheme is scalable and can be easily supplemented with other functionality. Based on the requirements, a project prototype was created, located at kuzovkin.info; the project consists of several parts, including a database with tasks, an online simulator, an online board, a voice messenger and articles with task theory. In addition, in the future, it is planned to use an adaptive learning algorithm using artificial intelligence. It is shown that this prototype is successfully used for teaching students. In the future, a web portal with similar tools is planned to be introduced into the work of online schools.

Consumer ethnocentrism, cosmopolitanism, product judgment, and foreign product purchase intention: An empirical study in Vietnam

This study aims to determine the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism, consumer cosmopolitanism, imported product judgment, and foreign product purchase intention in Vietnam. This paper tries to present its results empirically, which might be helpful in preparing a strategy for Vietnamese customers’ international purchasing behavior to increase competition at retail companies in Vietnam. It uses a questionnaire with a purposive random sampling of 311 customers in Vietnam. Analysis was conducted through a quantitative descriptive analysis, measurement of variable dimensions on the questionnaire using a seven-point Likert scale, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypotheses. This study found that imported product judgment, consumer cosmopolitanism, social influence, and perceived behavioral control positively influence foreign product purchase intention, whereas customer ethnocentrism has a negative impact on that intention. The association between consumer cosmopolitanism and foreign product purchase intention is mediated by imported product evaluation and consumer ethnocentrism. At the same time, national identity does not affect consumer ethnocentrism and foreign product purchase intentions. Besides, this study offers some managerial implications for marketers in decisions linked to Vietnamese customers’ international purchasing behavior to increase competition in the domestic market. AcknowledgmentThe authors express a sincere gratitude to all the participants who generously took part in this research study.

Hematological parameters of blood of the heifers of different lines of the Kazakh white-headed breed

The experience of importing high-yielding foreign producers has shown the disadvantages of this practice due to low adaptation of the imported animals and difficulties in their full acclimatization to new conditions of housing and feeding. As a result, at best it prevents them from realizing their potential, at worst it contributes to their rapid drop out of the reproduction process. Domestic breeds are adapted to Russian conditions, but need to improve their productive qualities. Therefore, selection and breeding work is of key importance in the technological development of the beef cattle breeding industry of our country. We conducted studies on the heifers of the Kazakh white-headed breed of the Donguz 7139, Korol 13682NV-6 and Zolotoi 3423 lines in the conditions of the APC (collective farm) "Anikhovsky" of the Adamovsky district of the Orenburg region. Blood sampling of the heifers at 15 months of age (n = 18) was carried out in the morning before feeding from the jugular vein, for morphological studies – in vacuum tubes with an anticoagulant, for biochemical – with a coagulation activator. It was found that the heifers of the Zolotoi 3423 line surpassed the animals of the Donguz 7139 line in blood content of total protein (79,9 g/l) by 5.6%, albumins (36,8 g/l) by 6.35%, AST (27,8 Un/l) by 4.27%, ALT (105,0 Un/l) by 14.2%, erythrocytes (5,67 ∙ 10[1]2 cells/l) by 15.24% and hemoglobin (79,6 g/l) by 12.42%, that indicates a high rate of metabolism and redox processes in their body and eliminates the hidden risks of stability, adaptability of the gene pool of a new breeding form. Taking into account the productivity indicators given in the previous article, as well as the results obtained in the course of the present study, the creation and increase in the number of animals of the Zolotoi 3423 line is promising in breeding and breeding work with a herd of the Kazakh white-headed cattle in the APC (collective farm).

DESIGN FEATURES OF GRAIN HARVESTING COMBINEERS CASE IH "AXIAL-FLOW" SERIES

Harvesting grain is a very important production process that must be carried out as quickly as possible to obtain high-quality grain. Here it is important that the equipment is adjusted to the structure of the plants, and the plants, in turn, are prepared for machine harvesting. When creating grain harvesting equipment, various factors are taken into account: agrobiological properties and the structure of plant organs, stand height and density, lowness, strength, humidity, size and weight of fruits, weight ratio of grain to non-grain part, stage of maturity and others. Currently, harvesting of grain crops is carried out by direct or separate combining. Direct involves performing several operations: cutting plants, threshing plant mass, separating grain from straw, cleaning grain from various impurities, as well as harvesting grain and non-grain part of the crop. It is important that the harvester performs these processes at the same time in the stage of full maturity of the grain. This harvesting method is suitable for bread mass that is not clogged and has ripened evenly. As for separate combining, here mowing of plants and their threshing are carried out separately. Providing the enterprise with high-performance harvesters and the level of their use significantly affect the gross harvest of agricultural crops. In case of violation of the calendar terms for harvesting grain crops by more than 10–12 days, grain losses can reach 25–30%. In order for such a situation not to arise, agricultural enterprises must have the required number of harvesters of the necessary capacity, which could ensure, in the optimal time, harvesting of agricultural crops. In order to give preference to one or another combine harvester model, you need to know not only its price, but also individual technical and economic characteristics and the cost of threshing a ton of harvest. Because this indicator reflects the cost of the harvester, operating costs, its productivity, reliability and cost of spare parts. Innovation is only accelerating. Over the past 20 years, the average productivity of self-propelled grain harvesters has increased almost four to five times. The level of computerization of mechanized operating technologies also increased. The demand for products of the grain sub-complex is only growing. Ukraine is dominated by a diverse fleet of industrial grain harvesters of foreign production, purchased both new and used, the use of these grain transport systems is expedient and relevant. The question of choosing a modern high-performance grain harvester and the question of its effective use remain relevant.

