Foreign Inclusions Research Articles

Linguocultural component of the kazakh-speaking inclusions

In the Kazakh community, the individual is part of several ethno-cultural collectives and can be the native speaker of several languages, cultures and worldviews. Understanding during intercul???tural communication is greatly facilitated by common cultural conceptualizations shared by interlocu???tors. Cultural and linguistic contacts lead to the emergence of phenomena in each of the linguocultures under the influence of another linguoculture. Foreign language inclusions are one of the means of trans???mitting standards and stereotypes of national culture, which makes it possible to speak of a linguocul???tural component as an integral part of their semantics. The material for the analysis was the words and expressions of the Kazakh language used in the Russian-language press and news Internet resources of Kazakhstan. The study showed that there was some linguocultural assimilation. In Russian linguoculture there appear inclusions bearing Kazakh cultural values. Semantic grouping of inclusions shows partial coincidence of word-realities and foreign-language inclusions. Inclusions from the Kazakh language are actively used to transmit the most important semantic, connotative values, cause an associative series, which is not always understood by the reader-monolinguist. Thus, due to the saturation of the Russian language with inclusions from the Kazakh language, the importance of linguistic monitoring of such a phenomenon in the conditions of contact position of two linguocultures increases.

The possibility to obtain ZnSe crystals with high structural perfection for cryogenic bolometric technics

In this work the samples of ZnSe zinc selenide crystal grown from the melt by Bridgman method from high-purity (chemical and radio) raw materials were studied for further use in experiments on the search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The microstructure of the test samples was studied. Chemical selective etching, first of all, has allowed to determine the nature of distribution and sizes of area twinning, as well as the etch pits along twins boundaries. It is shown the figures found by chemical etching are the dislocation exits to the studied crystal surface. The dislocation density was estimated by counting the dislocation etch pits on the plane perpendicular to the growth direction and was 104 cm-2. As a rule, thermophysical conditions of ZnSe crystal growth, as well as high concentration of foreign inclusions and impurities in the crystal significantly affect the formation of twins and growth dislocations and are the cause of the optical, electrical, and mechanical heterogeneity of the material. The optical and electrical characteristics of the samples were measured. The absorption bands observed in the optical transmission spectra of the visible and IR ranges gave important information about the presence of local defects and impurities in the crystal, namely in 470÷550 nm and 580÷650 nm regions – absorption by point defects and in 3÷15 μm region – Fe2+, CSe and CSe2 absorption. The total transmission level in the visible range reached 60 %, which is lower than the theoretical one and due to scattering by defects. The phonon thermal conductivity of ZnSe sample was measured in the temperature range 5÷298 K. Based on the approximation of obtained temperature dependences of the thermal conductivity, it was shown that the phonon mean free path at low temperatures is comparable with the distance between twins’ boundaries in the sample.

GRAPHICALLY UNADAPTED NEOBORROWINGS IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN MASS-MEDIA

The article considers the peculiarities of graphically unadapted neoborrowings – their semantics; methods of implementing into the text; the variety of graphic form – based on the material of Ukrainian e-Media (2016-2018). Although nowadays the analysis of new borrowings is permanently in sight of Ukrainian scientists; the activity of borrowing process in the Ukrainian lauguage causes the actuality of studinig the problem mentioned above. The object of the research is words and patterns; which reproduce graphic peculiarities of the language; from which they were taken (English; as a rule); that is written in Roman alphabet. The subject of the research is their semantics and it’s implementing into the text.Matters under inquiry deal with different language levels (words; collocations; sometimes – sentences) and are foreign language inclusions and barbarisms. These lexemes and constructions may be used in the texts of mass media either without any explanation (mostly it occurs to the phenomena with relatively high regularity of usage in Ukrainian in comparision with other GUBs) or with translation and / or semantization – interpretation of the meaning. If GUBs haven`t exact equivalents in the Ukrainian language; their meaning can be described in the text; sometimes – quite extensively. Naturally; among GUBs; as in any other groups of borrowings; the most frequently used are English borrowings; but sometimes they can represent other foreign languages. The goal of using GUBs in the texts of contemporary mass media is to underline their belonging to another language – to stress the reality of another country or demonstrate that the author of the text is aware of English collocations. On the whole most of studied new borrowings got a chance to enter Ukrainian speech due to their semantic fullness and effect of the principle of linguistic economy.

