Development Of Foreign Policy Research Articles

THE ENERGY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAUDI ARABIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the energy factor in the formation and development of the modern foreign policy of Saudi Arabia. For decades, the foreign policy, as well as the entire economic system, of the kingdom has been directly dependent on the export of petroleum products and crude oil. Until the beginning of the 2000s western states were the main importers of Saudi energy resources, which directly affected Riyadh’s foreign policy orientation and often had a negative impact on the implementation of national interests and strategic objectives of state development. However, at the present stage, there is a process of formation of a multi-vector foreign policy of Saudi Arabia due to the intensification of trade and economic relations with non-Western states. When analyzing this aspect, the authors paid special attention to the main indicators of diversification of Riyadh’s leading partners, the results of the negotiation process on the kingdom’s accession to BRICS and the development of cooperation within the expanded OPEC format – OPEC+.

Formation of Social Ties in P. I. Potemkin's Embassy to France (1680–1682)

Based on the extant complex of Russian and French sources, this article analyses the mechanisms of the formation of social ties of the Russian embassy in France in 1681. The embassy had both foreign policy and diplomatic significance for the representation of tsarist power and Russian culture in France: the envoys had not only to inform Louis XIV about the events in Eastern Europe, but also to get an overview of the French position on the preparation of the Perpetual Peace of Russia with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the conclusion of the Russian-French trade treaty, and to ensure the recruitment of foreign specialists. The author examines the formation of relations in the context of the new diplomatic history, paying special attention to the problems of power representation, the personalities of diplomats and the cultural side of their mission. For the first time in historiography, the article characterises the whole complex of archival documents about the embassy, the peculiarities of the formation of social ties of the embassy participants necessary for the successful implementation of the tasks of the diplomatic mission. The study is based on French court reports on ceremonies, notes of courtiers, internal correspondence of Russian and French diplomatic departments, materials of the Parisian periodical press, and reports of Russian envoys. Conclusions are drawn on the peculiarities of the strategies of the envoy P. I. Potemkin in establishing social relations, their significance for the development of Russian diplomacy, foreign policy, and cultural contacts with Western Europe, as well as on the peculiarities of the reflection of these relations in the surviving sources.

World turbulence and Central Asia in the system of russian interests

The article examines the main trends in the domestic and foreign policy development of the Central Asian states in the current situation of increasing global geopolitical and geo-economic turbulence. The prospects for the short-term development of the states of the region in conditions changing from the beginning of 2022 are assessed. At the same time, this set of issues is analyzed from the point of view of the national interests of the Russian Federation. This option was chosen due to the special significance of the Central Asian region for maintaining stability not only of the Russian Federation, but also of the entire Eurasian space. Separately, the author considers the necessary measures required from Russia to support the Central Asian republics, preventing them from becoming a zone of the “second front” of the collective West against the Russian Federation and weakening continental stability.

CONTINUITY IN POLITICAL AUTHORITY OF THE PRC: FEATURES OF THE FIRST GENERATION FOREIGN POLICY

The issue of succession to political power in the People's Republic of China is a frequently discussed topic in academic research. The fifth generation of Chinese power, the Xi Jinping administration, without opposing the political views of previous generations, continues its political course adhering to the basic foreign policy principles since the time of Mao Zedong. Therefore, the issue of continuity of China's foreign policy concepts is of particular interest. The main goal of the work is to consider the conceptual foundations of the foreign policy of the first generation of Chinese power and its evolution of development associated with changes in international relations of that time. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that foreign policy concepts formed during the time of Mao Zedong create optimal conditions for rationalizing the foreign policy of today's China. Objectives include assessing certain historical events in Chinese foreign policy and diplomacy and determining how they influenced the subsequent development of Chinese foreign policy. The research topic was considered based on the theory of political realism using methods of historical-comparative, structural, content analysis, and systematization methods. These methods helped to consider the problem and systematize the research results comprehensively. The results of the study provide an opportunity to deeply understand the issues of succession of Chinese political power and China's current foreign policy positions in a historical context. In addition, the results of the study can be widely used in research in the field of international relations, political science, Chinese studies, and history.

