Foreign Policy Events Research Articles

LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN A MODERN ORGANIZATION: A REVIEW OF CURRENT APPROACHES

The article presents the author's vision of the problem of loss of effectiveness of traditional leadership approaches in managing a modern organization and the need to search for and implement new approaches. It is proposed to shift the focus of attention from classical approaches: from the position of personal qualities (personalistic), behavioral approach and situational approach, justifying the decrease in the results of their use in the activities of managers, to current approaches to organizational leadership, which are offered by modern scientists of the twenty-first century. Based on the analysis of publications in the scientific electronic library Elibrary.ru, such types of leadership as transformational, transactional, charismatic, team, divided, visionary were established. The features of each approach are identified and described. The concept of the terms “leadership”, “leader” (“manager”), “management” is given. The question is raised about the importance of a manager’s understanding of the changing needs and expectations of modern subordinates: the reality of our time is that there is a great need for a flexible work schedule and the ability to work remotely. A vision of what qualities and skills a modern leader should have is proposed, the need to develop emotional intelligence and the importance of changing the way of building communication with modern subordinates is highlighted. Attention is focused on the fact that the forms and methods of training leaders-managers in modern organizations require constant attention and regular improvement. Using the research results in the practical sphere of activity of managers will make it possible to increase the effectiveness of management in the context of the development of the digital economy within the country, improvement of technologies, artificial intelligence, as well as the influence of foreign policy events and increasing sanctions.

Practice of international relations: potential for transfer to other spheres

In today's world, there is a close intertwining of academic disciplines and spheres of practical interaction. To identify a potential for transfer of international practices, the authors of this study attempt to elicit cases of successful transfer of practical experience from International Relations and world politics to other fields, as well as provide illustrative examples of parallel development of similar practices. As one of the most extensive practices in the realm of International Relations, diplomacy appears to contain a large number of relevant cases. Transfer and parallel development of negotiation techniques and mediation technologies manifest themselves both in the related sphere of domestic politics and in corporate culture. Another example of business borrowing international practices is the institution of industrial espionage, which nowadays might be compared to the institution of political-military espionage in terms of its scale and organization. The study also focuses on the phenomena of parallel development of social practices, namely emancipation. While it is regarded as a process of gaining legal independence in the sphere of law, in International Relations it denotes a rejection of the idea of domination of a certain order or ideological stance. The final part of the study is dedicated to the consideration of typologies of behavior, as well as analogies and metaphors, in various social spheres. Metaphors and analogies unite such seemingly distant disciplines as International Relations and folklore studies. In addition to allusions to foreign policy events, which appear with a certain frequency in mass culture, the authors also present possible parallels between the structure of fairy tales and that of political conflict. On the grounds of the case studies, the paper highlights the diversity of areas of international engagement that have directly or indirectly contributed, or could contribute, to the emergence and/or development of other practice areas.

Динамика внешнеполитических ориентаций современной студенческой молодежи

Studies of foreign policy orientations of Russians are extremely significant for modern Russian society and require comprehensive analysis in the context of ongoing transformations of the world order. To carry out separate and independent foreign policy, it is necessary to support it from the population, to form of stable foreign policy orientations, and current ideas about the ongoing foreign policy of the Russian Federation on the part of the representatives of various social groups. The focus of research interest is the sociological analysis of foreign policy orientations of contemporary youth. Young people in the near future will come to key positions in the country’s leadership and will determine the main priorities and directions of our country’s foreign policy. The research of the dynamics of foreign policy orientations of contemporary youth can provide objective and reliable information that can serve as the basis for formation of positive image of Russia in the mass consciousness, understanding and acceptance of the country’s foreign policy course by contemporary young people. The study of attitude of various population groups to Russian foreign policy is carried out for the most part by all-Russian sociological centers, but there are practically no regional studies, including the studies among young people of different Russian regions on the presented issues in modern conditions of the unstable international environment. The analysis of structure and dynamics of foreign policy orientations of Russians and youth, based on the materials from the authors' own and all-Russian sociological research is carried out; their attitude to different directions of the country's foreign policy and individual international events is studied.

