Development Of Foreign Policy Research Articles

THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DIPLOMACY ON ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND MARKET EXCHANGE OF COUNTRIES

The international economy is a complex system between states, which is manifested through trade and financial ties. The functioning of the international economic system between countries contributes to faster economic growth, while, on the other hand, the existence of certain obstacles between countries has a negative effect on trade exchange and on the prosperity and economic well-being of countries. That is why the influence of trade policy, as well as international finance on domestic macroeconomic goals is very important. Positioning on the world market and inclusion in international flows of goods, services and capital are prerequisites for the economic growth and development of any country. The improvement and development of foreign trade policy and its operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the effects that arise as a result of such a relationship, have confirmed the possibility of intensive inclusion of our country in the European and even the world market, which further causes interest in the development of certain economic activities. It is especially important to point out the opportunity that through the foreign trade policy can also develop smaller areas, which up to that moment did not have the opportunity to make significant investments in them. All this shows that international economic relations have exceeded the borders of traditionally affirmed countries, which were considered to have a monopoly in the export of their products. The aim of this work is to conduct research among entrepreneurs who are engaged in exporting in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and through a specific model to find out how much the state’s diplomacy has an impact on economic cooperation, and to what extent it helps the domestic economy in the marketing of its products. One of the conclusions of this analysis leads to the fact that the promotion and advertising aimed at the promotion of the domestic economy is not well conceived, so it is necessary to make some corrections in order to have a positive impact on the market exchange. Finally, the fourth coefficient has the greatest impact on the market exchange, which is the transfer of technologies between countries. Investments in the form of new technologies and knowledge have a positive effect on trade exchange and promote cooperation. In this way, foreign companies adapt the foreign market to their own, and achieve cooperation in the form of import/export by setting standards that correspond to their market. Therefore, it can be concluded that the hypothesis, which reads: “There is a positive influence of state diplomacy, direct foreign investments, transfer of technologies between countries, development of cooperation and promotion on the market exchange of the country”, has been proven to some extent. Namely, the results of the analysis show that only two of the four coefficients are positive, while two are negative. Two positive coefficients are direct foreign investment and technology transfer.

Armenia’s Velvet Revolution: Authoritarian Decline and Civil Resistance in a Multipolar World, edited by Broers Laurence, and Anna Ohanyan. London: I.B. TAURIS, 2021. XVI, 271 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781788317214

The collection was written originally in English and published in 2021. It analyzes the problems of the Velvet Revolution in Armenia in terms of the decline of authoritarianism and civil resistance in the transformation of a multipolar world. The authors of the collection comparatively analyze the internal and external political problems of modern Armenia, the policy of democratization of the political regime, the cycles of political power, the transit of the elite and the leadership of the parties in power, certain aspects of its economic and social development. The team of authors prepared this collection and a comprehensive study of the entire system of public regulation of the political life of Armenia, the nature and forms of relations between the public authorities and civil society organizations. The main trends in the foreign policy development of post-Soviet Armenia, primarily in the regional conflict environment and in the European direction, and in connection with the Velvet Revolution, are explored. The authors of the chapters highlight the main stages and tasks of the Velvet Revolution in Armenia and civil resistance: when, how and how it was built and with what degree of effectiveness the system of public regulation operated, how its main administrative institutions operated in the center and locally. The appeal to this problem is caused by the relevance of studying the subject of the Velvet Revolution in the modern life of Armenia, the need to more fully comprehend the processes taking place in the Armenian environment inside and outside the country. The book contains many interesting facts and points of view. Therefore, it will be interesting and useful not only for scientists, but also for everyone interested in the problems of revolution, democratization and civil resistance. It may serve as practical handbook for political scientists, sociologists, journalists as well as students and specialists from the field of human rights, democratization and international relations, interested in modern revolutions, political technologies, diaspora and civil society studies, etc.

Agriculture of China: Brief Description of the Current State

In the light of the current world events, questions of how agriculture is developed in the country, how well the country is provided with everything necessary to support the vital activity of the population, to maintain the branches of the national economy closely related to the agro-industrial complex, are more urgent than ever. In this article, we will touch on the topic of agricultural development in China — in a state that is geographically closed to us, that maintains friendly relations with us and, despite foreign policy developments, continues to carry out both foreign trade relations and cooperation with Russia in many areas of the economy. Previously, agriculture of China was a small-scale peasant economy with a relatively small scale production and low production and labor efficiency. After the reform of the openness of the economy, China has made a great progress in agriculture. All this shows that the modern development of China’s agriculture is very important for the country’s economy and is a vital topic for research. In the current study we analyzed the current state and identifed the prospects of agriculture in China.