A Review on Foreign Language Education Policies in China from 1949 to 2023

This paper reviews on the topic of foreign language education policies in China from 1949 to 2023. It mainly focuses on English and Russian. In this paper, the timeline is separated by three important timepoint. The first important section is in 1949. As the People's Republic of China came into being, complicated and convoluted foreign language education policies in China started to emerge. The second important section is in 1978. In this year, Chinese government launched the famous national strategy of reform and opening up, and thus many changes in Chinese foreign language education policy happened. The third important section is in 2021, and in this year, Chinese government launched the Double Reduction Policy. This is a policy aiming to alleviate students' homework burden and off campus training burden in the compulsory educational stage. This policy uses various kinds of measures to reduce students' burden in academic learning, help families who cannot afford luxurious after-class tutoring fee, and enable children to have more time and space needed for all round development. In general, this paper concludes the development of foreign language education policies in China from 1949 to 2023 and gives some points in economic and historical effects to English and Russian learning during this historical process.

Features of Russian foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific region at the present stage

This article examines the features of Russian foreign policy in the Asia-Pacifi c region at the present stage of international relations. The authors consider the directions of Russia's multivector course, multilateral and regional structures and associations. The article, based on a systematic approach, examines the Asia-Pacifi c vector of Russian foreign policy at the present stage in order to obtain a holistic, comprehensive picture of the current situation. Using structural and functional analysis, the authors examine the features and characteristics of Russian foreign policy in the Asia-Pacifi c region, and also evaluate their eff ectiveness in changing conditions. The following features are analyzed in detail: multipolarity, the importance of strategic partners, energy cooperation, and security. In the analysis, special attention is paid to Russian-Chinese relations due to their growth and signifi cance, especially in the trade and economic sphere. In addition to the above methods of political science, the authors use the method of analyzing the current situation, as well as the analysis of global changes. The article highlights the reasons for the interest of the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in investments in the Russian Far East: geographical proximity, economic cooperation, investment potential, similarity of opinions regarding the formation of a multipolar world order, as well as a bilateral regulatory framework. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the authors analyze the development of the Far East, exploring the Eastern Economic Forum, comparing the annual dynamics of trade turnover of entities located in the Far Eastern Federal District, the volume of outgoing foreign direct investment by destination countries. As prospects for the further development of Russia in the Asia-Pacifi c region in modern conditions, the authors identify and consider three factors (foreign policy, economic and social) that directly infl uence Russian foreign policy in the region. The novelty of the article should also be indicated, namely, using the method of scenario forecasting, the authors identifi ed three scenarios for the conduct and development of Russian foreign policy in the Asia-Pacifi c region at the present stage, designed for 15–20 years: global/regional regulation (positive), integration dimension (negative), cooperation 2.0 (fantastic). The authors come to the conclusion that the most likely is a positive scenario, and the ongoing multi-vector Russian foreign, economic and investment policy allows the country to remain part of the Asia-Pacific region.

Comparison of Operation Trikora and Dwikora in the Context of the Rules of War

This study explores the fundamental differences in the approach and application of the rules of war between Operations Trikora and Dwikora, two significant milestones in Indonesian history related to the defense of national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Operation Trikora was a military campaign against Dutch efforts to seize the territory of West Irian, demonstrating Indonesia's commitment to asserting its claim over Papua and achieving unification with the homeland. Dwikora, on the other hand, was a confrontation with Malaysia that began in 1963, aiming to strengthen national identity and defend sovereignty. The research employs descriptive qualitative analysis, supported by literature reviews, scientific journals, anecdotes, relevant documents, and theoretical frameworks. Through this approach, the study highlights how differences in the rules of war between Trikora and Dwikora reflect each conflict's distinct historical and strategic contexts and their impact on how Indonesia defended its sovereignty and territorial integrity. The findings offer insights into the dynamics of war and diplomacy in Indonesian history and their implications for the development of nationalism and foreign policy. The study concludes that understanding these differences is crucial for appreciating the complexities of war and diplomacy in the context of Indonesian history and its influence on the country's national identity and foreign policy. The analysis provides valuable knowledge that can guide future research and policymaking in related areas.