Political persuasion in international affairs: A computational sociolinguistic inquiry utilizing historical analysis of US Congressional rhetoric from 1873 to 2017

Negative sentiment, when used in the context of persuasion, can play a significant role in the effectiveness of spoken rhetoric. In this paper, sentiment analysis of publicly delivered Congressional speeches on relevant foreign policy legislation and events will be the center of exploration, evaluated through historical trends of that corresponding period. This evaluation element will be key in determining whether or not negative sentiments were successful and how overall sentiment in a speech evolved over one hundred and fifty years through computational sociolinguistic analysis. The paper explores the increase in negative sentiment by drastic global events, illustrating how negative sentiment became a necessity for significant foreign policy action.

On the Association of Attitudes Towards NATO and Weapon Deliveries for Ukraine with Vote Intentions in Germany

ABSTRACT Studies have shown that foreign policy events can sway voting intentions. While initial analyses have explored Germany’s response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and its foreign policy implications, public perspectives on this matter remain relatively unexplored, despite visible consequences like soaring energy and food prices, and concerns about escalating the war. To address this gap, the article delves into how Germans’ attitudes towards NATO’s role in the Russian invasion and the supply of weapons to Ukraine impact their voting intentions. Drawing on GLES data, our research reveals that rejecting further weapons deliveries significantly increases support for the radical-right AfD. Conversely, endorsement of such deliveries sees increased support for the Greens, FDP, and CDU/CSU. No significant effects are observed for the SPD and the Left Party. Notably, attitudes towards NATO and weapons play a role in the likelihood of supporting a new party associated with former Left Party politician, Sahra Wagenknecht. Crucially, these effects persist even when considering socio-demographic and ideological factors, underscoring the pivotal role of these issues in shaping party competition.

Дискурсивное пространство изучения феномена утопии в современной России: парадигмальный анализ

Using the example of Russian discourse, the article demonstrates modern trends in the study of utopias. Research topics are analysed and key conceptual trends are highlighted. The subject of consideration is monographs, dissertations and articles published in scholarly peer-reviewed journals, the selection criteria being relevance, novelty, use of modern methodology, as well as practical significance. The analysis involved general research methods. The works span between 2020 and 2023, which includes the period of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as serious changes in the global political situation. The author hypothesizes that the pandemic and foreign policy events of 2022–2023 have updated the topics of utopia and dystopia studies. The paper concludes that the interest in the subject remains strong and that in-depth historical and philosophical research into this phenomenon is being conducted. In Russian discourse, utopia is often viewed as “a place that does not exist”. When utopia is interpreted as a “blessed land”, it represents an ideal or an ever-elusive horizon line. In cases where the feasibility of implementing a utopia is discussed, it is noted that it ceases to be a utopia and undergoes a number of fundamental changes, turning into its antipode. The possibility of serious social changes, dreamed of by the authors of utopias, is not categorically denied by researchers, the reservation being that people must be prepared for a new social order, different from the existing models of society. The most successful form of a utopian work is still considered to be a narrative. With the use of modern technologies, utopia is primarily visualized in disaster films or computer games, that is, once again takes on a shape of its opposite. However, despite a significant amount of research published on the problems of utopia, Russian discourse remains quite conservative in relation to the global trends in understanding and studying this phenomenon.

Балканский полуостров в 1912–1913 годы и обострение ситуации накануне Первой мировой войны

The key issues of increasing international tension on the Balkan Peninsula before the First World War are considered. The subject of the study is the Balkan Peninsula, located at the crossroads of civilizations, which has been the sphere of geopolitical interests of various coalitions for thousands of years. The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 are presented as a pivotal moment in the history of the peninsula in the 20th century. First of all, the process of national liberation of the territories of the Balkans from Ottoman rule, as well as the process of military actions aimed at gaining independence, is considered. The article analyzes the importance played by the countries of the Balkan peninsula during the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and also shows the actions of these countries to form the moods they need to achieve the greatest territorial gains. At the same time, the role of the great powers, primarily Russia, in the process of the Balkan conflicts is analyzed. The chronicle of the foreign policy events of the early 20th century related to Russia's participation in the solution of the Balkan issue is researched. On the basis of publications of that time, the existing image of Bulgaria and Serbia is reconstructed, an attempt is made to restore the real picture of the life of these states on the eve of the First World War and its features, to understand the peculiarity of Westernization “in the Balkan way”. The complex of the two Balkan wars of 1912-1913 is considered primarily as a basis for the development of the future conflictogenicity of the region, which led to the First World War.

