Direction Of Foreign Policy Research Articles

МІСЦЕ УКРАЇНИ У СИСТЕМІ БЕЗПЕКИ РЕГІОНУ СЕРЕДНЬО-СХІДНОЇ ЄВРОПИ У ПРАЦЯХ ТЕОРЕТИКІВ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛІЗМУ (20–30-х рр. ХХ ст.)

The purpose of the research is to study and analyze the Ukrainian nationalism theorists’ views of the interwar period of the XXth century concerning the place and role of Ukraine in the security system of the macroregion of Central and Eastern Europe, primarily in the context of developing mechanisms to deter the Russian aggression and the effective realization of its geopolitical potential. The methodology of the research is based on the methods of historicism, comparative analytical and structural system analysis, the principle of problem is applied. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time there has been elucidated a comprehensive vision of foreign policy directions of Ukraine’s development in the context of security problems of Central and Eastern Europe in the works of the Ukrainian nationalist thinkers of the interwar period of the XXth century. The Conclusions. In the 1920-ies and 1930-ies the Ukrainian nationalism theorists, determining Ukraine’s place in the security system of the macroregion of Central and Eastern Europe, considered the following components: Ukraine – Russia, Ukraine – Poland, Ukraine’s place in the confrontation with the Western-Eastern civilization, the security policy in the Baltic – the Black Sea region and foreign policy directions of the Black Sea region. According to the nationalist thinkers, Ukraine should carry out active foreign policy activities in the direction from the Baltic to the Caucasus and the Balkans. Furthermore, Turkey was determined as the main strategic ally of Ukraine among the countries of the Black Sea area, and Bulgaria was also potentially the closest ally among the Eastern Balkan state. It should be mentioned that allied relations with the South Caucasus countries as independent states were vital and the relations with Belarus were considered as a protective shield from the north. In addition, the Ukrainian thinkers are convinced that only a united Europe can withstand the Russian aggression and its potential geopolitical consequences. Consequently, in Ukrainian thinkers’ works Ukraine is given a central place in the security system on the eastern borders of the European continent and a role in countering Russia’s aggressive policy.

Communicating the Foreign Policy Strategy: on Instruments and Means of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine

The worldwide practice demonstrates that foreign policy of the states is often directed by a some set of strategic priorities referred to as foreign policy strategy. By communicating this strategy, states declare their intentions and prime concerns, which both aid their internal policy integrity and international perception as a consistent actor. Modern technology and media enable states to conduct systematic outreach or at least sporadically cover of their foreign policy priorities. The purpose of the article is to characterize the problems of application of communication tools in the foreign policy process and determine their role in forming a positive image of Ukraine in the modern world. As the mission of providing of foreign policy is vested in Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, its communication practices and tools are examined. The raised issue involves the consideration of modern aspects of diplomacy and communication relations, including the concepts of public diplomacy, as well as media and digital diplomacy. Their tools and practices have been embraced by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine in order to convey some strategic foreign policy directions and state-branding messages, as the well-rounded foreign policy strategy is absent in Ukraine.

Etiyopya'nın Somali'den Sınır Tanıma Arayışı: Kısa Bir Tarihsel Analiz

The frontier acknowledgment quest of Ethiopia towards the Somalia Republic was and continued to be one of unending diplomatic strain in African politics. The acknowledgment quest of Ethiopia was recurrently engulfed by the counter self-determination quest of Somalia Republic. Apparently, the differing stance on colonial agreements, the active role of the military on the foreign policy direction of Somalia; the discovery of natural gas and oil on the controversial frontier area, Ogaden; along with headstrong political thought frustrated the quest of Ethiopia for frontier recognition. This article intended to chart a new insight for the frustration of the much-anticipated frontier acknowledgment quest of Ethiopia in the face of Somalia Republic, mainly paying particular attention to differing stance on colonial agreement, hegemonic computation and the issue of self-determination vs. frontier acknowledgment. In the process of analysis, untapped archival documents from the Ethiopian National Archive and Library Agency (ENALA) together with secondary works of literature are employed.

Understanding US “Re-pivot” to Asia

This paper explains the nature and the context of the future of US foreign policy to the Asia or so-called US re-pivot policy to Asia. By using the historical method, this paper tries to make sense of US continuous engagement in Asia, past and present; with a hope to illuminate even quite distant futures of US foreign policy direction. The 2020 US presidential candidates, Donald Trump and Joe Biden have signaled their strong intention of US re-pivot to Asia. However, the new re-pivot to Asia should be different from Obama’s ‘pivot to Asia’. Re-pivot should bring practical economic, strategic, and political benefits to Asian countries, rather than simply containing China.