Italian Foreign Policy between Albania and the Balkans (1910-1939)

This paper analyses the dynamics of Italian diplomacy in Albania from the beginning of the 20th century until 1939, when the Fascists occupied Albania. The primary purpose of this paper is to show how the interests of Italy, combined with the political and economic conditions of the country and, more broadly, of the Balkan peninsula, have changed constantly. Considering the Italian and Albanian diplomatic documents and broader literature, this paper will show the dynamics that shaped the development of Italy's foreign policy concerning Albania and the Balkans in the first three decades of the century. Therefore, in the beginning, it will explain why Albania was relevant to Italian interests. In the context of the Balkan wars, Italy shared its interest with the Austria-Hungarian Empire because it aimed also to control the Adriatic Sea. Afterwards, Yugoslavia was one of Italy's rivals on the Peninsula. Being aware that Albania, like other countries in the Mediterranean, enjoys high interest from the great powers, Italy often tried to receive the UK's and France's approval on some of its moves. Hence, international events like the Balkan wars and WWI and Italian and Albanian political leaders did have a relevant role in shaping foreign policy toward the Balkans and Albania.
 
 Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024

KAZAKHSTAN IN EURASIAN REGIONALISM: PROBLEM STATEMENT

This article raises an important issue of Kazakhstan’s potential to transcend the traditional understanding of Eurasian regionalism, which is mainly associated with the post-Soviet space, including the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors question the broadening of the definition of “Eurasian regionalism” and assess new opportunities for Kazakhstan’s participation in the Eurasian regional process within a broader continental context. Approaching Eurasian regionalism from a new perspective allows us to consider Kazakhstan not only as a participant in the post-Soviet space, but also as a key player at the continental level. The article raises the question of Kazakhstan’s capabilities in the context of Eurasian regionalism, given its geopolitical location and economic potential; the limitations of Kazakhstan’s participation in regional initiatives such as the EAEU and SCO compared to global trends and roles in the region. The article examines the new challenge for Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries as maintaining independence in the face of changes in the geopolitical environment; the role of international cooperation and integration for Kazakhstan as a strategic element in its foreign policy and economic development. The necessity of diversity of external relations and strategic partnership for Kazakhstan in the conditions of multi-vector approach is emphasized. The article also points out the importance of Kazakhstan’s active participation in international integration processes and its role in global production chains and infrastructure projects to strengthen the economy and increase the country’s status in the global community.

Sustainable development of the mining industry in the context of digital transformation

The article considers the processes and prospects of the mining industry sustainable development. The main results of the study include the substantiation of the introduction of digital transformation processes as the main global trend of the mining enterprises sustainable development, along with the use of high-tech innovative approaches. The presented study considers the impact of the digital technological revolution “Industry 4.0” on the prospects for the of the mining industry development. The comprehensive analysis of the state, problems, advantages and disadvantages of the mining enterprises functioning in the context of constantly changing external and internal factors of economic and foreign policy development of modern Russia has been carried out. The factors determining the relevance of the digital transformation of mining enterprises, promising directions for the development of geotechnology in the 21st century, are considered, using the example of the introduction of intelligent Mining 4.0. (Mining 4.0.) and the construction of intelligent digital mines. The mechanisms and digital solutions, which implementation will solve thef key tasks, are considered. The practical application of the research results will allow mining enterprises to reach a new sustainable level of the development as well as to increase the competitiveness in the global market.

Influence of Turkey-Israel relations on Turkish Jews businesspeople

ABSTRACT Multidimensional relations have protected Turkey and Israel from the effects of political crises. The main question of this article is how Turkey-Israel relations impact Turkish Jews business representatives. Interviews with Turkish Jewish businesspeople, who are primarily influenced by the developments in foreign policy due to their international business volumes, answered the question of how Turkish Jews were influenced by foreign policy, and emphasised the importance of minorities in foreign policy issues. The article explores the role of minorities in foreign policy and sheds light on how ethnic minorities, who are viewed as secondary agents in foreign policy, are influenced by the Turkey-Israel relations.

‘A Decolonising Moment of Sorts’: The Baltic States’ Vicarious Identification with Ukraine and Related Domestic and Foreign Policy Developments

In a recent essay on the war in Ukraine in The Journal of Genocide Research, Maria Mälksoo argues that the ongoing war in Ukraine has become a ‘decolonising moment of sorts’ as Central and Eastern European states have started taking the ‘moral and practical lead’ in supporting Ukraine and thus asserting their own agency. Following this line of argumentation, this paper will explore the Baltic states’ vicarious identification with Ukraine, identifying multiple ways in which these actors have initiated policies to support Ukraine internationally and the ways in which solidarity with Ukraine have been received by various domestic constituencies, including ethnic minorities. By vicariously identifying with Ukraine, the Baltic states have continued their transformation from ‘policy-takers’ to ‘policy-makers’ in the European security landscape. This transformation can be traced back to 2004, when they joined the transatlantic community and the European Union. At the same time, similarly to the 2013–2014 crisis in Ukraine, the trauma of the war has become an engine of new discourses and new divisions within the Baltic states, prompting societal debates about the legacy of the Soviet Union associated with Russia (including the fate of monuments to Soviet soldiers) and the relationship with Russian culture.