Research Activity as a Management Factor Innovative Development of the Far East

Modern economic thought inextricably links economic growth with the development and implementation of innovations. At the moment, in Russia, due to the ongoing foreign policy events, the problem of managing innovative development has acquired the greatest urgency. The basic factor of managing the innovative development of the country and regions is research activity. One of the most promising regions for its development is the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the purpose of the study is a comprehensive assessment of the state and effectiveness of research activities as a factor in managing the innovative development of the Far Eastern Federal District, determining its strengths and weaknesses and potential for growth as a driver of innovative development of the region. The research methodology is based on the theoretical analysis of the main scientific provisions related to the management of the national innovation system, as well as research activities as the main factor of its development. The statistical data on the state of research activities in Russia, the Far Eastern Federal District and other federal districts, as well as rating assessments, served as an informational and empirical basis for the study. The scientific novelty of the study consists in a comprehensive assessment based on the selected criteria of the state and role of research activity as a factor in managing the innovative development of the Far Eastern Federal District, determining its strengths and weaknesses and possible potential for growth. The study showed a significant lag in the research activity of the Far East from the average Russian values, which indicates its low level of development. The current contribution of the Far Eastern Federal District to the most important indicators of innovative development of the federal districts of the Russian Federation is quite small, which indicates the insignificant role of the region in the innovative development of the country. At the same time, the innovative development of the Far Eastern Federal District and the state of its research activities have a high potential for growth, which can be realized through the planned management of such advanced regional innovation centers emerging in the region as Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin Oblast.

Introducing Myth to Foreign Policy Analysis: The Blair Poodle Myth and Its Impact on Constructions of the “Special Relationship”

Abstract This article introduces the concept of political myth to foreign policy analysis. It explains how myth can influence the construction of foreign policy events and decisions and creates a new lens that analysts can use to study this. To do that, this article draws upon conceptual literature on political myth to explain what myth is and how it shapes discursive constructions of the world. Adopting an interpretivist approach, it then uses the concept as a lens to analyze the impact that the Blair Poodle myth has had on the construction of the US–UK “special relationship” from 2002 to 2022 and considers how this has influenced the diplomatic behavior of five UK prime ministers. It finds that the myth has been integral to negative constructions of the “special relationship” over the past twenty years and has inspired political action, including protests, resignations, and more formal diplomatic engagement with the United States.

The Formation of the Chinese Theory of International Relations: A Review of Scientific Discourse

China's political philosophy has its own identity and intellectual tradition. In the science of international relations, China's national developments in the field of theory are gaining popularity. The schools of theories of the People's Republic of China combine traditional national developments with classical theoretical approaches. At the same time, there is a relationship between the growth of China in the international arena and interest in Chinese theories. The author analyzes the main schools of theories of China's international relations. When analyzing theories, the author uses a retrospective approach and compares the main stages of the development of theories with important historical events in the foreign and domestic policy of the People's Republic of China. The author examines the relationship between the dominance of various theoretical approaches of international relations and the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China. The author analyzes the Chinese experience of building national schools of theories of international relations, evaluates theoretical approaches in the context of foreign policy events. The author analyzes the current state of the national school of the theory of international relations in China and the scientific discourse on the assessment of its content in the political science community. The author reveals a pattern between the foreign policy course of the state and research in the field of international relations. The article highlights several reasons for emerging of the active scientific discourse that has developed around the national theory of international relations of China. The experience of Chinese researchers can be used to build theories of international relations in Russia.

