Foreign Exchange Earnings Research Articles

The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Shrimp Production in Ecuador End Esmeraldas

Objective: The aim of this work is to demonstrate how the intensive exploitation of the mangrove ecosystem through extensive shrimp farming for export has destroyed the livelihoods of the communities that are its historical users. Theoretical Framework: This section presents the main concepts and theories supporting the research. Shrimp farming production in Ecuador and its impacts are highlighted, providing a solid foundation for understanding the research context. Method: The methodology used in the development of the research consisted of the review of secondary information (statistics) and fieldwork in the communities. Results and Discussion: The most important results obtained are: a) shrimp farming is the third and sometimes the second largest foreign exchange earner for the country, b) this activity has had a severe impact on the ecosystem. From 1960 to 1999, its surface area decreased from 206,009.30 to 149,974 hectares. In Esmeraldas, it was reduced by 84.5% of its surface area, and 90% of the companies that were established did so illegally. The most important conclusion of the study is that the destruction of the mangrove ecosystem has deepened poverty due to Unmet Basic Needs in the communities, reaching 99.3% in Eloy Alfaro, 97.6% in Muisne, and 93.5% in San Lorenzo. Furthermore, the destruction of the mangrove ecosystem puts riparian communities at severe risk of flooding, especially now that we are approaching an El Niño climatic phenomenon. Implications of the Research: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing information on how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of economic and environmental impacts of shrimp production. These implications could encompass the communities or regions where shrimp are produced. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by determining the damage to the ecosystem caused by this economic activity. The relevance and value of this research are evident in explaining how the results can impact the area of study or professional practice.

PENGARUH MANAJEMEN LABA, STRUKTUR MODAL DAN PERTUMBUHAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DENGAN PROFITABILITAS SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in advancing Indonesia’s economy and enhancing foreign exchange earnings through labor absorption. This study aims to examine the influence of Earnings Management, Capital Structure and Company Growth on Firm Value with Profitability as an Intervening Variable in Agricultural Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stok Exchange during 2020-2022. The research employs a quantitative method. This study’s data analysis and hypothesis testing utilize Structural Equation Modeling – Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The hypothesis results using indicate that Earnings Management significantly negatively impacts Profitability, Capital Structure has a positive but not significant impact on Profitability, while Company Growth has a negative but not significant impact on Profitability. Additionally, Earnings Management has a significant positive impact on Firm Value, Capital Structure has a positive but not significant impact on Firm Value, and Company Growth has a significant positive impact Firm Value, Profitability has a significant positive impact on Firm Value. The results of the indirect effects hypothesis testing show that Earnings Management has a negative but not significant impact on Firm Value through Profitability, Capital Structure has a positive but not significant impact on Firm Value through Profitability and Company Growth has a negative but not significant impact on Firm Value through Profitability.

Rancang Bangun Layanan Pengaduan Wisata Berbasis Web Dengan Pendekatan UML Pada DINBUDPAR Rembang

Rembang Regency has approximately 39 tourist attractions, where these tourist spots were found to have numerous visitors each month in 2023. This is crucial in boosting the country's foreign exchange earnings. However, public service management at the Rembang Regency Department of Culture and Tourism still employs conventional methods perceived as inefficient and time-consuming, especially in the complaint handling service. Whereas complaints services can be a forum for tourists or the surrounding community to contribute in providing complaints about the tourist attractions they visit. Therefore, researchers leverage technological advancements to design a web-based tourism complaint service information system for the relevant department. Using UML modeling method, CodeIgniter framework version 3, Bootstrap version 4.4.1, PHP programming language, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and MySQL for database connectivity, this research aims to be implemented so that the department can efficiently manage complaint services and respond promptly.

