Data Of Foreign Literature Research Articles

Review of foreign literature on the problem of children and adolescent obesity and its sequelae

The purpose is to study modern prevalence of overweight in the children’s population, sequelae of this physical disorder and to analyze new diagnostic biomarkers comorbidity in obesity. The data of professional domestic and foreign literature were processed and generalized. Diagnostic criteria of overweight in childhood introduced by the European, American professional societies and the World Health Organization guidelines have some features and are not identical and unified. Body mass index and percentage of fat tissue are common important clinical criteria. The main pathogenetic links that are activated in overweight children and lead to the long-term consequences are the inflammatory response, mitochondrial and endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with the manifestation of pulmonary comorbidity and impaired cardiovascular well-being. The mortality rate associated with acute coronary syndrome is likely to be higher in patients with very high body mass index than in those with lower weight (7.1 vs. 4.8 ‰). Endothelial dysfunction at the preclinical level of damage to organs and systems determines the severity of the disease in the future, being the cause of comorbidity. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 determine the degree of activity of circulating endothelial cells (CEC). There is a positive correlation between CEC activity, increased visceral adipose tissue, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while the amount of CEC is associated with adipose tissue volume and the level of systolic blood pressure. Qualitative and quantitative changes in CEC can be used as diagnostic markers when forming risk groups for further monitoring and control.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЙ ОСНОВНЫХ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 2 ТИПА (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)

Subject. The article is a literary review devoted to the peculiarities of clinical manifestations of major dental diseases in patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 Methodology. The data of Russian and foreign literature were studied using scientific search library databases: PubMed, Elibrary, Cochrane. Literature analysis was carried out on 59 sources over the past 5 years (42 domestic authors and 17 foreign ones). The analysis of the literature data allows us to consider type 2 diabetes mellitus as highly common somatic diseases leading to the development of various symptoms, syndromes and diseases of the hard tissues of the teeth, periodontal and oral mucosa.
 Results. Among the wide range of possible complications and symptoms are - impaired taste sensitivity, the presence of xerostomia, burning mouth syndrome, glossalgia, lichen planus, leukoplakia, candidiasis, chronic inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues, complicated and uncomplicated caries of hard dental tissues. Diagnostic and therapeutic and preventive measures in this case should be aimed at their early diagnosis and prevention.
 Conclusions. Against the background of manifestations of DM2, there is a significant prevalence of major dental diseases, which most often depends not only on the duration of the course and severity of DM2, but also on the state of carbohydrate metabolism compensation, age and gender. Undoubtedly, the principle of continuity of interested specialties, including dentists, endocrinologists, gastroenterologists and other specialists, has great prospects both in the diagnosis and prevention of pathology of the oral mucosa.

Ensuring Viral Safety of Equine Immunoglobulins during Production.

Equine blood plasma/serum and intermediates must be monitored for the presence of live viruses pathogenic in humans during production of equine immunoglobulins. Information concerning low-cost and simple methods for the detection of live horse viruses pathogenic and non-pathogenic to humans was gained using data of modern domestic and foreign literature. These methods are based on cultivation of these viruses on sensitive biosystems. The presented information can be used to set up blood plasma/serum control of horses at different stages of immunoglobulin production, i.e., when taking blood from horses during their quarantine period, when collecting blood from immunized horses, and before bottling the medicinal intermediate in the primary package.

ГРИБКОВАЯ СЕНСИБИЛИЗАЦИЯ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПОЛЛИНОЗОМ

Fungal sensitization makes a significant contribution to the development of allergopathology. Literature reviews, based on domestic and foreign literature data, present general characteristics of mold allergens. It reflects features and problems of diagnosis of mold allergy. The necessity of aeropalynological monitoring of mold allergens is considered in connection with the combined influence of pollen and mold on the development of clinical manifestations of hay fever.

Management of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

This article provides a review of foreign literature data including a number of aspects that cover guidelines on cancer patient management during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author focuses on the fact that the pandemic has become a serious challenge for the health system not only in the Republic of Belarus, but also has demonstrated a number of problems in the organization of healthcare in most countries of the world. In particular, the pandemic has led to a deteriorated situation with the availability and quality of medical care provided to cancer patients, and periodicals often report a high risk of severe complications in this population group during the spread of COVID-19.