CHANGES IN THE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN RELATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST THREAT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

The article examines the approach of the Russian Federation to the growth of terrorism affecting international relations over the past two decades. The article assesses the impact of this threat on the security of our country, on the international situation, and analyzes the decisions taken by the Russian leadership on this issue. The author attempts to consider and describe the influence of the Russian Federation on the ongoing domestic and foreign policy events related to terrorism and religious extremism, designated by the President of the Russian Federation. Attention is also paid to the reasons changing this approach to security in the Russian Federation over the past twenty years. The reasons for the development of new systems of countermeasures by Russia, its entry into a new era of relations with other states, despite their differences, are considered. In turn, the author wants to draw attention to such questions as: “Why is Russia forced to respond to challenges and threats and constantly improve its legislative framework and what changes have taken place in the field of its information security?”. Official documents, United Nations resolutions, sources and scientific works are analyzed in the context of the approach to ensuring security against terrorism. The study shows that the number and quality of threats will continue to increase as terrorist groups gain experience and hone their skills. The fight against terror is possible only in the long term with high-quality international cooperation between States and in the absence of double standards.

«Наедине я видел его раза три или четыре в жизни»: личная государственная печаль в дневниках М. А. Корфа 1839–1849 гг.

The personal diary of a prominent Russian statesman, M. A. Korf, is a rare example of a fusion of personal and state interests, in particular, of a deeply personal experience of sociopolitical events. Most of the entries relate to incidents in the highest institutions of the Nicholas I’s regime (the imperial family, the State Council, the ministries and special committees). These events seem to be the main life interest of the author and provoke his strongest emotional response, often expressed melancholically: with sadness and distress. Korf reacts no less emotionally to foreign policy events, in particular, the revolution of 1848 in France; as well as, in his opinion, his own overly slow career growth. At the same time, traditional reasons for sadness, such as illnesses and deaths of colleagues and acquaintances, arouse in him nothing but cold curiosity. The image of the author in his diaries appears twofold: the individual features of an educated nobleman of the mid-19th century merge with an approach inherent to the elite of the 18th century, namely, forming the image of a God-like monarch and the corresponding attitude towards him. Various forms of sadness expressed by Korf in his diariesvividly describe the model of the power hierarchy established by Nicholas I. The emperor is the very centre of this model: he is the source of major joys and sorrows for senior officials and courtiers, and their sadness increases in direct proportion to their distance from the emperor.

MEDIA IMAGE OF RUSSIA IN KAZAKH TELEGRAM CHANNELS

The article is devoted to the assessment of the current media image of Russia in the telegram channels of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The data sources were information published in Kazakhstani telegram channels (posts and comments) from 2016 to 2023 and selected according to predetermined criteria. In total, during the specified period, 8333 posts and 35339 comments were recorded for the given markers, which were subjected to further analysis. The information content of Kazakh telegram channels is overwhelmingly devoted to the review of political events, law, as well as bilateral economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia. Against the background of strong information pressure on Russia from the Western media, the coverage of the media image of Russia in the sphere of trade and economic cooperation by the Kazakh media is in line with traditional cooperation, interaction and good neighborliness. However, starting from 2020, the negative information agenda in Kazakhstani telegram channels has been demonstrating a steady growth. In particular, the largest increase in negative materials was recorded in 2022 as a reaction to 2 major events: the January spontaneous protests in the Republic of Kazakhstan (the entry of the CSTO troops into the country by the Russian leadership) and a special military operation on the territory of Ukraine (and, accordingly, the migration of some citizens Russia to the territory of Kazakhstan). Moreover, the negative attitude is directed not to the Russians, as to the civic identity living in this territory, but to the ethnic Russians, as responsible for the current foreign policy events. The growth of a negative assessment of Russia in the Kazakhstani online space may also negatively affect the change in the trend in the perception of Russia among the Kazakhstani population from “Own”, towards “Other”, or even “Enemy”. A gradual change in foreign policy guidelines (growth of trade relations with China, rapprochement with the US and the UK) will only accelerate this trend.