Enhancing textile wastewater sustainability through calcium hypochlorite oxidation and subsequent filtration with assistance from waste blast furnace iron slag

AbstractThe textile industry is vital to Bangladesh's economy, employing over three million women and being the top foreign exchange earner. However, it severely impacts the environment because of untreated wastewater discharge. High treatment costs, reliant on expensive imported chemicals, worsen the issue. The Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) 2023 of Bangladesh requires textile wastewater discharge to have a colour of less than 150 Pt‐Co, which current systems struggle to meet affordably. A pilot project tested a sustainable solution using chemical oxidation with calcium hypochlorite and sand filtration with blast furnace iron slag. This method effectively removed colour, and the treated water showed total dissolved solids (TDS) levels of 157 ± 4 mg/L, total suspended solids (TSS) levels of 8 ± 2 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of 9 ± 3 mg/L, with reductions of 92%, 87% and 94%, respectively, making it a viable solution for resource‐limited economies.

Evaluating the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Sustainability of International Trade in Agricultural Products in the Context of Crisis Management: An Assessment of the Agricultural Product Exporting Sectors in Antalya, Türkiye

This study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sustainability of international trade in agricultural products through semi-structured, in-depth interviews, focusing on businesses engaged in agricultural product exports in Antalya within the context of crisis management. While Türkiye ranks tenth in the world and first in Europe in terms of agricultural output, Antalya, one of Türkiye’s most economically significant cities, is among the top contributors to Türkiye’s economy in terms of foreign exchange earnings from agricultural product exports. According to the findings of the study, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the importance placed on the sustainability of agricultural product export activities. Türkiye’s prioritization of agricultural production and export has allowed the agricultural sector to positively differentiate itself from other sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic, turning the crisis into an opportunity. On the other hand, disruptions in global supply chains and increases in logistics and transportation costs due to the pandemic have led to various challenges to the sustainability of sector activities. Moreover, the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as increases in global and national inflation rates and particularly rising fuel and product prices, have resulted in sustainability problems in the agricultural product export sector’s activities today. To ensure the sustainability of activities in the post-pandemic period, effective crisis management strategies and planning are needed. However, according to the study’s results, the issue of crisis management in the agricultural product export sector has not received sufficient attention. To raise awareness about crisis management and ensure productivity, competitive advantage, and sustainability, increasing government support, establishing sectoral cooperation for joint action, and fostering collaboration between the private sector, public sector, and universities could be beneficial.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED SUSTAINABLE COTTON CROP PRODUCTION USING REMOTE SENSING DATASET

The decline in cotton production in Pakistan has directly impacted the country's foreign exchange earnings, plummeting from twelve million bales in 1991, the number decreased to four million bales in 2020. Considering a substantial portion of Pakistan's exports are linked to the textiles area, with 40% of jobs tied to production, this decline is concerning. Factors such as climate change and changes in biotic and abiotic stresses have contributed to substantial losses in cotton production. In Pakistan, where 90% of farmers face resource constraints, there is a pressing need for more accurate mechanisms to understand the challenges in crop production. Timely acknowledgment and adoption of more flexible approaches to irrigation, fertilizer application, and pest and disease control are crucial. Excessive use of pesticides has exacerbated the situation, leading to the development of resistance among pests and diseases. Traditional visual inspection methods alone are insufficient for predicting crop health effectively, resulting in deprived crop yields and financial losses for agrarians. Enhancing crop health condition requires leveraging information gathered from remote sensing and terrestrial sensors, along with truth field surveys. By processing this data through tools like the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) and employing machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks, more accurate local and field-level advice can be provided to farmers. This approach aims to optimize crop management practices, reduce losses, and ultimately improve farmers' incomes.