DEPENDENCE OF THE FORMATION OF SCAR TISSUES OF MAXILLOFACIAL LOCALIZATION ON CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

To determine the individual features of the organization of circadian rhythms, the term "chronotype" was proposed [1]. According to the analysis of foreign and domestic literature data, the biological rhythm affects not only the mental state [2], but also the state of the person as a whole. Biological rhythms provide a person's ability to adapt to the environment. Swedish psychologist O. Okvist in 1970 proposed a questionnaire to determine the chronotype of patients. He singled out three types of chronotype in patients: morning ("larks"), intermediate (arrhythmic, asynchronous, "pigeons") and evening ("owls").
 The research was conducted on the basis of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery on the basis of KU "Poltava Regional Clinical Hospital. M.V. Sklifosovsky Poltava regional council ". A total of 20 patients took part in the study. To study the materials, we analyzed patients who were hospitalized for routine surgery for congenital neck cysts and scalp and neck tumors.
 According to the obtained clinical data for the 180th day, we can say that in patients of the first group of the first subgroup, and patients of the second subgroup who underwent surgery using placental cryoextract in the intraoperative period and electrophoresis with the above drug in the postoperative period scar formation was better than in patients with morning and evening chronotype of the second clinical group who underwent surgery according to the classical method without the use of additional preventive measures.
 Therefore, it should be noted that regardless of the established morning or evening chronotype in patients of the second group, it should be noted their difference in the data obtained in contrast to the first clinical group, which may indicate the need for additional preventive measures, both intraoperative and short and long postoperative , which is most relevant for people with a detected evening chronotype.

Toxicology of lunar dust in the aspect of possible occupational pathology of astronauts participating in an expedition to the Moon (review)

Introduction. Lunar dust is a new potentially dangerous factor to Russian space medicine, which astronauts participating in lunar expeditions will inevitably face when carrying out their professional activities. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the toxicity and danger of lunar dust, its classification as an occupational harmful and(or) dangerous production factor, characterization, and assessment of the likelihood of developing occupational pathology in acute, subacute, and chronic exposure are relevant. Furthermore, the solution of these tasks will make it possible to justify the appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures, the implementation of which is necessary both in the conditions of lunar expeditions and after returning from them. The study aims to evaluate the possibility of developing professionally caused diseases associated with the action of lunar dust in astronauts based on a comprehensive analysis of modern ideas about the biological effects and toxicity of lunar dust. Materials and methods. Scientists have summarized the data of domestic and foreign literature on the tox-icology of lunar dust, including general toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, local irritant effect, specific types of toxicity, bioavailability, and kinetics of lunar dust particles in the body. In addition, the authors analyzed the professional pathological aspects of the toxicology of lunar dust. Results. The researchers put forward an assumption about the ranking of target organs that are most vul-nerable in terms of the development of the immediate consequences of contact with lunar dust and con-cerning the delayed and long-term implications of such exposure. Based on the results of the analysis of literature data on the toxicology of lunar dust, the authors made a preliminary conclusion that as possible immediate and left effects of accidental and excess exposure to lunar dust, scientists consider allergic reactions, irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, respiratory disorders, mental and physical performance, as well as a decrease in radioresistance of the body. As a potential long-term pathology associated with the impact of lunar dust on the body of astronauts par-ticipating in lunar expeditions, scientists propose to consider fibrous changes in the lungs, pneumoconiosis, silcosilicatosis, pulmonary carcinogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, it is necessary to study the mechanisms and patterns of long-term effects of exposure to lunar dust on the body. Conclusions. Research on toxicological and hygienic rationing should be the basis for developing a set of sanitary and clean and therapeutic, and preventive measures to ensure the safety of participants of the expedition to the Moon in contact with lunar dust. In addition, it is possible to establish the official status of a harmful and(or) dangerous production chemical factor for lunar dust and identify and classify occupational diseases caused by contact with lunar dust.

ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF SLIPPED CAPITAL FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS. LITERATURE REVIEW

Aim: to describe the epidemiology, possible causes and predisposing factors for the development of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. To follow the evo­lution of classifications. Analyze indications for surgical treatment, as well as types of surgical treatment. Materials and methods: this review article analyzes the data of Russian and foreign literature on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Results: in view of the frequent distribution in the population, high risks of disability in pediatric patients, the issue of treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis remains very relevant. Many methods of surgical treatment have been proposed depending on the stage of the disease, however, they have their own advantages and disadvantages. Conclusions: Conservative treatment in the long term did not show good results, generally accepted, according to most sources of literature, surgical treatment is considered. The gold standard in the surgical treatment of the disease does not exist today, and the methods and tactics of treatment are being improved.

Cerebral stroke in patients with malignant neoplasms (literature review)

The article reflects the significant domestic and foreign literature data result on the development of cerebral stroke against the background of malignant neoplasm analysis and the identification of specific risk factors for brain acute vascular lesions in patients with cancer.Aim. Literature data analysis on cerebral stroke and specific risk factors for its development in patients with malignant neoplasms.Materials and methods. Domestic and foreign literature sources on the influence of oncopathology on the cerebral stroke occurrence subject were studied.Results. The presence of a malignant neoplasm seems to be an independent risk factor for death in patients with cerebral infarction, and its risk is the same in men and women. The main link in acute ischemic brain injury in patients with malignant neoplasms is the tissue factor expression that triggers a coagulation cascade with an increase in the level of D-dimer and other fibrin degradation products. Stroke risk is highest in the first 3 months after the detection of the tumor and significantly decreases by the year.Conclusions. Scientific research of the oncopathology on the cerebral stroke development influence mainly concern the hemostasis study without assessing its platelet component and the oncopathology type in this category of patients, but do not sufficiently reflect the structure of acute cerebrovascular accidents. Literature analysis showed the absence of studies on the relationship between the strokes’ frequency and histological and immunohistochemical data.

Сучасні аспекти діагностики та лікування хронічної травматичної енцефалопатії (огляд літератури)

Хронічна травматична енцефалопатія є надзвичайно актуальною медико-соціальною проблемою не тільки в Україні, а й в усьому світі. Стаття присвячена поглибленню знань про негативний вплив частих травматичних ушкоджень головного мозку при заняттях силовими видами спорту, які в подальшому трансформуються в хронічну травматичну енцефалопатію. Такі травми можуть завдавати непоправної шкоди внутрішньочерепним структурам, а наслідки заняття силовими видами спорту можуть бути зовсім непередбачуваними — від гострих ускладнень за типом струсу мозку до хронічних процесів, що призводять до деменції у спортсменів. У світових медичних і спортивних колах серйозно дискутуються питання безпеки занять спортом, запобігання травматизму, особливо ушкоджень мозку, та верифікації ранніх ознак травми головного мозку. У статті розглянуті основні патогенетичні, клінічні й терапевтичні аспекти порушень функціонування центральної нервової системи при даній нозології.

Альдостеронсинтаза, поліморфізм її гена CYP11B2 при артеріальній гіпертензії і асоційованих з нею кардіоваскулярних захворюваннях (огляд літератури)

В огляді надані дані зарубіжної та вітчизняної літератури щодо патогенетичної ролі альдостерону, рівнів альдостеронсинтази і поліморфізмів гена даного ферменту у хворих на різні форми артеріальної гіпертензії, при асоційованих з нею захворюваннях серця і судин, фібриляції передсердь, метаболічному синдромі, патології нирок, головного мозку. Розглядаються функції альдостерону, рівнів альдостеронсинтази і поліморфізмів гена даного ферменту в серцево-судинному ремоделюванні, можливості застосування даних маркерів для диференційно-діагностичних цілей, перспективи терапевтичного використання інгібіторів альдостеронсинтази серед різних категорій хворих з ознаками артеріальної гіпертензії.

Prevalence of herpes zoster virus reactivation in patients diagnosed with Bell's palsy.