ELECTROLYTIC-PLASMA PROCESSING OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE NICKEL ALLOY CHS88U-VI AT ION-IMPLANT SURFACE LAYER MODIFICATION

The reliability and service life of gas pumping units (GPU) are largely determined by the presence, composition and quality of protective coat- ings created on the surface of the parts, especially on the most loaded ones - turbine blades. However, the service life of coatings containing mainly a complex of components of the Ni-Cr-Al-Y type is limited. The method of ion modification can significantly change the physical and chemical state of the surface and, as a result, increase the operating properties of the blade as a whole. Purposefully choosing atoms of dop- ing admixture and modes of irradiation using the ion implantation method, it is possible to provide high strength of the surface or subsur- face layer, change the concentration and spatial distribution of disloca- tions and other structural defects, ensure the formation of fine high- strength precipitates. Compared with traditional methods of chemical and thermal treatment, ion implantation can reduce the processing time by dozens of times and dramatically reduce the processing temperature. An important advantage of the method is the absence of an explicit phase boundary, a noticeable change in the size of the part. This circumstance allows to exclude the problems that have to be solved in the development of coating technol- ogy, such as providing adhesive strength, minimal impact on the strength properties of the part, compatibility with the base. The surface quality has a significant impact on the endurance limit and corrosion resistance of the GPU blades. The most promising method of surface treatment is electrolyte-plasma polishing (EPP) in neutral aqueous solutions of low concentration salts. As a result, the EPP from the surface removes several micrometers of the most rich in foreign inclusions and a polluted layer of metal, disappears directional anisotropy acquired during machining. The use of this meth- od before the hardening of ion implantation and the application of vacu- um ion-plasma coatings allows to combine in one operation degreasing, etching and activation of the surface, which in turn improves the effi- ciency of ion implantation, as well as improve the properties and adhe- sion of the coating to the base metal. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the effect of EPP on ion-implantation modification of heat-resistant Nickel alloy CHS88U-VI by lanthanum ions. It is shown that the com- plex processing of the alloy, including EPP, ion implantation of lantha- num ions, post-implantation annealing can improve such characteristics of the alloy as microhardness, fatigue and long-term strength. Investigations of the modes of complex hardening treatment of alloy CHS88U-VI. The optimal modes of EPP, ion implantation, post-implan- tation annealing were selected. The results of the research are planned for the introduction of the production and repair of parts of the GPU.

Effect of composition nonstoichiometry on the optical properties of titanium dioxide films

It is established that the mechanisms of light absorption in titanium dioxide films differ in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. In the near-infrared range of the spectrum, the contribution to the absorption coefficient made by the intrinsic defects associated with the nonstoichiometry of the film composition is dominant. At the same time, in the visible spectral range, the main contribution to absorption is most likely made by external defects, namely, foreign inclusions and impurities contained in the starting material for film deposition. It is shown that the introduction of monitoring of the photothermal signal from the pellets of the raw material makes it possible to minimize and stabilize the absorption in the visible region of the spectrum.

Nanopathology and its applications within the forensic discipline

The impact of nanopathology in medicine necessarily involves also the anatomo-pathological diagnostics, because of the current large spread of nanoparticles in the environment and the wide spectrum of correlated human diseases. The main entrance gates of nanoparticles into the body are respiratory inhalation, gastro-intestinal absorption and injection of polluted drugs. In all these cases, their penetration in the lymphatic or blood streams are possible, with subsequent systemic translocation. Different diseases can be generated by nanoparticles exposure, from a direct contact irritation to the onset of granulomatous diseases. Interestingly, they can also act as endocrine disruptors on the autocrine and paracrine systems. At cellular level, nanoparticles can damage the DNA content leading to a subsequent tumorigenesis. In the forensic setting, they can be searched in case of known exposure to inorganic particulate matter or in case of diseases of unknown origin, from granulomatous reactions to foreign inclusions in neoplastic tissues. The combined physical-histopathological studies allow to relate possible environmental/industrial pollution with the pathology and offer a novel tool for forensic investigations, but, overall, they represent new technical evidences for lawyers to present in a court.