Lithuanian President Gitanas Nausėda's Central and Eastern European Foreign Policy in 2019–2022: Continuation or Change?

The subject of this article is the foreign policy of the President of the Republic of Lithuania, Gitanas Nausėda. The aim of this article is to analyse the foreign policy and its main objectives pursued in 2019–2022 by the President of the Republic of Lithuania, Gitanas Nausėda. The analysis attempts to answer the question of whether foreign policy is a continuation of previously pursued foreign policy activity or marks a change, and, in the case of the latter, to what extent has the policy changed? The author focuses his research on foreign actions towards the countries of the region (the Baltic States, Poland and Ukraine). The research is based on Gustavsson’s model involving the analysis of various stages of foreign policy development.

Nexus of Strong Presidentialism and Philippine Foreign Policy: The Case of the Duterte Presidency's Hedging toward China*

During the Duterte presidency from June 2016 to June 2022, the government of the Philippines limited its affinity with the United States and pursued an ostensibly pro‐China policy. This bold move took place amid the ongoing US–China rivalry. This paper carries out a retrospective examination of Duterte's China policy from the perspective of Philippine domestic politics. Specifically, we assess the international relations literature on hedging as a foreign policy strategy and argue that domestic factors play a major role in filtering systemic influences and leaving state leaders with sufficient room for strategic discretion and maneuvering. This is particularly the case with the Philippines, where strong presidentialism gives clout to the president in foreign policy development. We argue that much of the “audacious” behavior in the foreign policy of the Duterte government can simultaneously be understood as pragmatic, as it was believed to better serve the regime's short‐term goals. While the alliance with the United States remained largely intact, the Duterte government emphasized its success in stabilizing Sino–Philippine relations.

Perkembangan Karakter Kebijakan Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Dari Masa Ke Masa

The history and development of Indonesia's foreign policy continues to change from time to time. Starting from the leadership of President Soekarno, where during Soekarno's leadership, Indonesia's foreign policy underwent a change, namely a policy that was originally not militant or tended to be diplomacy turned into a policy of struggle with a spirit of patriotism that was militant and confrontational in fighting imperialism and colonialism. The change of leadership from Soekarno to Soeharto marked a new chapter from the old order to the new order. Foreign policy during the Soeharto era had a low profile character, Indonesia's foreign policy was carried out with a softer approach and seemed friendly in its relations with foreign countries and tended to Western countries. Then the development of Indonesia's foreign policy after the reformation experienced development, the foreign policy of the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) era had a main target, which was more focused on increasing Indonesia's role and status in the international political arena. Furthermore, foreign policy in Jokowi's leadership can be seen with his goal of realizing diplomacy related to populist nature, which can be interpreted as a step towards realizing community diplomacy, so that Jokowi's foreign policy is more inward looking. Seeing that the character of foreign policy continues to undergo changes and developments, in principle the basis of a country's foreign policy is usually rooted in its history, ideology and constitution. However, in practice, foreign policy formulators are often influenced by various factors, namely interests, leadership and internal and international political dynamics at any given time.

Рецензия на монографию: Квилинкова Е.Н. Гагаузы в Молдове и Беларуси: грани идентичности и стратегия самосохранения (Минск, 2023. 383 с.)

The review provides a detailed and thorough analysis of the work of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Elizaveta Nikolaevna Kvilinkova, dedicated to the Gagauz of Belarus and Moldova. The monograph was written on the basis of various sources and, primarily, the materials from field ethnographic studies conducted using the participant observation method among representatives of the Gagauz community. It is emphasized that the author used a new scientific approach, which made it possible to obtain original results. Elizaveta Kvilnikova studied the Gagauz using methods and approaches typical for such scientific disciplines as ethnology, ethnosociology and ethnopolitical science. She notes that among the Turkic peoples, the Gagauz have long held a unique place. The basis of their ethno-cultural code is Orthodoxy and Turkic background. According to E.N. Kvilinkova, the difficult position of Gagauzia in choosing its cultural and civilizational landmarks lies in the fact that the Balkan identity does not fit into the modern “strategy” of self-preservation of the Gagauz people and is in conflict with their dominant Turkic identity at this stage, with the eastern / Turkish vector of the foreign policy development strategy.