Analysis of the length of stay of tourists in Mataram City

West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia which in its development istargeted to become a national tourism gate with other provinces in the Nusa Tenggara region. NTB Provincewith the tagline "Pesona Lombok Sumbawa" has a lot of potential for natural beauty and local culture for localand foreign tourists. Despite the state of NTB tourism which is struggling from the impact of the Lombokearthquake in 2018, the tourism sector by the Tourism Office continues to make efforts to design theimprovement and recovery of the creative industry and tourism in NTB.. The world's growing tourism sectorhas a real impact on economic growth and increased foreign exchange earnings, and Indonesia is no exception.Tourist length of stay is the number of nights or days spent by a foreign tourist outside of his or her country ofresidence). This research aims to find a model to see and measure the level of willingness of tourists to stay ina destination will be interesting and help provide an overview for stakeholders in the tourism industry. So, withthat in mind, this research method uses a quantitative approach, the population and sample in this study were52 respondents with research locations in the city of Mataram. the results of this study indicate that 1) Thelength of stay of Mataram City tourists during 2022 is 0.91 days. This has increased when compared to thelength of stay of tourists in 2021 which is around 0.87 days; 2) The average length of stay of foreign tourists instar hotels is 1.02 days. Meanwhile, the length of stay of domestic tourists in star hotels is 0.84 days; 3) Theaverage length of stay of foreign tourists in non-star hotels is 0.82 days. While the length of stay of domestictourists in non-star hotels is 0.95 days;Keywords: Length of Stay, Tourists, Mataram City

Análisis de los principales indicadores socioeconómicos del sector agropecuario ecuatoriano (2000-2022)

The agricultural sector in Ecuador, a key player in the country’s economic system, is currently facing important challenges that threaten the sustainability of production. Consequently, the objective of this research was to analyze the main socioeconomic indicators of the Equatorian agricultural sector during the 2000-2022 period. Using a descriptive methodology with quantitative and analytical-synthetic methods, information was sourced from BCE and INEC. Results show that agricultural activities contribute 7.92% to Ecuador’s GDP, generate 35% of foreign exchange earnings, and yield 94.84% of the food consumed by the population. However, agricultural production is concentrated on a few primary goods. In addition, the agricultural frontier has been reduced in recent years, there is evidence of a process of disinvestment by the State in the agricultural sector, and the agricultural GDP growth rate shows a downward trend. Therefore, current administrations in Ecuador have not attempted to change to a model that would honor the efforts of the rural population.

Analysis of Strategies of Geo-tourism Development in Boyolali, Indonesia

Abstract Tourism emerges as a promising avenue for foreign exchange earnings, distinct from the oil and gas sector, playing a pivotal role in economic development. Boyolali Regency boasts an abundance of natural, cultural, and historical treasures, serving as the fundamental basis for crafting sustainable policies in tourism development. This study adopts a descriptive approach, employing data collection methods such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The analytical tool utilized is SWOT analysis. The research findings reveal that: (1) Boyolali possesses significant tourism potential primarily in its natural assets, (2) Strategies to elevate tourism potential in Boyolali encompass the enhancement of facilities and infrastructure at tourist sites, increased community participation, and improved marketing approaches, (3) Obstacles in the tourism development of Boyolali encompass a lack of collaboration with the private sector, insufficient infrastructure, suboptimal security, and inadequate promotional efforts.

Analysis of Export Opportunities and Performance in India

Export refers to a product or service produced in one country but sold to a buyer abroad. Exports are one of the oldest forms of economic transfer, growth and occur on a large scale between nations. India's share of merchandise exports amounted to around 1.6 percent of the total global exports. Moreover, the share of commercial service exports from the country was higher at 3.5 percent during that same period. Exports have played an increasingly important role in India’s economic growth in the last two decades. Increasing demand and Growing population have an immense scope for international trade. Through international trade countries have started to export their surplus commodities that are produced to satisfy the unlimited and scare wants of the particular commodity in another country. In this paper we will be go through various opportunities available for exports from India. We could significantly expand markets, increase economic growth and opportunities, leaving less dependent on any single one. Greater production can lead to larger economies of scale and better margins. Research and development budget could work harder as you can change existing products to suit new markets. Exports provide the basis for sustainable development by earning necessary foreign exchange for the country to import necessary products. India has a wealthy history of International trade and is steadily working to harvest the benefits in the best possible manner. Growth of any developing country is direct related to its exports. If exports are greater than imports then nothing can stop a country from being a developed one. But on the other hand if there is instability in exports or if the exports of any developing country are less than its imports then it adversely affect the process of its economic development. Decrease in exports means low foreign exchange earnings which means less purchasing capacity of a country in the international market