Herpes zoster virus can cause inflammatory neuropathy of the facial nerve. However, studies evaluating the prevalence of this agent in peripheral facial palsy are heterogeneous regarding sample group selection, laboratory analysis method and variables studied. In addition, there are a lack of epidemiological data in the Brazilian population on this serological phenomenon in peripheral facial palsy. This study estimated herpes zoster reactivation prevalence in serological samples through chemiluminescence immunoassay for quantitative determination of specific antibodies directed against the virus. This cross-sectional study sought to determine the prevalence of viral reactivation by herpes zoster in subjects with idiopathic peripheral facial palsy through analysis of serological samples over a year. Forty-seven patients (32 females and 15 males) participated. Severe paralysis was more common in older patients (p = 0.017). Facial pain (p = 0.02) and vertigo (p = 0.001) were related to a worse evolution of facial palsy. The rate of serological reactivation of the virus was 12.76 per cent. The rate of serological reactivation of herpes virus in idiopathic peripheral facial palsy in our population is similar to foreign literature data, suggesting similar aetiological mechanisms in the genesis of this morbidity.

Rehabilitation of patients with chronic low back pain

Low back pain occupies one of the leading places among pain syndromes and is an urgent medical, social, and economic problem of our time. A review of modern domestic and foreign literature data on the features of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of chronic dorsalgia in patients with comorbid pathology was carried out. The article reflects the main etiological factors, describes the types of back pain: non-specific (musculoskeletal), radiculopathy, pain associated with potentially dangerous diseases, in addition, issues of the pathogenesis of pain syndromes are highlighted with an indication of nociceptive, neuropathic, psychogenic components. The most common comorbidity in patients with chronic pain in the lower back is characterized. Diagnostic algorithms for the problem under study, measures of drug and non-drug therapy, the possibility of practicing yoga for chronic lower back pain from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine are considered. It was stated that the treatment of chronic pain in the lower back should be individual, with an impact on different links in the pathogenesis of the pathological process. At the same time, the practice of yoga allows you to comprehensively influence the body at various levels: physical, psychological, mental. However, further research is required in this area.

The use of vitamin B12 in cancer patients

Based on the data of foreign and domestic literature, the question of the possible carcinogenesis of vitamin B12 and the expediency of its administration to patients with cancer who have neurological complications due to chemotherapy is analyzed. The absence of convincing direct evidence of the carcinogenic effect of cyanocobalamin has been demonstrated, as well as the reasonableness of drug correction of vitamin B12 deficiency in cancer patients in order to prevent the development of characteristic deficient neurological disorders. The question of the effectiveness of oral administration of cyanocobalamin at a dose of 1 mg per day is considered.

РЕФРАКТЕРНИЙ САРКОЇДОЗ ЛЕГЕНЬ: ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ, КРИТЕРІЇ ДІАГНОЗУ, ПОШИРЕНІСТЬ

Refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis is a variant of sarcoidosis defined as a condition in which glucocorticosteroids (GCS) in maintenance dose less than 10 mg daily (prednisolone equivalent) and methotrexate (MTX) including their combination are not sufficient to achieve clinical remission of the disease. Aim of study — retrospective evaluation of the prevalence of refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis based on assessment of outcomes of GCS and immunosuppressive therapy in patients with newly diagnosed disease. Materials and methods. We examined 250 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis (main group), 106 male (42,4 %) and 144 female (57,6 %), mean age 44 years (22–74). Stage ІІ was diagnosed in 237 (94,8 %) patients, stage ІІІ — in 13 (5,2 %). GCS therapy was conducted using methylprednisolone (MP) in 190 patients (Group 1 - GCS) according to statements of National clinical recommendations “Sarcoidosis” (2014). Initial dose of MP was 0,4 mg/kg daily during 4 weeks with subsequent tapering to maintenance dose of 0,1 mg/kg by the end of 6th month. MTX monotherapy (15 mg once a week) was conducted in 60 patients with contraindications or serious side effects of MP (Group 2 - MTX). In case of progression or lack of positive response to GCS (improvement) after 6 months of treatment, patients were switched to combination therapy: MP 12 mg daily plus MTX 10 mg weekly. Patients without contraindications or serious adverse effects of MP, failed on initially prescribed MTX, were also switched to combination therapy. Those cases, in which the progression or stabilization of disease was observed despite 6 months of combined therapy, were considered as refractory. For comparison of categorial data, presented as absolute value and percentage, χ2 Pearson’s test was used. All measurements were bilateral with the level of significance p < 0,05. Results. Resistance to GCS therapy (progression or stabilization on therapy) were observed in 55 (28,9 %) patients; cases of treatment failure were observed much more rarely (7 patients — 11,7 %; χ2 =7,302; р = 0,007), mainly in cases with macronodular parenchyma lesions. Considering combination therapy outcomes and MTX monotherapy treatment failure among patients with contraindications and serious adverse effects of GCS therapy, a refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis was registered in 27 (10,8 %) patients. Conclusion. Outcomes of GCS and MTX therapy in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis, conducted according to the international and national standards, confirmed the refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis in 10,8 % of cases, which corresponded to foreign literature data. Key words: refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis, diagnosis, prevalence, methylprednisolone, methotrexate.