The main priorities of Russia's Foreign Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Historical experience and Modern approaches

The authors of the article consider the main directions of development of Russia's foreign policy in sub-Saharan Africa; show how the historical foundations of cooperation with sub-Saharan African countries were laid. Today, the African continent is one of the dynamically developing regions of the world with huge reserves of natural resources and human resources; the role of African countries in global political processes is also rapidly increasing, while developing countries are striving to create a multipolar world as opposed to the "rules-based world" imposed by the West. The Russian Federation as the successor of the USSR historically builds its relations with African countries on equal partnership basis, being guided in its foreign policy by the norms of international law. Such an approach lays a solid foundation for the active development of relations with African countries. From their side African countries are also manifesting increasing interest in hands cooperation with the Russian Federation, seeing it as reliable economic and political partner. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that it is necessary to activate Russian presence in Africa in the conditions of intensified competition for influence on the continent.

Fragments of libertarianism and neoliberal ascendancy: ideological features and limitations of the liberal breakthrough in Finland

ABSTRACT This article explores the fragmentary history of libertarianism in Finland. We identify actors who have advanced libertarian ideas and agendas between 1970 and 2000 and discuss the purposes for which they have been mobilized in a Finnish context. Theoretically, we emphasize the primacy of local political cultures and context in the transnational circulation of political ideologies. In Finland, the introduction of libertarianism was contingent particularly upon foreign policy developments. Empirically, we proceed from the observation that Finland was a Nordic latecomer. Programmatic libertarian views, or serious discussions of Ayn Rand or Murray Rothbard, were conspicuously absent in Cold War Finland, and even in the 1990s they figured primarily as a subculture on the nascent World Wide Web. However, when more broadly understood as a positive emancipatory promise of individual freedom, libertarian ideas were important in pushing for a liberal turn in Finnish politics and society in the 1980s and 1990s. In the end, however, anti-statist and cultural libertarianism were subsumed by statist and economic neoliberalism.

The Situation, Policies, and Development of Foreign Language Education in Contemporary China

Foreign language education is an important part of Chinese education, but the overall foreign language education in China is still relatively underdeveloped. Foreign language education and policies in contemporary China are closely related to China’s political, economic, and social development. The contemporary Chinese foreign language education and policies, since the establishment of New China in 1949, can be divided into four periods. The first period is a period of domination by the Russian language (1949–1956), the second period is a period of exploration and transformation (1956–1966), the third period is a period of interruption (1966–1978), and the fourth period is a period of development and improvement (1978 to present). Understanding foreign language education and policies in contemporary Chinese universities can contribute to the future development of foreign language education and policies in China.

Indonesia's Economic Advancement through Leveraging the Geopolitical Rivalry and Geostrategic between the USA and China in the Indo-Pacific Region

<p class="Els-history-head">Indonesia's challenge in leveraging the USA-China rivalry for economic advancement requires a nuanced approach, considering its passive foreign policy, strategic dependence, and domestic development challenges. The country aims to enhance recovery prospects by strengthening food and financial security, rebuilding regional growth, and connectivity, while also accelerating the transformation towards an inclusive and participatory digital economy. The study aims to explore how Indonesia can strategically leverage the USA-China rivalry in the Indo-Pacific to enhance its economic opportunities and examine the implications of the rivalry on its economic growth and development. This study employs a qualitative research design, analyzing, and interpreting data from literature reviews. The results show Indonesia's economic growth and development are intricately linked to its approach to leveraging the USA-China rivalry, managing infrastructure dependencies, and promoting the digital economy. To ensure sustainable progress and poverty reduction, well-designed policies and a multi-pronged approach are essential. Balancing relations with both the USA and China will be pivotal in attracting investment and expanding trade while avoiding undue external influence. Emphasizing digital infrastructure, talent, economy, and government sectors can also enhance the digital economy and contribute to Indonesia's long-term success on the global stage. Finally, Indonesia must navigate geopolitical complexities, its passive foreign policy, and domestic challenges to fully capitalize on the benefits of the USA-China rivalry while safeguarding its interests and promoting regional stability.</p>