Pentahelix Stakeholder Synergy in a Public Communication Perspective to Realize Digital Tourism

The tourism industry in Indonesia was the second-largest contributor to foreign exchange earnings, which absorbed approximately 10% (13 million workers) of the total national workforce in 2019. However, COVID-19 led to a drastic decline in tourists visiting Indonesia. The number of tourists in West Sumatra Province decreased by more than 50%, while the city of Padang experienced a decrease of more than 75% for foreign and 50% for domestic tourists. To solve this problem, the Padang City Tourism Office devised an alternative solution using digital platforms. The Padang City Tourism Office launched an application called SIDETA (Tourist Destination Information System), which contains information about tourism in Padang. This research aims to investigate how the collaboration between the Padang City Tourism Office and other helix elements contributes to the realization of digital tourism in Padang City and analyze the obstacles and challenges faced by the Padang City Tourism Office in building synergy with other helix elements. This research uses a qualitative and quantitative research approach. Informants and respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Furthermore, three data collection techniques were used: surveys, rapid appraisal, and participatory methods. The results show that 75% of the helix elements in Padang's tourism sector are unaware of the existence of the SIDETA, and 94.2% admit to not being involved in the creation and development of the application.

Comprehensive Analysis of Production and Import Dependency of Pulses in India

Background: The multifaceted importance of pulses in India’s agricultural landscape is explored along with its implications particularly the surge in pulse exports to regions such as the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Africa. By highlighting India’s pivotal role as a global pulse producer and exporter, shedding light on its impact on foreign exchange earnings, employment generation, comprehensive analysis and overall economic growth is attempted. Two key objectives, relating to pulse production, import and export trends, the direction of pulse trade from India to major importing countries, through Markov Chain Analysis, market dynamics are uncovered. Methods: The data on pulses production and export in terms of quantity and value in India were collected from secondary sources. Result: Pulse production remained relatively stable with moderate variability, exports experienced significant fluctuations, particularly in pulse quantities and values. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) analysis confirms consistent production growth, with pulses showing positive CAGR figures. Impact of interaction between area and yield was significant as compared to area and yield independently. Pulse exports saw steady growth in both quantity and value. Further, The Markov chain analysis underscored Pakistan’s stability as a primary export destination, while Bangladesh, the UAE and others exhibited varying degrees of export retention probabilities. Overall, the data reflects a stable domestic production environment and an increasingly dynamic international pulse export market for India.

Convergence of aquatic products consumption: A disaggregated analysis in European countries

Several benefits of consuming fishery and aquaculture products have been documented by the extant literature. However, the literature has been largely silent on few dimensions of aquaculture products, including the convergence of aquatic products consumption. An importance of investigating the convergence of aquatic products is that it provides hindsight on which countries should be the focus of exporters of the products. Convergence analysis of aquatic products consumption provides information that is relevant to the need to boost local production of aquatic products, and to conserve foreign exchange earnings. The aim of this study is to investigate the convergence of total aquatic products consumption per capita in 27 European Union countries plus United Kingdom, during 1993–2019. We have further considered the convergence of the components of total aquatic products consumption, which include aquatic animals, cephalopods, crustaceans, demersal fish, freshwater fish, marine fish, molluscs, and pelagic fish. Additionally, we have examined conditional convergence by evaluating the determinants of convergence of total aquatic products consumption. Using recently introduced unit root tests that provide for both smooth and sharp breaks, the results provide support for stochastic convergence of total aquatic products consumption per capita. Using a new conditional convergence approach, the analysis demonstrates that population growth rate, real gross domestic product, and prices of aquatic products are factors that enable the convergence of total aquatic products. The results are not materially different across the components of total aquatic products consumption. The implications of the results are discussed in the paper.