Особенности и приоритеты внешней политики Турции в странах Ближнего Востока и Северной Африки

This paper examines the features of Turkish foreign policy in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The attempt to analyze the influence of Anka-ra on global and regional processes has been made. The author examines the phenomenon of “neo-Ottomanism” in the context of regional policy of Turkey. The special attention is paid to the manifes-tations of this phenomenon in the post-Soviet re-gion and the Middle East, as well as “soft power” in Turkish diplomacy. Nowadays Turkey is positioning itself as a global player, which is involved in the main geopolitical processes and is trying to extend its influence to neighboring regions. It is concluded that the combination of military and political poten-tial with “soft” instruments gives Ankara the oppor-tunity to declare itself as an authoritative regional and global leader. The authors predict possible di-rections of Turkish foreign policy in the near future.

Belt and Road Initiative: prerequisites for China’s modern foreign economic policy

The article deals with internal and external factors, which have an impact on Chinas foreign economic policy at the period of the new normal, highlights new priorities and directions for the modern foreign economic policy in China. The article attempts to summarize all the economic, political, environmental, and social challenges that the Chinese leadership currently faces at the domestic, regional, and global levels. Special attention is paid to the One Belt, One Road Initiative, which reflects and summarizes new directions of Chinas foreign economic policy in the context of slowing down the national economy development, excessive production capacity, the growing disparity in the development of Western and Eastern regions of China, the escalation of economic confrontation with the United States and further deepening cooperation with countries in the Asian region.

US foreign trade policy as a tool for protecting national interests

National economic interests are changing in terms of high competition in the world economy, and its global players foreign trade policy direction is correlated with the protectionist sentiments of the United States. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the evolution, correlation and new trends in the mechanisms of US trade policy. As a result of the analysis of four mechanisms (international organizations, the official financing system, international integration, tariff and non-tariff regulation, as well as their variations in the form of trade wars and sanctions within the framework of a trade war instrument), authors describe the theoretical, evolutionary and practical aspects of protecting national interests and their impact on the world economy. The authors opinion on the place and role of sanctions in the system of trade policy mechanisms is presented, the sanctions economic aspect in the framework of trade wars is highlighted.

Dylematy wyboru ustroju społecznopolitycznego w koncepcjach programowych partii parlamentarnych ruchu ludowego w wybranych państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (w okresie transformacji systemowej)

The purpose of the article is to present the dilemmas of sociopolitical system based on the program concepts of people’s movement parliamentary parties from Central and Eastern Europe. The period of analysis covers first years of the systemic transformation, when people’s movement parties from Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania had their parliamentary representation. The research is based on methodological assumptions of content analysis and comparative method. The categorization key included issues concerning: postulated political system; economic order; main directions of foreign policy. People’s parties stressed the need to build democratic states, based on the tripartite separation of power, including citizens’ civil rights. They opted for a free market economy but permitted state interference, especially in the agricultural sector. In strongly collectivized states the privatization of land was a crucial issue. People’s parties also called for changes in international alliances of their countries.

EVOLUTION FROM THE CONCEPT “ZERO PROBLEMS WITH NEIGHBORS” TO THE PRACTICE “ZERO NEIGHBORS WITHOUT PROBLEMS”: THE ROLE OF NEO-OTTOMANISM

The peculiarities of Turkey’s foreign policy in the Middle East in 2002-2020 are studied. Turkey’s intentions to establish itself as an influential Eurasian state, which claims leadership in the Middle East, as well as in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia, were noted. The authors indicate the concept and foreign policy doctrine of “Zero Problems with Neighbors” as the ideological basis for Turkey’s transition from a peripheral to a central role in international politics. It is emphasized that the doctrine of “Zero problems with neighbors” has become a revision of traditional Kemalist values in Turkey’s foreign policy. The authors of the article evaluate the practical implementation of the doctrine as an unsuccessful attempt to become a regional leader in the Middle East. It was emphasized that at the beginning of the implementation of the concept of “Zero problems with neighbors” the only goal of the Turkish government was really to establish good neighborly relations, but after the beginning of the “Arab Spring” foreign policy strategy was revised. It was noted that in the last decade the Turkish government has reoriented to a more pragmatic foreign policy direction; it is determined by the main purpose of protecting its national interests; the result was partial Turkey isolation. The article expresses author’s vision that Turkey in its foreign policy has obviously moved from the concept of “Zero problems with neighbors” to the practice of “zero friends”. It is proved that: 1) Turkey’s relations with the Middle East (except Qatar) are quite tense; 2) although there is a partnership with many countries in the Middle East, it is often based on pragmatic mutual interest of countries, and cooperation often does not go beyond trade and economic relations.

Charting a New Foreign Policy Direction: Will It Deliver Better?