Сучасні хірургічні методи лікування одонтогенних кіст щелеп (огляд літератури та власні дані)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the data of modern domestic and foreign professional literature, which are devoted to new surgical methods of treatment of odontogenic cysts, to highlight the results of own clinical studies on the effectiveness of developed methods of cystectomy in jaw bones and their anesthesia. Materials and methods. Analytical and bibliosemantic methods were used in the research. The search for scientific information on medical topics for the period from 2010 to 2021 was carried out in the databases of electronic searching systems. Results and discussion. The use of standard techniques of conduction anesthesia of the trigeminal nerve is not always effective during cystectomy in the lateral parts of the mandible, due to the variability of branching of the trigeminal nerve, the possibility of additional innervation of the jaw branch from the superficial cervical plexus. Taking into account these anatomical factors, it is painless to perform a cystectomy of odontogenic cysts on the mandible. During oronasal cystectomy of odontogenic cysts that have grown into the nasal cavity it is advisable to block the nasopalatine nerve in the middle nasal passage. Modified methods of marsupialization can be used as an independent method of treatment of odontogenic cysts of large size, or be combined with radical removal of the cyst membrane. The use of ultrasound medical techniques reduces the risk of damage to adjacent soft tissues during enucleation of bone membranes in complex topographic and anatomical areas. The use of modern laser technologies and medical radiophysical equipment can increase the effectiveness of surgical treatment of odontogenic jaw cysts. The use of endovideosurgery techniques reduces the percentage of intraoperative complications. The introduction of computer spatial imaging of anatomical objects in dental practice has made it possible to develop new surgical technologies for precision-guided osteotomy and resection of the tips of the roots of masticatory teeth adjacent to the shells of radicular jaw cysts. Conclusion. In modern clinical practice, technical developments are used, which are based on the latest advances in laser optics, radio physics, bioacoustics, computer technology, which minimizes injuries during cystectomy operations, reduces the frequency of intraoperative complications. Individual-anatomical features of innervation of the maxillofacial area should be taken into account during local anesthesia, cystectomy and cystotomy operations in the jaw bones

Остеоартроз та комбінована патологія: особливості патогенезу (огляд літератури)

The purpose of the study. Identification of key links in the pathogenesis, which will improve the diagnostic and treatment approaches in such patients. Materials and methods. Analytical and bibliosemantic methods were used in the research. Results. Modern scientists are actively discussing the problems of providing medical care to patients who, in addition to the underlying disease, have an aggravating effect of concomitant, combined pathology. Interestingly, in the publications of domestic literature we find the terms "combined", "concomitant", "combined" pathology. The English-speaking scientific community uses the terms - "comorbidity" when it comes to damage to 2 organs or systems and "multimorbidity" when more than 3 diseases. The problem of combined pathologies is one of the key in modern medicine. Osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases in Ukraine and around the world. Exhausting degenerative-dystrophic pathology, which is combined with high personal and socio-economic burden. According to the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the International Society for the Study of Osteoarthritis (OARSI), it is known that a middle-aged patient with osteoarthritis has 4 combined pathologies, including In addition to osteoarthritis, up to 8 other chronic diseases are diagnosed in old age. In clinical practice, a combination of this disease with hypertension and type 2 diabetes is often observed. However, there are still many differences in the opinion of scientists about the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis with combined pathologies. Conclusions. Scientific research in the modern world is aimed at studying the complex relationships between diseases that are often found in combination in the same patient. During the research the data of modern domestic and foreign literature were reviewed and analyzed and data on new ideas of common links in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which combines disorders in the system of oxidant-antioxidant, protease-antiprotease imbalance, proteolytic and fibrinolytic activities of blood plasma, changes in endothelial function, impaired mineral metabolism, the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the further development of chronic inflammation with the activation of cytokine synthesis. The information presented in the review is a reason to assume that the combined pathologies show the potential for complicating each other, complicating the diagnosis and treatment tactics