A Study On Impact Of Exchange Rate Fluctuations On Indian Exports

The exports of a nation are advantageous to its growth as exports help expand and create a global market for locally produced goods, contributes towards the growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), assists a country earn foreign exchange reserves which could potentially be used to import necessary goods and services to the nation. One of the major ways of promoting exports is to devalue the home currency thereby making the exports cheaper for the potential importers allowing them to import a larger volume of goods from the home country i.e. a cheaper domestic currency increases the total volume of exports. This study takes into account Annual Exchange Rates and exports of different basket of commodities namely Chemical Products, Mineral Products, Precious Metals, Metals & Machines and estimates the existence of correlation between the two variables and estimate the impact of the independent variable (Annual Exchange rates) on the dependent variable (Basket of goods Exported). The correlation between the Annual Exchange rates and Chemical Products and Machines is positive and has a higher regression, the correlation value for Metals is positive. However, the regression is low and the significant value for Mineral Products and Precious metals is greater than 0.05 hence the correlation and regression will not be accepted.

Anti-black pod disease activity of leaf extract of Carica papaya Linn

BackgroundTheobroma cacao (Cocoa) is a major foreign exchange earner for Ghana. Over the recent decades, there has been a consistent decline in cocoa production in the country. A major contributing factor is the cocoa black pod disease caused by Phytophthora species. Synthetic fungicides have been used to control the pathogens over the years. However, recent calls for organic cocoa devoid of residues from synthetic fungicides, which are known to pose several health challenges as well as a negative impact on the environment, have gained attention. Thus, inviting investigations into more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides. ObjectiveThis study explored the inhibitory potential of crude extract from Carica papaya against cocoa black pod disease caused by Phytophthora spp. Material and methodsAn in-silico study was done using known phytochemicals from Carica papaya as ligands against a Phytophthora effector protein. Crude extracts were obtained from the plant materials using 70 % ethanol as the extraction solvent. The crude Green Leaf Extract (GLE), Aging Induced Chlorophyll Deficient Leaf Extract (AICDLE), and Matured Black Seed Extract (SDE) were tested in-vitro against pre-cultured P. palmivora and P. megakarya using the poison food technique. GLE was modulated with Delco, a synthetic fungicide, at different ratios which were tested in-vitro and in-vivo. ResultsA total of 16 ligands showed binding affinity higher or equal to the standard ligand, alliin, suggesting Carica papaya as a repository of anti-phytophthora agents. Assessment of crude extracts at concentrations 5–20 mg/ml showed fungistatic activity against P. palmivora and P. megakarya in-vitro. Modulation of GLE with Delco produced some combinations that made GLE fungicidal in-vitro against P. palmivora and P. megakarya with fractional inhibition concentration indices between 0.51 and 0.65, interpreted as partially synergistic. The in-vivo assessment of combination D (Delco and GLE in a 0.3 mg:3 mg per ml ratio) performed as well as Delco alone at the recommended dose of 5 mg/ml. Thus, combination D reduces the requirement for copper-based fungicide by over 90 %. ConclusionThis study shows Carica papaya in a new light as a potential material that could be formulated into a natural product-based fungicide for combating Phytophthora-induced black pod disease.

Exploring risky health behaviors and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among transnational undocumented labor migrants from Bangladesh: a qualitative study

BackgroundIn Bangladesh, remittances constitute a substantial portion of the country’s foreign exchange earnings and serve as a primary source of income. However, a considerable number of Bangladeshi citizens reside overseas without proper documentation, exposing them to significant challenges such as limited access to healthcare and socioeconomic opportunities. Moreover, their irregular migration status often results in engaging in risky health behaviors that further exacerbate their vulnerability. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the risky health behavior and HIV/STI susceptibility of Bangladeshi irregular international migrants residing across the globe with undocumented status.MethodsUsing a qualitative Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA), 25 illegal migrants were interviewed who are currently living illegally or returned to their home country. The author used a thematic approach to code and analyze the data, combining an integrated data-driven inductive approach with a deductive approach. Concurrent processing and coding were facilitated by employing the Granheim model in data analysis.ResultsThe study identified four risky health behaviors among irregular Bangladeshi migrants: hazardous living conditions, risky jobs, suicidal ideation, and tobacco consumption. Additionally, the authors found some HIV/STI risk behavior among them including engaging in unprotected sex, consuming alcohol and drugs during sexual activity, and having limited access to medical facilities.ConclusionsThe findings of this study can be used by health professional, governments, policymakers, NGOs, and concerned agencies to develop welfare strategies and initiatives for vulnerable undocumented migrant workers.

