Foreign Material Contamination Research Articles

Prediction of foreign material contamination in fluid transfer lines using outlier detection method

Filters are often used in beverage and other production lines to remove foreign material during fluid transfer. The removal of foreign material causes clogging, which leads to further generation of foreign material due to an increase in the mesh opening or damage to the mesh. Although clogging can be determined from flow rate and pressure changes, it is difficult to detect clogging until after the event has progressed to a certain degree, during which time foreign material is generated. In this study, we extracted feature values from the differential pressure applied to the filter and performed machine learning using One-Class SVM to predict foreign material contamination in advance. We applied this method to an actual fluid transfer line and confirmed its usefulness.

Assembly challenges with Flip Chip multi-die and interposer-based SiP Modules

Abstract System in Package (SiP) modules provide integrated functionalities (processor, memory, power, etc.) in a small form factor as compared to PCB based individually laid out packages and passives. SiP modules face assembly related challenges as the complexity of packages increases (multi die, large number of passives, through mold via interposer for external memory, convergence of different technologies). This paper describes assembly challenges associated with a multi-die flip chip (processor, memory and power) module with plastic interposer for external Package-on-Package (PoP) memory. The prototype test package with three flip chip die was processed using different bump structures with bump height variation and differences in coplanarity. The underfill dispense pattern was optimized to eliminate underfill creep to the top of passive components that could lead to interfacial delamination. The interposer solder had no reliability risk due to the added mechanical strength of the underfill. Laser ablation formed through mold vias (TMV) on top of the interposers to connect to a package on package memory device. Partially defined TMV opening profile, adjacent solder bridging, formation of cold joint due to poor coplanarity, and foreign material contamination concerns were mitigated by tightening design and process parameters for flip chip attach (bump shorting and cold joint), underfill (interposer tilt, voids, material creep, dispense pattern, volume), interposer (tilt, warpage, solder voids), TMV laser ablation process (exposed Cu, depth, width), and mounting of passives components (topography, misalignment, cap solder volume).

High‐speed display‐delayed planar X‐ray inspection system for the fast detection of small fishbones

AbstractThe fast detection of native hazardous material (fishbones) and foreign material contamination (metals, stones, pen caps, etc.) have limited mass production and good sale of fish fillets in aquatic product processing plant. In this work, we developed a high speed display‐delayed planar X‐ray inspection system, which could be applied to rapidly and efficiently distinguish small fishbones in fish fillets and foreign material contamination with fish fillets. It had a high resolution of short metal lines (at least 2 mm in length and 0.2 mm in diameter) and small fishbones (4 mm in length and 0.6 mm in diameter). Moreover, it could be applied to efficiently distinguish small fishbones in frozen fish fillets. The theoretical and practical basis of high speed high resolution display‐delayed X‐ray inspection system is also discussed in this work. All the results confirmed that this system was efficient, fast, and convenient for the detection of small fishbones. This work provides a useful way for fast detection of small fishbones in fish fillets in aquatic product processing plant.Practical applicationsThe practical application of this article is to identify the native hazardous material (fishbones) and foreign material contamination (metals, stones, pen caps, etc.) in mass production of fish fillets in aquatic product processing plant by high‐speed display‐delayed X‐ray system. Compared with traditional finger touching and eye observing method, high‐speed display‐delayed X‐ray system can be applied to identify fishbones and foreign materials quickly and conveniently. Moreover, this system had a high resolution of small fishbones (4 mm in length and 0.6 mm in diameter), which could satisfied the international food standard of “standard for quick frozen fish fillets.” Especially, it could be applied to efficiently distinguish small fishbones in frozen fish fillets.

Evaluation of Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging for Detection of Peanut and Walnut Powders in Whole Wheat Flour

The general utilization of processing equipment in industry has increased the risk of foreign material contamination. For example, peanut and walnut contaminants in whole wheat flour, which typically a healthy food, are a threat to people who are allergic to nuts. The feasibility of utilizing near-infrared hyperspectral imaging to inspect peanut and walnut powder in whole wheat flour was evaluated herein. Hyperspectral images at wavelengths 950–1700 nm were acquired. A standard normal variate combined with the Savitzky–Golay first derivative spectral transformation was adopted for the development of a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model to predict contamination concentrations. A successive projection algorithm (SPA) and uninformative variable elimination (UVE) for feature wavelength selection were compared. Two individual prediction models for peanut or walnut-contaminated flour, and a general multispectral model for both peanut-contaminated flour and walnut-contaminated flour, were developed. The optimal general multispectral model had promising results, with a determination coefficient of prediction (Rp2) of 0.987, and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.373%. Visualization maps based on multispectral PLSR models reflected the contamination concentration variations in a spatial manner. The results demonstrated that near-infrared hyperspectral imaging has the potential to inspect peanut and walnut powders in flour for rapid quality control.