The Genesis and Evolution of Iran's Foreign Policy

According to the article, in the late XX and early XXI centuries, Iran's foreign policy strategy has suffered a number of changes under the influence of reforms in the country, and during this historical period, the political elite changed the direction of Tehran's foreign policy based on the current situation. The sources of Iran's foreign policy development and the mechanisms of its implementation will be explored. The foreign policy of Iran's presidents and the methods of its implementation will be analyzed, and their aspects aimed at protecting the country's national interests will be compared. The article states that the Iranian Foreign Policy Office tried to show the world community that it supports the idea of liberalizing international relations at a time when Tehran gave priority to the development of Tehran's foreign policy based on the ideas of realism.

Концептуальні аспекти міждисциплінарного підходу до регіональних студій у системі глобальної е

The dynamic development of the processes of economic transformation in the conditions of aggravation of world security is accompanied by the change in the geopolitical situation at the international level. There is a formation of the basis of systemic changes at the level of polarization and regionalization of the modern world with the formation of a new multipolar model and new regional centers in the global economy system. The development of new scientific approaches to the regional studies is becoming especially important in order to ensure the effective development of foreign policy and international relations. In the course of research, it has been noted that the scientific basis of regional studies consists of several modern concepts, theories and conceptual views. Conceptual aspects of interdisciplinary scientific approach to regional studies in the system of global economy have been determined. The sequence of formation of the conceptual apparatus of the region taking into account general and specific features, as well as identification of links in the regional system has been proposed. As conceptual aspects of the interdisciplinary approach to regional studies, the following components of the subsystem have been proposed, which provide conditions for effective use of potential and formation of mechanisms to increase the competitiveness of regions in various fields, including international, economic, social, environmental and sustainable socioeconomic development. It has been proposed to quantify the potential of the region and the effectiveness of its use as a basis for ensuring the competitiveness of the regional economic system. On the basis of the analysis of numerous scientific researches the systematization of the factors influencing potential of regional economic system and efficiency of its use has been carried out. Based on the interdisciplinary nature of the conceptual aspects, a methodological approach to quantitative assessment of the region’s potential and efficiency of its use has been developed. Practical application of the proposed approach allows identifying ways to increase the efficiency of the potential of the regions and form the basis for ensuring the competitiveness of the regional economic system in the context of global transformation.

How China’s foreign waste ban will reshape the U.S. recycling supply chain: Economic and environmental considerations towards a circular economy oriented paper recycling industry

Until recently, China was the largest scrap and unsorted waste importer in the world. Chinese industries sorted the imported wastes and recovered plastic, paper, textiles, and metals, using them as raw materials for manufacturing processes. Since 2013, the Chinese government has imposed measures to ban the import of wastes, the latest one being the “National Sword” policy (fully deployed in January 2021), banning the import of unsorted and recycled wastes. As a result, collecting wastes and recyclables and sending them to China is no longer an option; this has drastically affected the recycling industry supply chain with considerable consequences. This study analyzed the development of Chinese foreign policies on the export of paper waste materials from the U.S. and their specific impact on the recovered paper recycling industry. The economic and environmental consequences of the policy on the U.S. paper recycling industry were analyzed using three scenarios: landfilling (as a baseline), incineration, and recycling. The CO2 emissions were estimated and then compared. It was found that recycling would result in the largest reduction in greenhouse gases. Although recycling was the best evaluated scenario, it has the greatest costs; therefore, possible solutions towards adding value to paper wastes were analyzed.

THE NEW GOVERNMENT OF GERMANY AND GERMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS

On December 8, 2021, the new coalition government of Germany began its work, an important area of the country’s foreign policy development is relations with Russia, Germany’s leading partner in the post-Soviet space. In many ways, they determine the parameters of cooperation between the European Union and the Russian Federation and its partners. The SPD, Union 90 / Greens, FDP, during difficult negotiations, agreed on common approaches to cooperation with Russia, which eventually united the value, economic, civil and political «Russian» denominators of the three party election programs. At the same time, the provisions enshrined in the coalition agreement are based on the foundation of bilateral relations built by the last two cabinets of ministers under the leadership of A. Merkel, incl. during 2021, the year that marked the end of the era of the former Chancellor. Just a week after the start of the government, bilateral relations were tested for strength in the political and economic spheres. The new year 2022 began in difficult conditions of escalating confrontation between the collective West, including Germany, and official Moscow. Under these conditions, on January 18, the German and Russian foreign ministers held talks, clarifying their mutual positions on the most important issues on the bilateral and international agenda. On February 15, Russian President V.V. Putin and Chancellor O. Scholz continued to discuss the most important topical issues of cooperation. The author sums up the political and economic results of cooperation between the two leading countries of the European continent in 2021, and also analyzes its prospects in 2022, paying special attention to the role of Germany and the Russian Federation in resolving the intra-Ukrainian conflict.