Modeling of partial closure of slots system in perforated isotropic medium reinforced by stringers

On the basis of the methods of the theory of elasticity, a mathematical description of the model of partial closure of a system of slits in a perforated isotropic medium with foreign transverse inclusions is given. Such a medium can be considered as a perforated unrestricted plate, reinforced by a system of stringers of a very narrow cross section. It is believed that the medium is weakened by a periodic system of circular holes and rectilinear variable width slits. The variable width of the slits is comparable to elastic deformations. A method of solving the periodic elastic problem and an explicit method of constructing complex potentials corresponding to the unknown normal displacements along rectilinear slits are applied. General representations of solutions are constructed, that describe a class of problems with a periodic distribution of stresses outside circular holes and slits with contact zones. To determine the unknown contact stresses and sizes of contact zones, a singular integral equation is obtained, that reduces to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. The system of algebraic equations can be solved by the method of successive approximations. As a result, the contact stresses and sizes of contact zones have been found.

High-Temperature Filter Based on Silicon Carbide for Aggressive Fluids and Gases

In this paper, we developed a production method for items based on mesh silicon carbide that are suitable for cleaning aggressive fluids, melts, and gases from foreign inclusions at high operating temperatures. The resulting products can also be used for filtering fuel mixtures.

Research of frequency and amplitude-frequency characteristics of industrial ultrasound transducers for non-destructive quality control of materials

Ultrasonic pulse method is one of the effective methods of nondestructive quality control of materials. It is used to study a wide range of materials, when inspecting buildings and structures. Its use makes it possible to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics, the structure of materials, the presence of foreign inclusions. When this method is used to study the materials of the porous structure, and also when measuring the characteristics of the ultrasonic signal at considerable distances between the radiating and receiving ultrasonic transducers, a significant attenuation of the amplitude of the information signal is observed. In this case, its amplitude is often at the noise level. This can cause a decrease in the accuracy of the results. One of the directions of providing the necessary levels of accuracy, reliability of the measurement data is the use of the frequency characteristics of the receiving and transmitting path of the monitoring and measuring devices. One of the elements of this path is ultrasonic transducers. The article presents research of frequency and amplitude-frequency industrial ultrasonic transducers made of lead zirconate titanate with specified nominal frequencies of 60, 100 and 150 kHz. Based on the analysis of the research results, conclusions were drawn and recommendations developed aimed at solving the problem of increasing the accuracy, reliability and validity of the measurement results. The solution of this problem will ensure an increase in the accuracy of the control of the quality characteristics of the materials under study ‒ their structure, physical and mechanical characteristics. This research can be used to improve the control and measuring equipment by which this method of non-destructive control is realized.

Виявлення та видалення сторонніх включень, як критичні контрольні точки у планах НАССР для м'ясопереробних потужностей

Виявлення та видалення сторонніх включень, як критичні контрольні точки у планах НАССР для м'ясопереробних потужностей

Иноязычные вкрапления в прозе Э. А. По и их русская переводческая рецепция

Иноязычные вкрапления в прозе Э. А. По и их русская переводческая рецепция

The Need to Provide Internationally Comparable Accounting Information and the Application of IFRS: Empirical Evidence from German Private Firms

Our study, which is based on a survey carried out among German private firms, aims to ascertain which characteristics determine private firms’ need for providing internationally comparable accounting information and whether or not those firms that perceive such a need actually apply IFRS voluntarily. The relevance of equity from foreign investors and inclusion within an international group are positively associated with this perceived need, whereas international operating activities and a firm’s size are not. Regarding the voluntary adoption of IFRS, both the perceived need and also the interaction between size and need are significant. Our results show that smaller firms, despite perceiving a need for providing their stakeholders with internationally comparable accounting information, often do not apply IFRS.