PREREQUISITES FOR MIGRATION OF EUROPEAN MIGRANTS TO THE USSR, AS WELL AS THEIR MAIN CATEGORIES

In the 1920s and 1930s, there were severalimmigration wavesto the USSR from Western countries,which were different in nature. Under the influence of domestic and foreign policy events, the quantitative and qualitative composition of immigration has changed. It is not possible to answer in monosyllables why foreigners from economically more developed countries decided to move to a foreign country, since a number of factors of economic, political, cultural, psychological and legal order simultaneously influenced the decision to immigrate to the USSR. The persecuted participants of these events found political asylum in the USSR. Accordingly, it can be assumed that this group was heterogeneous in national, age, and even more so in professional composition. It is necessary to correlate certain events of world history with the migration processes that arise as a result of them, which in turn will help us to identify the reasons that guided certain groups of immigrants to the USSR. In particular, we will alsotalk about the category oflabor immigration to the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s, which implies the entry of the able-bodied population into the country.

Информационная безопасность России: способы укрепления посредством системы образования

Modern Russian society is experiencing a state of “zeroing out” of old, obsolete social, political, economic, socio-cultural constructs. This state of society is caused by parallel internal and external processes transforming it. The discourse of such a state of society formulates a request to preserve and strengthen the national security of the state as a whole. In the light of recent foreign policy events and changes in dispositions on the world stage, as well as the shift in the policy of Western states towards the promotion of widespread “de-russification”, one of the key elements of such security is information security. In the conditions of social reality, its cognitive and socio-psychological aspects acquire a qualitatively new status demanded by society. In this regard, the author formulates the need for a scientific and methodological approach to the problem of finding solutions in order to preserve, strengthen and increase information security in the context of not only physical, but also mental, as well as psycho-emotional preservation in the conditions of modern social reality. The paper actualizes the requirement to ensure information security through one of the system-forming social institutions. Education, which is functionally capable of performing both the role of a “mirror” of society and an instrument of its transformation, should play a priority role in strengthening Russia’s information security. In order to develop ways to preserve information security, it is proposed to categorize the main components of education as a process according to the principle of content and practical aspects. Further, the article presents relevant practice-oriented recommendations.

Broken Dreams in Ashkhabad

The purpose of this article is to present a discussion on the main political contradictions (both domestic and international) of post-independence Turkmenistan. As part of a broader effort to understand the social and power dynamics resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union for the countries of Central Asia, we apply a descriptive analysis of some of the principal domestic and foreign policy events involving the Ashkhabad government, as well as the main implications for the lives of Turkmen (and Central Asian) migrants in the Russian Federation, who have chosen to leave their country of origin in search of better economic and educational opportunities. As a result of the present effort, we observe that the Central-Asian country not only became a laboratory for the exercise of a local version of a 'Cult of Personality' of the leader (resembling the phenomenon occurred during the 1930-1950s within Stalin’s Soviet Union), as well as the precarious operationalization on the part of Turkmenistan of its political neutrality in view of an economic dependence from Moscow and, more recently, from China. Furthermore, the present article evidences the difficulties of adaptation and assimilation of Turkmen migrants (and Central Asians more generally) in Russia, due, in part, to a ‘stereotyped’ view about migrants on the part of Russian public opinion.

Exploring France in Post-Soviet Russia

The article analyzes the development of French studies in contemporary Russia. It is shown that serious changes took place in the Russian social sciences in the post-Soviet period. Scientists have abandoned the monopoly of Marxism in favor of methodological pluralism. Thanks to the application of new approaches, the interpretation of such fundamental historical phenomena has been expanded and deepened. In the study of contemporary France, attention is focused on current political and foreign policy events. Great attention is paid to political parties and election campaigns. The topic of immigration and integration of foreign cultural communities is being intensively developed. Serious gaps appeared in other directions. The loss of the country's position in the global economy has led to a decrease in interest in this side of French life. French society has been poorly studied, although there is an understanding that it is precisely social shifts and changes in public attitudes that lead to large-scale changes in the political space. In the context of the crisis of modern globalization and the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in the national experience is returning, and therefore in the near future we can expect the emergence of new works devoted to topical issues of the history and modern development of France.