Feminist Foreign Policy and Gender Justice on the International Agenda

The global political elite has developed a pragmatic approach to addressing gender justice issues based on rationality and patriarchy, which hinders the activities of women. There is an urgent need to develop and implement the most efficient, inclusive and emancipatory practices in the light of experience. This article reveals an understanding of the content and meaning of feminist foreign policy in the context of official international content. It assesses the impact of UNSCR 1325 on the development of feminist foreign policy and gender justice. The author concludes that certain fundamental limitations of the document prevent the achievement of real goals lobbied by international organizations and feminist scientists, as well as the deconstruction of gender mainstreamin.

Gender Equality in the Political Landscape of Southern African Countries: Progress and Problems of Evolvement

Since the early 2000s, the expansion of womens representation at all levels of government in South Africa and several Southern African states has become one of the main features of the formation of political leadership. There are both legal and institutional preconditions for this, such as the creation of quota systems for womens representation in elective positions. The author notes the breakdown in the stereotype that women can be engaged exclusively in the social sphere (education, health care, problems of youth and children). African women successfully occupy the posts of ministers for foreign affairs, defense, security and finance. They make a significant contribution to the development of foreign and domestic policy, as well as to the solution of socio-economic problems. Based on the analysis made through functional, comparative and psycho-biographical methodological approaches, the author describes the main reasons for the insufficient level of political participation of women in some countries: the ongoing conflict between the principle of gender equality and the traditional order; the system of informal relations in politics; the low level of political literacy and the financial and economic status of women; as well as violence. Another important factor is the insufficient level of intra-party democracy. The author concludes that the representation of women in politics is only one (though very important) part of resolving the gender equality issue. The author argues that the further expansion of gender equality in Southern African politics will be facilitated by creating equal conditions for men and women to stand for election, implying real democratic principles within political parties, as well as developing a political culture that excludes the creation of preconditions for discrimination by gender.

Features of Argentina's diplomatic activity in the XIX – XXI centuries (based on the materials of the Digital Library of Treaties of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Argentina)

The object of the study is the foreign policy of Argentina. The subject of the study is the diplomatic activity of Buenos Aires, expressed in the conclusion of bilateral agreements. The purpose of the article is to build a picture of the development of Argentina's foreign policy based on a quantitative analysis of more than eight thousand documents contained in the Digital Library of Treaties (Biblioteca Digital de Tratados) on the web portal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Argentina. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the general dynamics of Argentine diplomatic activity and the change of priorities in contacts with individual states and regions. Special attention is paid to the comparative dynamics of Argentina's relations with the United States, Russia, China and leading European countries in the period from 1983 to the present. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the study of this array of documents in their entirety has not yet been conducted by domestic scientists. The article uses general scientific methods of cognition, as well as statistical analysis. The aforementioned library of treaties was used as sources, as well as the works of Argentine and domestic researchers devoted to various aspects of the subject under consideration. As a result of statistical analysis of the collection of treaties, the peculiarities of Argentina's diplomatic activity at different stages of the evolution of its foreign policy were revealed, presented in the form of diagrams and graphs. The main conclusions can be noted, firstly, a sharp increase in diplomatic activity in general and especially outside the region in the period after 1946; a tendency to increase the importance of Russia, China and Asian countries in the period after 1983; while maintaining the priority of relations with European countries under all presidents except K. Fernandez.