POSSIBILITIES OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POST-PANDEMIC GEORGIA

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an economic crisis in almost every country in the world and has exacerbated economic, social, cultural, legal, educational, and other problems. Artificial intelligence, as the technology of the future, offers new ways to solve the problems of the post-pandemic period, to make technological decisions, to develop business processes using modern innovative advances, to improve management processes, to improve medical services opportunity etc. Artificial intelligence is a field of special interest for researchers, one of the promising technologies of modern digital culture, which seeks not only to understand the nature of intelligence but also to create artificial systems with intelligent behavior. The potential of artificial intelligence can be harnessed in healthcare, agriculture, finance, energy, communications, economics, cybersecurity, and many more. However, artificial intelligence is associated with many risks, such as its use for criminal purposes, loss of jobs, or potential replacement. The main goal of the research is to determine the possibilities of introducing artificial intelligence systems in Georgia in the post-pandemic period, to select innovative approaches to increase economic efficiency, and to find ways to solve the postpandemic socio-economic problem. In the scientific paper, to determine the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the post-pandemic period and indepth analysis of the current situation, both Georgian and foreign scientific literature, studies, and statistical data were studied. Using quantitative-statistical research methods, some conclusions and recommendations were developed based on the sharing of existing practices related to the use the artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence plays a special role in the process of sustainable development of the post-pandemic economy and maximization of economic prosperity.

A Contemporary View on the Anatomy of Parotid Gland

One of the up-to-date issues of contemporary medicine is the study of the features of individual anatomical structure variability of various organs. In recent years, the incidence of parotid gland diseases has been rising. This phenomenon can be associated with an absolute increase in this organ pathologies incidence as well as with the development of additional methods of examination and visualization of the gland. Most pathologies of major salivary glands, in particular the parotid gland, require surgical treatment. Knowledge of topographical relationship of the parotid gland with the adjacent vessels and nerve trunks is utterly necessary for planning and performing surgical interventions and reconstructive operations in the parotid region. According to the statistics, surgical interventions on the parotid gland take the leading place among the causes of damage to the facial nerve branches. This fact may also prove a large variation in the syntopy of the facial nerve and the parotid gland. The paper reviews the data of native and foreign literature on the anatomy of parotid gland and the place of radiation research methods in the study of its topographical and anatomical features. The analysis revealed a wide range of anatomical norm of parotid gland in many parameters, including shape, linear size, blood supply, and topographical features. The practice of using anthropometric studies aimed at structuring the existing knowledge and narrowing the borders of anatomical norm for various organs proved to be successful. However, in the pool of scientific papers, we have not found similar studies concerning parotid gland. The facts mentioned above make the background and justify further studies of parotid gland in the context of normal individual variability.

Algorithm for torticollis diagnosis in children of younger age groups

BACKGROUND: Torticollis is a common term for abnormal head or neck positions. Torticollis can be due to a wide variety of pathological processes, from relatively benign to life-threatening. This syndrome is of particular relevance in pediatric practice and is often underestimated at the primary care level. AIM: To analyze the data of domestic and foreign literature on the etiopathogenesis and clinical features of various types of torticollis in children and develop algorithms for the differential diagnosis of torticollis in children of younger age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted in the open information databases of eLIBRARY and Pubmed using the keywords and phrases: torticollis, congenital muscular torticollis, non-muscular torticollis, acquired torticollis, and neurogenic torticollis, without limiting the depth of retrospection. RESULTS: Based on the literature data generalization, the classification of torticollis and the key directions of its differential diagnosis are systematized in tabular form. The range of differential diagnosis of torticollis is quite wide and has its characteristics in newborns and children of the first years of life, contrary to older children. The most common is congenital muscular torticollis. Concurrently, non-muscular forms of torticollis in the aggregate are not uncommon, more often with a more serious etiology, and require careful examination. Based on the analyzed literature, differential algorithms for torticollis diagnosis in children of younger age groups have been compiled. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the level of the knowledge of pediatric clinicians in the etiopathogenesis of torticollis syndrome will improve the efficiency of early diagnosis of dangerous diseases that lead to pathological head and neck positions in children.