Страхи как социально-психологический феномен в кинопропаганде холодной войны

This article examines the role and place of film propaganda in the formation of specific fears in mass consciousness during the Cold War. The study focuses on characteristic narrative models, which were used by Soviet and American state propaganda to create a simplified perception of the enemy. Based on more than 150 films for the period of 1946–1991, an attempt is made to analyse the typical film plot structures that create, support and spread public fears of the enemy. Four types of fear are singled out: fear of alienation, hidden enemy, occupation, and nuclear war. Each of them had a significant impact on mass consciousness and formed the basis for the development of sophisticated propaganda models. Further, the dynamics of changes in public opinion over the decades on issues related to clear threats – nuclear war, occupation, actions of spies and saboteurs – is demonstrated. The paper establishes a direct link between foreign policy events of the Cold War and transformations of film propaganda, which actively used these events for its purposes. As a result, the initially reasonable fears among the population were consolidated with the help of various tools of influence, including cinematography, and existed through the late 20th century. Based on the analysis carried out, the author concludes that fears reflected in film propaganda played a significant role in stereotyping and mythologizing the mind. The phenomenon of self-reproduction of this type of ideological influence indicates its relevance at the present stage of Russian-American relations.

ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЯ РЕСПУБЛІКИ ПІВНІЧНА МАКЕДОНІЯ: ЗДОБУТКИ, ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The purpose of the article is to explore the process of joining Republic of Northern Macedonia to the European Union. In particular, the problems that arose on the path of European integration of Northern Macedonia are described. Namely, the blockade by Greece, which since the declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 opposed the name of the Republic of Macedonia, arguing that the name Macedonia has the Greek region of the same name. As a result, in 2018 the country was renamed the Republic of Northern Macedonia. Bulgaria’s blocking of the opening of negotiations on Northern Macedonia’s accession to the EU was also assessed. The reasons for Bulgaria’s position and the reaction of the European Union countries to this situation are described. Domestic and foreign policy events in the Republic of Northern Macedonia, which directly affected the country’s cooperation with the European Union, are highlighted. The study concluded that despite a number of problems that have arisen and are emerging on the European integration path of Northern Macedonia, the country has a number of achievements in this process. Northern Macedonia was the first country in the region to sign a Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU, in 2005 it received the status of a candidate country for accession to the EU. In 2009 she received a visa-free regime with the EU. However, despite the great achievements in terms of ambitious reforms and reaching a historic agreement with Greece, accession talks have not yet begun. After all, the decision-making process in the European Union takes place through consensus. All countries, without exception, must agree to open a negotiation process with Northern Macedonia. Given the country’s determination and courage in its European integration policy, all the existing problems at the bilateral level can be resolved, as Northern Macedonia has made a number of concessions in order to start the pre-accession process with the EU.

Парадипломатия российских регионов: возможности и ограничения (на примере Свердловской области)

Introduction. For three decades, the subjects of the Russian Federation have been participants in international relations, establishing international, foreign economic, cross-border cooperation with foreign partners. What are the opportunities and limitations of the international activities of the Russian regions? Have they transformed during this period? If so, in which direction and what was the reason for this? The purpose of this article is to find answers to these questions. Methodology. The conceptual basis of this study is the concept of paradiplomacy. The methodological basis of the study was the approach of Manuel Du- ran. The researcher suggests studying four aspects relevant to the study of the role of subnational government (powers, capabilities, abilities and presence). Methods. From the view point of the research design, the article is a case study, because it is based on the method of studying specific cases (case-study). The Sverdlovsk region was chosen as the object of the research. Results. Summarizing the results of the analysis of the Sverdlovsk region’s paradiplomacy, the author comes to the conclusion that Russian regions enter into international / foreign economic agreements, but only with the subjects of foreign federal states, administrative-territorial entities of foreign states. Secondly, the subjects of the Russian Federation take part in the work of international organizations, but only with those created specifically for these purposes. Thirdly, the regions also communicate with foreign states authorities, but only with the consent of the Government of the Russian Federa- tion. Fourthly, the subjects of the Russian Federa- tion open their representative offices outside the country, but in agreement with the Russian Foreign Ministry. Finally, the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation create institu- tions of paradiplomacy, which is expressed in the activities of regional ministries whose task is to as- sist in the developing international cooperation. Conclusions. The author outlines possibilities and limitations of paradiplomacy at the legislative level. Informally, the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be guided by the foreign policy line formulated by the head of the state. On a number of foreign policy events, certain Russian governors can take a firmer position than the federal center.