Implementation of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) in dried anchovy production process

The aim of this study was to inspect the implementation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for identification and prevention of potential hazards in the production process of dried anchovy at PT. Kelola Mina Laut (KML), Lobuk unit, Sumenep. Cold storage process is needed in each anchovy processing step in order to maintain its physical and chemical condition. In addition, the implementation of quality assurance system should be undertaken to maintain product quality. The research was conducted using a survey method, by following the whole process of making anchovy from the receiving raw materials to the packaging of final product. The method of data analysis used was descriptive analysis method. Implementation of HACCP at PT. KML, Lobuk unit, Sumenep was conducted by applying Pre Requisite Programs (PRP) and preparation stage consisting of 5 initial stages and 7 principles of HACCP. The results showed that CCP was found in boiling process flow with significant hazard of Listeria monocytogenesis bacteria and final sorting process with significant hazard of foreign material contamination in the product. Actions taken were controlling boiling temperature of 100 – 105°C for 3 - 5 minutes and training for sorting process employees.

Catastrophic Consequence of Gauze During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Iatrogenic foreign material contamination such as retention of gauze is a well-recognized but undesirable complication during surgical procedures [(1)][1]. In percutaneous interventional procedures, hydrophilic polymer emboli have been reported [(2)][2]. However, to our knowledge, migration of gauze

S052026 ボルテックスカップ内の旋回流特性

In semiconductor manufacturing, a new pneumatic non-contact handling device is developed. This device named Vortex Cup makes use of a negative pressure at a central area of swirling flow in order to hold the wafer and to prevent significant wafer damage and foreign material contamination. The Cup provides lower-cost, higher-performance than other pneumatic type devices, but has a problem that periodic pressure fluctuation is caused when the gap height between the work and the Cup becomes large. This problem causes the work falling or the work collision against the cup. In this report, we proposed simple method for suppression of the pressure fluctuation by using cylinders set into the cup. As a result, it was revealed that the cylinder diameter has great effect on the fluctuation suppression, but the height has little influence on it. PIV measurement clarified that the meandering motion of swirling flow in a cup was disappeared when the pressure fluctuation was suppressed.

S0504-3-4 ボルテックスカップに関する研究 : 噴流の流入条件の影響について(噴流,後流および剥離流れの流動解析と応用(その3))

In semiconductor manufacturing processes, a new pneumatic non-contact handling device is developed. This device named Vortex Cup makes use of a vacuum at a central area of swirling flow in order to hold the wafer against the device and to prevent significant wafer damage and foreign material contamination. Vortex Cup provides lower-cost, higher-performance than other pneumatic type devices. Experiments on Vortex Cup have turned out that the vacuum depends on the gap and supply flow rate, and swirl axis is inclined inside a cup. In order to improve performance of Vortex Cup, we focused on nozzle inlet height and aspect ratio of a cup. In this report, pressure distribution of various cup is measured. Furthermore, fluid motion in a cup is revealed by ink injection method.

Cell culture in vivo by means of diffusion chamber system

In a diffusion chamber (DC) system, cells are cultured in vivo - hence making it possible to minimize infection and foreign material contamination. In view of this merit, we devised a technique to combine a DC system and a scaffold to the end of incubating sufficient host cells for grafting. In the present study, PLGA sponge and rat bone marrow cells were encapsulated inside a DC and then placed inside the abdominal cavities of rats. DCs were removed at two or four weeks after grafting. At four weeks after grafting, fibrous and calcified tissue matching the shape of the PLGA sponge was formed. These results suggested that the PLGA sponge was an effective scaffolding material in inducing three-dimensional tissue formation and that combination with a DC system resulted in a cell mass matching the scaffold shape. In addition, the cells were cultured in vivo - which meant that DC culturing did not require special incubation facilities or technologies after grafting.