Ice crystal growth under the presence of krypton and methane at low temperature

To investigate the influence of foreign gas inclusion on the crystallization of ice, we studied the low-temperature (74 < T < 160 K) vacuum deposition of water molecules mixed with Kr or CH4 in a wide range of H2O/gas mixing ratios (0.004 < R < 4) by means of in-situ X-ray diffraction. When H2O vapor containing either Kr or CH4 was condensed onto a cold substrate, ice Ih crystals were found to grow below 130 K in a film of amorphous solid water (ASW), whereas pure H2O gas formed only ASW below 135 K. Small to moderate concentrations (R > 0.2) of Kr and CH4 enhance the formation of ice Ih and increase the crystal size, while at high foreign gas contents (R ⩽ 0.2) that may develop Kr or CH4 crystals below 92 K, the crystal size and relative amount of ice decrease strongly. The maximum ice Ih crystal size in the order of 200 nm was observed with either Kr or CH4 at 92 K for R = 0.2. We propose that Kr and CH4 induce the crystallization of ice by acting as a surfactant.

Nondestructive evaluation of glass fiber honeycomb sandwich panels using reflective terahertz imaging

The glass fiber honeycomb sandwich panel is an efficient structural configuration which has been widely used in several designs related to air, sea, and land transport systems. Terahertz time domain spectroscopy technology is an effective supplementary method for nondestructive evaluation of composites. Terahertz time domain spectroscopy imaging technology in the reflection configuration was employed to detect the defects of glass fiber honeycomb sandwich panels, such as a skin-core debonding and a foreign inclusion. It was shown in systematic experimental investigation that different defects were detected through terahertz imaging based on different parameters, which were obtained by comparing and analyzing the waveforms in time and/or frequency domain between normal and defective regions of the sample.

The spectrum, radiation conditions and the Fredholm property for the Dirichlet Laplacian in a perforated plane with semi-infinite inclusions

We consider the spectral Dirichlet problem for the Laplace operator in the plane Ω∘ with double-periodic perforation but also in the domain Ω• with a semi-infinite foreign inclusion so that the Floquet–Bloch technique and the Gelfand transform do not apply directly. We describe waves which are localized near the inclusion and propagate along it. We give a formulation of the problem with radiation conditions that provides a Fredholm operator of index zero. The main conclusion concerns the spectra σ∘ and σ• of the problems in Ω∘ and Ω•, namely we present a concrete geometry which supports the relation σ∘⫋σ• due to a new non-empty spectral band caused by the semi-infinite inclusion called an open waveguide in the double-periodic medium.

Development and analysis of mathematical models for the process of thermal conductivity for piecewise uniform elements of electronic systems

We examined linear and non-linear mathematical models for the thermal conductivity process in the elements of electronic systems, which are described by a layer and a piecewise uniform layer with a through foreign cylindrical inclusion, with a concentrated heat flow at one of their boundary surfaces. Classical methods cannot resolve boundary problems of mathematical physics, which correspond to these models, in a closed form. In this connection, thermophysical parameters for piecewise uniform media are described by using generalized functions as a single entity for the entire system. As a result of this approach, we obtain one equation of thermal conductivity with generalized derivatives for the entire system with boundary conditions at the boundary surfaces of inhomogeneous media. In the classic case, the process of thermal conductivity would be described by a system of equations on thermal conductivity for each of the elements of heterogeneous medium under conditions of perfect thermal contact at the conjugating surfaces of dissimilar elements and boundary conditions at the boundary surfaces of non-uniform media. For a case of nonlinear models, which are more accurate than the linear ones, one of the conditions of a perfect thermal contact, namely equality of temperatures at the conjugating surfaces of dissimilar elements of the structure, cannot be used in the process of linearization of nonlinear boundary problems that correspond to these models. In this regard, in the present study we propose approaches that make it possible to solve such type of boundary problems in mathematical physics.