The Effect of the Tourism Sector on Labor Absorption in Sumbawa Regency

Tourism plays an important role in the Indonesian economy both as a source of foreign exchange earnings and as a creator of employment and business opportunities. This study aims to determine how much influence the number of hotels, the number of restaurants, the number of tourist objects, and the number of tourists have on labor absorption in Sumbawa Regency. The method used in this research is quantitative research method. The data used is secondary data taken from the Nusa Tenggara Barat Provincial Statistics Agency, the Sumbawa Regency Statistics Agency, and the Sumbawa Regency Youth, Culture and Tourism Office. The data analysis method uses multiple linear regression through the eviews10 program. The data in this study are time series data (data from 2013-2023). The results of this study indicate that the variables of Number of Hotels, Number of Restaurants, Number of Tourist Objects, and Number of Tourists have a positive and significant effect on Labor Absorption in the tourism industry in Sumbawa Regency. From the test value of the coefficient of determination (R2) that the variable effect of the number of hotels, the number of restaurants, the number of tourist objects and the number of tourists on the labor absorption variable produces a value of 0.94051 or 94%. While the remaining 6% is explained by other variables that do not exist or outside the study.

The Competitiveness Of Indonesian Frozen Shrimp (HS030617) Export in European Market

Shrimp is one of the top ten major commodities that significantly contribute to foreign exchange earnings in the fisheries sub-sector. Indonesia is among the world's fourth-largest exporters of frozen shrimp commodities. The European market holds a 25% share as one of the main global importers of shrimp products. The research method employed includes Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to analyze competitiveness through comparative advantage and Export Product Dynamic (EPD) to assess competitive positions in the European market from 2018 to 2022. The research results indicate that Indonesian frozen shrimp (HS 030617) exhibits high competitiveness in the European market, except in Italy and Spain. Meanwhile, through competitive advantage, the competitive export position of Indonesian frozen shrimp commodities (HS 030617) varies in the European market.

International tourism and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Kerala

AbstractThis study evaluates the trend and growth pattern of international tourism and analyzes the impact of tourism on the economic growth of Kerala for the past four decades from 1980 to 2019. The time series analysis employed in this study uses the secondary data on Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of Kerala at constant prices, foreign tourist arrivals (FTA), and foreign exchange earnings (FEE) at constant prices, collected from various sources of the State and Central Government. The methodology of this study uses the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test for unit root, followed by the Johansen Cointegration test, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and the Granger Causality test. The results of the analysis reveal the existence of a positive and significant unidirectional long‐run causality running from tourism to the economic growth of Kerala and a bidirectional causal relationship between tourism development and the economic growth in the short run.

A seven-year analysis of the tourism sector of India with a prediction model—A case study of smart tourism

<p>The tourism sector requires an in-depth analysis and forecasting to bring a clear picture of various factors that affect the visit of foreign tourists to certain countries. In this context, the work carried out in this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the number of tourists to India and the revenue generated from them from the year 2014 to 2020. Furthermore, the analysis of different states of India to which the tourists visited the most and quarterly analysis of the tourists to India are also presented. The impact of corona pandemic on the tourism sector of India is also shown by comparing the number of tourists in 2019 and 2020. Support vector regression (SVR) is trained with the historical data of the number of tourists from 2001 to 2016 and validated for 2017 to 2019. This trained model is used to forecast the number of tourists from 2020 to 2023 to study the impact of corona pandemic on the number of foreign tourists to India. Similarly, the historical data of foreign exchange fees from 2001 to 2016 is used to train the model while it is validated with data from 2017 to 2019. This train model is used to predict the Foreign Exchange Earning (FEE) for the years 2020 to 2022. The actual FEE is compared with the predicted FEE to show the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the revenue generated from tourism by India.<strong></strong></p>