Identifying Foreign Material Contamination in Food and Food Ingredients

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2008 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August 3 – August 7, 2008

Identifying Foreign Material Contamination in Food and Food Ingredients

Abstract Between the Biological and Materials sciences resides the food industry, where both biological and materials methods and techniques are employed for both production and analysis. Often referred to as “Black Specs,” one of the biggest concerns for the food industry is contamination of the food, or its additives and ingredients, with foreign material (FM). Many of our customers seek assistance in solving their FM issues, which may require multiple instrumentation, several methods, and considerable open communication with the customer before a satisfactory result can be achieved. An additional level of difficulty is often present when we learn that the FM is so small we can barely detect it with the unaided eye. Particularly difficult is what might be referred to as “chemical contamination.” We present here in example (and in the upcoming Microscopy and Microanalysis meeting in Albuquerque this August), several of the methods employed in assisting our customers with FM issues.

Development and Characterization of a Human Tissue-Engineered Oral Mucosa

Open wounds in the mouth should be covered by a graft to prevent microbial infection, excessive fluid loss, foreign material contamination, or relapse (secondary to wound contracture). Currently oral mucosal or skin grafts are used for this purpose; however, both of these grafts require a second surgical procedure and have disadvantages in intraoral use. Split thickness skin grafts may contain adnexal structures, and express a different pattern of surface keratinization. The elective nature of the majority of oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures should allow the flexibility and timing to develop a tissue-engineered oral mucosa. As a tissue-engineered skin has been developed to treat patients suffering burn wounds, chronic ulcers, etc, there is a similar need for the development of a tissue-engineered oral mucosa suitable for intraoral grafting procedures. This graft would be used after major trauma, surgical resections, and for maxillofacial prosthetic surgery. Our research team has been successful in developing an ex vivo produced oral mucosal equivalent (EVPOME) fabricated in an environment free of serum, transformed irradiated feeder cells and pituitary extract. Our EVPOME consists of autologous oral mucosa keratinocytes and an acellular, non-immunogenic dermal equivalent, AlloDerm. The EVPOME was cultured at an air-liquid interface for up to two weeks, resulting in a well-differentiated, parakeratinized epithelial layer similar to native oral mucosa. The expression pattern of differentiation and proliferation markers showed an active and hyperproliferative state. The ultrastructure of EVPOME demonstrated hemi-desmosome-like structures were formed at the interface (basement membrane) of basal keratinocytes and a dermal layer by day 7 at an air-liquid interface. Tissue-engineered cell-based products usually fall under the auspices of the Center for Biological Evaluation and Research (CBER). They are considered a combination product by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and need to comply with the regulatory standards for determining safety and efficacy. Animal models are important to determine for conventional safety and efficacy. The SCID mice transplantation model (small animal) allowed us to investigate how EVPOME behaves in an in vivo environment and to determine the optimal stage of the EVPOME for clinical use. A large animal model is also required by the FDA prior to human clinical use; thus we developed a canine EVPOME fabrication protocol that was identical to our human EVPOME protocol. Our canine model enables us to evaluate the fate of EVPOME grafts in situ. Furthermore, the guidelines of CBER require us to demonstrate “dose and potency” of cell-based products, as is seen with drugs. Dose and potency appear to be representative of viable cell numbers and relevant biological function/activity of EVPOME, which provides a quantitative measurement of product quality. These quantitative measurements are challenging and specific for each cell-based product and need to be addressed.

Visualization of Internal Structure of Foods by Electrical Impedance Tomography - Detection of Foreign Material Contamination and Voids

The feasibility of using the Electrical Impedance Tomography (ЕIT) to detect foreign materials and voids inside foods was investigated. A neighboring method was adopted to collect the electrical data with 16 electrodes attached on the surface of the model foods: agar gel and KCl solution. An inverse problem for image reconstruction was computationally solved. As a result, clear image of a copper pipe or a void (hole) in the gel could be obtained as difference image between static image and reference image excluding a pipe or a hole. For a plastic rod in the solution, clearer images could be obtained by not using a difference image.

Discussion

Preprosthetic and reconstructive oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures often produce open wounds in the oral mucosa. These wounds should be covered by a graft to prevent microbial infection, excessive fluid loss, foreign material contamination, or relapse (secondary to wound contracture), and to assist in the prosthetic reconstruction of the patient as well as in the promotion of wound healing.1 Currently, oral mucosal or skin grafts are used for this purpose. However, both of these grafts require a second surgical procedure and have disadvantages in intraoral use.

1P1-5 LCD混入異物検出における光切断法と共焦点顕微鏡法の比較検討(18. マシンビジョンと外観検査)

1P1-5 LCD混入異物検出における光切断法と共焦点顕微鏡法の比較検討(18. マシンビジョンと外観検査)