Investigation of Temperature Fields in a Heat-Sensitive Layer with Through Inclusion

We consider a nonlinear axially symmetric boundary-value problem of heat conduction for a heat-sensitive isotropic layer with through foreign cylindrical inclusion. A heat flux is concentrated on one of the boundary surfaces of this inclusion. By using an introduced linearizing function, we perform partial linearization of the initial problem. As a result of piecewise linear approximation of temperature on the boundary surface of the inclusion, the boundary-value problem becomes completely linearized. With the help of the Hankel integral transformation, we obtain a numerical-analytic solution of the problem of determination of the linearizing function. We also present the computational formulas for temperature in the case of linear temperature dependence of the coefficients of thermal conductivity of structural materials. We also compute and analyze the temperature field in the “layer–inclusion” structure (the materials of the layer and inclusion are VK94-I ceramic and silver, respectively).

Писательский метаязыковой комментарий и его роль в понимании текста (на примере произведений русской литературы XIX в.)

The article concerns all types of metalinguistic commentary given by the authors of Russian literature of the XIX century. The metalinguistic commentary makes the text understanding easier. The aim of this article is to analyze the metalinguistic methods of entry the foreign language inclusion, ideologemes, which are important for understanding the authors position and view of the world. The research shows all types of metalinguistic commentary which were defined based on different factors, namely according with the language used for translating the lexical unit; the sphere of usage; the authors semantization as well as defining the lexical unit type and his attitude to it. The article demonstrates the perspective of research, which means the comparison of the texts of different style, regarding the metalinguistic commentary in usage of sociolects, the analyses of the type of foreign language in the bilingual writers.

Influence of electric field direction of terahertz radiation on composite materials

Terahertz waves (T-ray) for the non-destructive evaluation were investigated on composite materials. The modalities of the T-ray radiation used were time domain spectroscopy and continuous wave for composites. The composite materials are composed of non-conducting polymeric composites and carbon fiber composites. T-ray signals in the time domain spectroscopy mode resembles that of ultrasound; however, unlike ultrasound, T-ray pulse can detect a crack hidden behind a larger crack (shadow effect). Thick glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates containing double-saw slots was demonstrated. Also, in carbon composites the penetration of T-ray waves was investigated in order to detect flaws is strongly affected by the angle between the electric field vector of the terahertz waves and the intervening fiber directions. Other composites tested in this study include both solid laminates and honeycomb sandwiches. The defects and anomalies investigated by T-ray were foreign material inclusions, simulated disbond and delamination, mechanical impact damage, heat damage, and water or hydraulic fluid ingression. The intensive characterization of T-ray for the non-destructive evaluation of composites are being discussed.

Surface Modification of Space-Related Flat Cable Conductors by a Novel Technological Process

Results of making surfaces of flexible cable conductors, used for solar arrays in geostationary orbit, charge dissipative by a specially developed method of ion-beam surface treatment with simultaneous surface renewal are presented. All flexible cable conductor surfaces, including those with rough morphology and foreign inclusions, achieved surface resistivity of . at room temperature and kept charge dissipation in a wide space-related temperature range. A testing space qualification program confirmed all treated flexible cable conductors being resistant to thermal cycling and humidity, mechanically durable, and radiation resistant in geostationary orbit. All flexible cable conductors successfully survived 15 years space-equivalent geostationary orbit imitating testing. A comparison of beginning- and end-of-life characteristics of original and treated flexible cable conductors after this testing confirmed additional decrease of surface resistivity and almost equal final thermal-optical characteristics. Electrostatic discharge testing in a geostationary orbit charging testing facility demonstrated the long-lasting charge-dissipation properties of the treated flexible cable conductors, fully preventing them from building up critical charges in geostationary orbit environment, when a reliable grounding path is ensured for the surfaces.