Foreign policy free agents: how lawmakers and coalitions on the political margins help set boundaries for US foreign policy

Bipartisan consensus on many US domestic and foreign policy priorities has seemingly collapsed in recent decades, and political parties have become qideologically polarized and divided. While some contend that these dynamics are narrowing the space for congressional foreign policy innovation, we argue that factionalism often fosters creativity in the foreign policy process. Specifically, this article explores the role of ‘free agent’ progressive Democrats and conservative Republicans in foreign policy decision-making. These members at the ideological extremes of their parties are finding common ground in anti-establishment views and concerns about executive excess, and they are aligning to challenge traditional foreign policy positions. This paper conducts a plausibility probe of a model of congressional foreign policy free agency based upon roll call voting on war powers-related decisions in the Obama and Trump administrations. During both presidencies, our findings suggest that the free agency model has predictive value for foreign policy maneuvering and offers a non-traditional way of thinking about contemporary US foreign policy development.

Colombian Foreign Policy and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (Blakemore Prizewinner for 2020)

The Spanish civil war saw two different Liberal presidencies in Colombia. Contrary to common belief, they did not follow a unified policy towards Spain but instead faced different parameters for action which shaped their response. These policies, in turn, illuminate both the internal dynamics of the two administrations and how they conceived of Colombia's position on the world stage. By providing the national, international and wider structural contexts, this article will therefore use the Spanish conflict to shine a spotlight on the Santos and López governments and the development of Colombian foreign policy during the late 1930s.

Foreign policy concept of islamic republic of Iran: Historical view

According to the article, in the late XX and early XXI centuries, Iran's foreign policy strategy has suffered a number of changes under the influence of reforms in the country, and during this historical period, the political elite has changed the direction of Tehran's foreign policy based on the current situation. The sources of Iran's foreign policy development and the mechanisms of its implementation will be explored. The foreign policy of Iran's presidents and the methods of its implementation will be analyzed, and their aspects aimed at protecting the country's national interests will be compared. The article states that the Iranian Foreign Policy Office tried to show the world community that it supports the idea of liberalizing international relations at a time when Tehran gave priority to the development of Tehran's foreign policy based on the ideas of realism.

International presence in Ukraine in the context of the triangle "Ukraine-Turkey-Russia"

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of Ukraine's foreign policy development at the present stage in the context of the triangle "Ukraine-Turkey-Russia". The paper shows that Ukraine is currently a zone of growing international presence: the involvement of a wide range of participants in the region in the person of international state and non-state actors, the actual internationalization of the Ukrainian transport and logistics system and port infrastructure, strengthening state sovereignty and increasing the country's defense capability through the implementation of extensive programs of financial support from Western partners – evidence systemic and long-term processes that directly affect the interests of the Russian Federation. The role of the Turkish factor in Ukraine is studied through the prism of Turkish-Ukrainian relations and Ukrainian Euro-Atlantic integration. The balance of Turkey's relations with Ukraine and Russia is shown. The analysis of the possibilities of Turkish mediation in de-escalation of relations between Russia-Ukraine and Russia-NATO is given. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the current tense international situation and military-political escalation in the region. The source base of the work includes normative-legislative acts, sources of normative-reporting and informational nature, journalistic sources. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the involvement of the corpus of the latest sources, the original perspective of the study and the theoretical and methodological approach. As a result of the analysis and on the basis of up-to-date factual information, the author concludes that despite Kiev's active support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine and the growth of military-technical cooperation between the countries, Turkey is not interested in the Ukrainian-Russian confrontation. Military escalation will create risks for the Turkish Republic of direct involvement in conflict relations between NATO and the Russian Federation and will deprive it of the opportunity to become an "independent center" of political influence in the region. At the same time, it is emphasized that Turkish mediation and the internationalization of the Ukrainian issue can contribute to de-escalating tensions and strengthening the foreign policy positions of the Russian Federation.

Development of a unified US foreign policy towards Spain (1949-1951)

Development of a unified US foreign policy towards Spain (1949-1951)

Gruppenbildung in der Chinapolitik der EU: Implikationen für die Kohärenz europäischer Außenpolitik

Relations with China are of high priority in the context of the European Union’s (EU) foreign policy. They reflect strengths and weaknesses of the EU as an actor in international relations. Regarding the issue of coherence in European foreign policy in particular, it can be useful to analyse the Union’s China policy. In light of a changing European China policy, this article identifies three groups that are of interest for the closer definition of this policy. Based hereupon, possible implications of this group formation for the further development of the European foreign policy and the European China policy are highlighted.