Not available.

Georgia Beyond “Radical Europeanness”: Undiscovered Directions of Foreign Policy

Georgia’s turn to the West signifi cantly aff ected its geopolitical and foreign policies. The author shares the view expressed by Georgian scholars that the country’s continued commitment to the Western vector is a direct consequence of ideas expressed by political elites (constructivist theory) and their self-identifi cation as “European,” coupled with Western-style liberal democracy as a social order preference (liberal theory). Georgia’s political elites are driven by the concept of “Europeanness” and thus focus primarily on the state’s aspirations to be integrated into the “Western world,” which is pushing the state towards European and North-Atlantic integration. Georgian elites believe that institutional reunifi cation with “European family” under the NATO defence shield will not only deter Moscow but will fi nally put an end to Moscow’s attempts to bring the post-soviet state under its control. Moreover, due to the tensions between the generalized West and Russian Federation, the Kremlin’s aspirations to stop what it perceives as a geopolitical expansion of the West to the east, Georgia’s approach has become even more radical. The paper argues that the concept of “Europeanness” has been transformed into “radical Europeanness,” meaning that the political elites maintain economic cooperation with non-Western countries, but there is no proactive foreign policy beyond that, even with its most important strategic partners, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey. In spite Tbilisi enjoys trade relations with these countries, the existing level of political and military cooperation between them conceals signifi cant bilateral challenges. Additionally, this approach is perfectly refl ected in Georgia’s relations with China, when the country’s political elites pushed for free trade, without attention to the political and geopolitical aspects of economic cooperation. Thus, Georgia – China relations are also the part of research interest in this paper, as the free trade regime between the two countries is subject to serious scrutiny after the Donald Trump administration made it clear that Washington would not welcome Chinese economic and geopolitical expansion in Georgia.

Official Historical Narrative of Russia as an Instrument of Aggression: Construction and Objectification

The subject of this study is the phenomenon of the official Russian historical narrative as a semantic pattern, which significantly determines the nature and direction of domestic and foreign policy of the state. The methods of actualism and historical reconstruction are used, whose synergetic combination of possibilities enables a complex vision of the purpose and meaning of constructing the corresponding narrative. Methods of political analysis, logistics, and forecasting allow us to reveal the peculiarities of the emergence and application of certain postulates of the narrative. The real existence of the historical narrative consists in its construction and objectification, power being the determinant and user of both components. The creation of the narrative takes place as apologetics of the desired and is determined by the self-seeking interests of the state, for which the mythologized image of the historical past is institutionalized. At the same time, the selectively dissected knowledge serves as an auxiliary material for substantiating the belief of the objects of influence in the expediency and necessity of the committed. Objectification is the process of achieving target settings, carried out using any means, including illegal ones. For Ukraine, this phenomenon turns into a constant aggressive encroachment on the seizure and appropriation of its specific historical and modern values: spiritual, territorial, and material ones. The incorporation of certain components of the Russian narrative into the mass consciousness of the Ukrainian society leads to the intensification of destructive processes in it, and therefore requires decisive nationwide opposition.

International scientific and technical cooperation as an independent direction of foreign policy: Russian and French experience

The article covers international scientific and technical cooperation as one of the modern diplomacy tools, with considerable emphasis on the French and Russian approach thereto. It is emphasized that both Moscow and Paris regard this issue as one of the directions of its foreign policy. Particular attention is paid to the review of key national regulatory acts of both states in the designated sphere, as well as international treaties concluded by the Russian Federation or France with third States on international scientific and technical cooperation. Specific examples of such joint scientific and technical projects and activities are revealed, with a focus on the features and needs of the regions or parties to the agreements. The conclusion is made on the efficiency of measures and decisions taken by the Russian Federation and France, as well as on the possibility and practicability of borrowing the French experience for the Russian foreign policy and vice versa. The article will be relevant to practicing lawyers, researchers, students and everyone who is interested in international scientific and technical cooperation.

Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy in the New World Order System: Foreign Policy Direction and its Determinants

Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy in the New World Order System: Foreign Policy Direction and its Determinants

Тенденции правовой регламентации взаимодействия Президента Российской Федерации с Правительством Российской Федерации

The article analyzes the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation “Оn improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization of public power”. It is argued that the imposition of restrictions to replace the state and municipal posts, posts of state and municipal services associated with the presence of foreign citizenship or residence permit or other document confirming the right to permanent residence of citizens of the Russian Federation on the territory of a foreign state will not provide the “nationalization of the elites” because such a limitation is not provided for family members of the listed officials. Without this, the amendment is meaningless. The article doubts the feasibility of transferring the function of determining the main directions of domestic and foreign policy to the State Council, which by its status and composition belongs to the Executive bodies of state power. A priori, Executive power is secondary to representative power. Therefore, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, in cooperation with the President of the Russian Federation, should have priority in shaping the main directions of domestic and foreign policy.