TECHNOLOGICAL GAP AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT SPILLOVERS IN INDONESIA

This study investigates the relationship between the technology gap and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) spillovers in Indonesia. This study employs Medium-Large Manufacturing Survey Data from Statistics Indonesia and employs the standard least-square method to estimate the correlation between the technological gap and industries’ productivity change between 2010 and 2015. This study groups industries based on their technological gap (i.e. the difference between domestic and foreign establishment productivity) into low-technology-gap, medium-technology-gap, and high-technology gap. This study reveals that the effect of the technological gap is higher in the moderate-technology-gap group of industries and that there is a statistically significant positive relationship in the low-technology-gap and high-technology-gap groups. This finding indicates that the technological gap matters for FDI spillovers in Indonesia’s manufacturing and it can explain why there is spillovers from FDI in several industries. This study also reveals that industries with higher level of technological gap tend to have higher variation in productivity change, thus it can explain the difference between industries absorptive capacity. Therefore, promoting FDI inflows in the country also fosters domestic firms’ productivity growth especially FDI with relatively higher technology than domestic firms. These findings also recommend that the government support domestic firms’ absorptive capacity after promoting FDI inflow into the country.

Adding mirror clauses within the European Green Deal: Hype or hope?

AbstractThe proposed reductions in farm input uses foreseen in the European Green Deal may penalize European farm production while increasing environmental leakages to foreign countries where production may expand. These expected impacts have led to calls for a more restrictive trade policy based on mirror clauses. This paper considers as a case study a potential ban on glyphosate in vegetable and fruits production. We develop an original computable general equilibrium model with endogenous adoption of new European production standards by foreign producers on currently latent markets. We find in our case study that adding mirror clauses to the Green Deal marginally improves European farm income and the global environmental footprint of food. We find that foreign producers as a whole can gain from these clauses and not lose as in a standard analysis. European households support these clauses by paying higher food bills while consuming vegetables and fruits produced without glyphosate.

Foreign ownership and product market competition's influence on firm performance: Mediating role of the corporate governance index

AbstractThis study examines the influence of foreign ownership and product market competition on firm performance in Vietnam's listed companies through the mediating role of the corporate governance index. Moreover, the study explores the moderating role of business strategy in the relationships between foreign ownership, product market competition, and firm performance. We use maximum likelihood structural equation modeling in Stata 14 software to analyze the data collected from 180 Vietnamese listed companies from 2015 to 2019. The results indicate that foreign ownership and product market competition positively influence firm performance by mediating the corporate governance index. Business strategy negatively moderates the relationship between product market competition and firm performance. This study has implications for managers focusing on foreign ownership and product market competition to improve corporate governance systems, enhancing firm performance. Additionally, managers may build business strategies when product market competition increases to avoid negative effects on firm performance.

Revisiting consumer responses in situational animosity: a reference group perspective

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the role of interpersonal influence on consumer purchase decisions regarding foreign products, specifically by exploring consumers’ social reaction styles (acquisitive and protective) when confronted with normative pressures and their subsequent impact on consumers’ purchase behavior in the context of situational animosity.Design/methodology/approachThree studies were conducted in China to empirically examine the proposed research model. The US–China Chip War of 2022 was used as the research context for situational animosity, while the Japan–China relationship representing a stable animosity condition was used for contrast.FindingsThis study establishes the mediating role of perceived normative pressure in linking animosity attitudes to purchase avoidance in situational animosity. It also validates that consumers’ social reaction styles (acquisitive and protective) help predict distinct behavioral outcomes, holding significant implications for advancing research in the field of product and brand consumption.Originality/valueThis research provides a novel perspective by exploring consumers’ social reaction styles when dealing with normative pressure in situational animosity. The distinction between acquisitive and protective reaction styles adds depth and originality to the study. Moreover, this study examines consumer behavior in two distinct consumption contexts: switching intentions to local products and purchase intentions for products from offending countries in hidden consumption situations. This dual perspective offers a comprehensive exploration of consumers’ purchase behavior under normative pressure, contributing to the novelty of this research.

Entry-Level Export Strategies in Developing African Countries

Considering Nigeria as an economically and demographically viable target market, this study examined entry-level export strategies that could facilitate the expansion of foreign firms to the Nigerian market. It was necessitated by the intricacies experienced by foreign companies in obtaining credible information about the Nigerian market for internationalization decision-making. The study adopted a narrative literature review design, relying on experiential insights and secondary data obtained from government and industrial sources in Nigeria to obtain the information presented in the investigation. An in-depth content analysis method was used to analyze the secondary data obtained for the study. From its findings, it was revealed that Nigeria is a profoundly viable export destination for a wide variety of foreign products including consumer electronics, ICT accessories, fashion, cosmetics and smartphone accessories. Nevertheless, the country’s volatile economic condition poses substantial risks for foreign companies in terms of foreign currency fluctuations; but using an export strategy, these risks can be considerably mitigated. This indicates the need for careful and deliberate export planning before entry into Nigeria to ensure that exporters familiarize themselves with information and knowledge of the workings of the Nigerian market. To this end, we recommend that intending export companies should carefully select suitable market segments they can consistently serve; they should also ensure to obtain all necessary certifications and permits from key agencies like the Nigeria Customs Service (NCS), National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), and Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) to ensure smooth operations; and in terms of export entry option, we recommend a hybrid approach (direct and indirect exportation), which avails companies the opportunity of using local expertise and network to achieve effective distribution while maintaining strong control over their products.