Features of the European tour of Sultan Abdulaziz

The article analyzes an important event both for the Ottoman Empire and for international relations in the 19th century, namely the diplomatic visit of the Turkish Sultan Abdulaziz to Europe in 1867. The discovered materials describing the chronology of the visit in more detail made it possible to take a fresh look at the relationship in the power structures of the empire, as well as to study in more detail the personal qualities and character of Sultan Abdul-Aziz. The composition of the delegation that accompanied the Sultan and represented, among other things, by the future heirs to the Ottoman throne, shows that the vector of the foreign policy development of the Ottoman Empire, almost until the end of its existence, was largely set during this visit. Obviously, this visit became the starting point in the modernization of the foreign policy of the empire. Elements of traditional state relations are giving way to diplomatic ties.

An Assessment of the Cooperation for EU-ASIA Relations and Economic Integration

The relationship between the European Union (EU) and Asia has shown a remarkable increase during the last two to three decade. This is testament to the rising economic prowess of Asia, and the growing economic interdependence between the EU and Asia. While the mutual interests between the EU and Asia are primarily commercial in nature, the EU has in recent years sought to increase its presence in the Asia beyond mere economic ties. The simulation results show that the EU and Asia integration such as FTAs will lead to increases GDPs in the EU, China, Japan, and ASEAN member states. With development in the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), the EU increasingly sees itself as a comprehensive global actor. The EU’s search for a bigger role in Asia has to be seen in the context of its own development, but also as a response to the broader geopolitical and geoeconomic undercurrents impacting the western-centric global order. This paper captures the essence of EU-Asia engagement, and then analyses the emerging political and economic forces that could impact the future.

Дипломатические материалы как источники по истории политической мысли в постордынских государствах XVI века (к постановке проблемы)

Objective: To study the monuments of diplomatic correspondence from the sixteenth century as a source of political thought in the successor states of the Golden Horde. Research materials: The messages of Crimean khans, sultans, representatives of ruling groups, Nogai beks and mirzas preserved in translated copies in the ambassadorial books of the Muscovite state. Novelty of the research: For the first time ever, the diplomatic documents of the Crimean khanate and the Nogai Horde are involved in the reconstruction of their period’s corpus of political ideas. Considering the question of the authorship of messages, we proceed with the concept of S.M. Kashtanov about “technical authorship”, in which the authorship is understood as the collective work of rulers, courtiers, bureaucrats, and technical workers on the creation of a letter. Research results: The application of the concept of “corporate authorship” has made it possible to show that diplomatic messages were always a product of some convention possible within the elite that were involved in the development of foreign policy. Translators played an important role in shaping the political language. The messages of the khans, sultans, beks, and mirzas of the successor states of the Golden Horde contain some ideas that can help us to outline the political ideology. Central to it is the thesis of the exclusive right to power of the Chinggisids who could get power only with the general consent of the “political people”. “Evil” and “good” were the most important concepts of thought in the successor states. “Evil” was understood as any change in the established order, and “good” as its preservation. Thus, conservatism and the desire to fix the rituals of power and management practices that had developed earlier in the era of the Golden Horde were the most important concepts for political life in the successor states. This attitude led to the preservation of earlier concepts and terminological language, something which was reflected in the practice of diplomacy when the elusive reality of former power influenced ambassadorial ceremony and the form of messages.

Foreign policy of the Czech Republic through the prism of historiography

The article analyzes the situation of research problems of formation and development of foreign policy of the Czech Republic in the works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers. The scientific problem attracts considerable interest of specialists in the field of international relations, because it is relevant and unstable. The article summarizes the new material on the research topic of historiography. The purpose of this article is to analyze the state of development of our research in domestic and foreign historiography. To achieve this goal, the author considered the bulk of the scientific literature on the foreign policy of the sovereign Czech Republic. For the objective disclosure of the topic by the author, the literature was distributed according to the problem principle. The development of international relations of the CEE countries in the post-communist period and the Czech Republic, in particular, was covered in many scientific and popular science works. Among foreign researchers, the author singles out mainly Czech, Slovak, German and British. Such an ethno-geographical number of scientists is due to the specifics of the geopolitical location of the Czech Republic. Ukrainian researchers were viewed through the prism of domestic foreign policy. The article presents an analysis of scientific research in the field of the following issues: general transformational transformations in the CEE region, formation of the sovereign Czech Republic and national policy, experience of integration into the European Union and NATO, Visegrad cooperation, development of Czech-Slovak relations and formation of Ukrainian-Czech interstate cooperation. To fully and comprehensively cover the research problem, the author used a significant amount of material from periodicals in Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany. A review of the works used by domestic and foreign researcher’s shows that the vast majority of publications raise general questions about the course of domestic political transformation processes in the field of political science, economic or cultural research.