American Conservatism and US Foreign Policy Challenges in the XXI Century: Between Interventionism and Isolationism

The process of ideological and political transformation of American conservatism under the influence of foreign policy factors in the XXI century is discussed in the article. Foreign policy concepts of various types of American conservatism (neoconservatism, traditionalism, social conservatism, libertarianism, paleoconservatism) are studied based on Michael Frieden’s method of «ideological morphology». Two main directions of the conservative foreign policy (interventionism and isolationism) have been identified. The analysis of the foreign policy aspect of Trumpism as US version of contemporary populism is presented in the light of the ideological approach. The characteristics of Trumpism as «thin-centred» ideology, which based on the antithesis of «the pure American people» and «the corrupt Washington elite» and a concept of «common will of the people», are under investigation in the paper. The research shows, that Trumpism uses concepts of «host» ideology (conservatism) to form its discourse. The connection between the international agenda of Trumpism and isolationist and protectionist ideas of paleoconservatism is determined. The influence of conservative ideological attitudes on the evolution of US foreign policy in the XXI century is traced.

France and Attempt to Resolve the Italo-Ethiopian Conflict in Late 1935: the Hoare–Laval Plan

The article is devoted to the policy of France towards Italy and Ethiopia at the initial stage of the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935—1936. It is shown that in the autumn of 1935, the French government took a position aimed at a peaceful settlement of the Italian-Ethiopian conflict at the expense of Ethiopia, since relations with Italy were much more important for France than relations with Ethiopia, and “real policy” required France to reach an agreement primarily with Italy. It is noted that a similar position was taken by the United Kingdom. It is indicated that this resulted in the formation of a plan for the settlement of the conflict, put forward in December 1935 by the head of the French government, Pierre Laval, and the British foreign Minister, Samuel Hoare. It is proved that the Hoare–Laval plan was an early form of the policy of “appeasement of the aggressor,” which became the leading direction of French and British foreign policy during the collapse of the Versailles system of international relations in 1938—1939. The research is based on publications of Soviet, French, Italian and Canadian diplomatic documents, League of Nations documents, memoirs of political figures of that era, as well as unpublished documents from the Archive of Publicistic Activity (Germany).

The Role of the Policy Planning Staff in British Foreign Policy: Historical Lessons and Contemporary Insights

ABSTRACT This analysis challenges the traditional approach to studying the creation of foreign policy within the Foreign and Commonwealth Office [FCO]. Whilst most historical and contemporary research has focused upon the role of the foreign secretary, permanent under-secretary, and senior overseas representatives, this exegesis argues that an overlooked department – the Policy Planning Staff and its contemporary successor, the Policy Unit – has had significant influence over the debate and direction of British foreign policy. Drawing upon documents received under the Freedom of Information Act, archival documents, and interviews conducted with current and previous members of the Staff and the wider FCO, it reveals the rationale for the planning department, its roles, structure, staffing, and influence on foreign policy over time. It concludes that the department has been, and remains, a crucial part of the policy-making process and, therefore, warrants further attention from historians and those interested in contemporary foreign policy analysis.

Innovative component of Ukraine’s military-technical cooperation with foreign states as an instrument of public-private partnership

The research considers the role of the innovative component of Ukraine’s military-technical cooperation with foreign states. The legislative and legal basis for the implementation of international military-technical cooperation of Ukraine is analyzed, taking into account recent changes in the country’s foreign policy direction. The examples of promising prospects for collaboration at the level of defense enterprises are presented.

Основні виклики сучасній зовнішній політиці Німеччини

У статті розкриваються результати дослідження основних викликів, які постали перед зовнішньою політикою Німеччини у ХХІ столітті. Німецька єдність стала свого часу одним із ключовим факторів формування постбіполярної системи міжнародних відносин. В рамках цієї системи німецька зовнішня політика отримала певну парадигму можливостей. Проте у ХХІ столітті можна спостерігати значні трансформації постбіполярної системи міжнародних відносин, які, відповідно, можна розглядати як виклики чи як нові можливості для зовнішньої політики Німеччини. Терористичні атаки, міжнародна економічна криза, міграційні потоки, вихід на міжнародну арену нових акторів, а також епідемія COVID-19, поставили під сумнів міжнародний порядок, сформований після руйнування біполярності. Перед об’єднаною Німеччиною, формування якої було одним з ключових параметрів постбіполярної системи міжнародних відносин, постало питання про її змінену роль у зміненій системі міжнародних відносин.