Foreign Environment Research Articles

Research in the Challenges Faced by Chinese Foreign Trade and Its Revelation

Over the past few years, a series of emergencies have again revived trade protectionism around the world, these events imposed huge problems and difficulties to global trade, which also negatively affected Chinas foreign trade market and related domestic industrial chains. Among them, the existence of green trade barriers and other non-tariff barriers not only increases the number of trade frictions but also puts forward higher technical and capital requirements for commodity processing. While the trend of trade protectionism also continues to influence the policies of some countries, adopting isolationism in Chinas foreign trade environment. Based on this situation, China should actively introduce professionals in various fields and try to promote the development of technology. Meanwhile, the government should also protect the rights of relevant parties or individuals through legal means by providing consultancy, perfecting trade legislation, and to encourage multi-party negotiation to better cope with various challenges in the field of foreign trade.

Foreign investment and environment in developing countries: A perspective from agricultural subsidy with foreign capital taxation

It is often difficult to improve the environment when attracting foreign investment in developing countries. Therefore, this paper develops a policy concept of subsidizing agriculture financed by foreign-capital income tax in developing countries, and explores whether it can improve the environment while increasing the inflow of foreign capital. To this end, we propose a general equilibrium model comprising the characteristics of developing countries and, account for the economic and environmental effects of this policy by using that model. It shows that both wage subsidy and interest subsidy, whether in the long run or in the short run, improve the environment, and promote the welfare conditionally. Most importantly, in the long run, the inflow of foreign capital can be increased under certain conditions.

Alexander Szalai: A Transsystemic Career and Hungarian Sociology in the Cold War Era

Abstract Through a detailed analysis of Alexander Szalai’s career as a major transsystemic academic entrepreneur in the Kádár era, this paper has been written to discern and assess how such activities impacted the ways in which science and scholarship worked at both sides of the systemic divide (the “Iron Curtain”). The single most important finding is the emergence of transsystemic spaces (fields), the undoing of national and systemic boundaries. These transsystemic configurations tended to provide social (formal and informal) frameworks within which reputations are generated and distributed, reputational hierarchies are established and reproduced. For scholars in the East such transsystemic spaces brought with them a great deal of good news: they could mean increased freedom and/or an unbiased assessment and genuine acknowledgement for what one has accomplished. Transsystemic fields brought with them a whole array of new (kinds of) opportunities. Acting as a nod of networks that generated transsystemic spaces could yield increased reputation and power at home. As all structures in the social world, however, transsystemic spaces could enable as well as constrain, they could propel you to the skies and might also crush you. As any other resources constituting social capital in academia, the space spanning along transsystemic networks of scholars and scientists could also be weaponized for the wrong purposes: they could enable impostors to acquire a status and reputation way over and above the person’s actual accomplishments, due to imperfect information available in foreign environments. Time would, of course, always show who they really are – but before that happens, they could bring havoc upon their field back home by distorted reputational hierarchies, by skewed distribution of competitive power between rivaling intellectual tendencies or “schools” and, eventually, by “paradigmatic” streamlining and contra-selection. This is, in a nutshell, what the story of A. Szalai shows.

경제자유구역 정주환경에 대한 외국인의 인식과 개선과제

This study was conducted to find out foreigners' perceptions and tasks of the settlement environment of free economic zones. The study selected Songdo International City in the Incheon Free Economic Zone as a spatial scope. Based on previous studies and development plans, a framework for analysis was created, and the contents were derived by analyzing based on the results of written interviews with 15 foreigners. Songdo International City in the Incheon Free Economic Zone was developed by encouraging foreign residents to use English as an official language, considering the residential environment of housing, cultural and sports facilities, medical, and education. In particular, problems with difficulty in communication appear in all issues, and it can be seen that conditions different from plans have been created, especially in areas where dependence on the private sector is high. As a result, public intervention in the housing sector, information systems, and environments in the official language, support systems for early resident settlement, and cultural exchanges were proposed to increase multicultural inclusion in the future. This study targets free economic zones developed by a special review of the foreign settlement environment, but this perception of foreign settlement needs to be considered in all regions at a time when foreign population growth is expected in the future.

Foreign Investment, International Trade and Environmental Sustainability: Exploring Ecological Footprints in 37 African Countries

Foreign Investment, International Trade and Environmental Sustainability: Exploring Ecological Footprints in 37 African Countries

Effects of Bilingualism on Students' Linguistic Education: Specifics of Teaching Phonetics and Lexicology.

In the study of English in a bylingual environment, issues related to the need to develop students' phonetic and lexical competencies, which include communication, phonetic and auditory skills and lexical sufficiency, are of particular relevance. The motive of this study is the need to improve the methodology of teaching English in the context of student immersion in a foreign language educational environment, by implementing additional thematic courses in the general educational program aimed at improving the phonetic and lexical competencies necessary for successful learning in a bilingual environment. The purpose of the article is to study the feasibility and effectiveness of studying phonetics and lexicology by students-translators who study in a bilingual educational environment. An educational experiment was conducted with the participation of 75 students-translators, in the educational process of which the disciplines of phonetics and lexicology were integrated for two academic hours per week for one year. The effectiveness of studying phonetics and lexicology within the framework of bilingual education has been proved and the skills and achievements of students that they have acquired in the process of bilingual education with an emphasis on phonetics and lexicology have been analyzed. Control tests yielded the following results: among the 46 Russian-speaking participants the percentage of English speakers at the C2 level was 7% (3 people), C1-79% (36 people), B2-14% (7 people). To achieve the most effective learning in a bilingual environment, especially when it takes place in a minority language, it is worth emphasizing students' learning of phonetics and vocabulary. Using this approach, students were able to form and develop a number of phonetic and lexical skills and improve academic performance.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN NATIONAL PATRIOTIC EDUCATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF ACCELERATION OF EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of educational mobility, which takes place in the options of an extreme situation and deep socio-cultural transformations of the 21st century. It is noted that modern mobility researchers agree on the possible two-fold impact of educational mobility on the life of society and a person: it can have both positive results and create many dangers and challenges. The actual problem of the non-return of a part of Ukrainian refugees who, through various international educational programs, became participants in external educational mobility, was considered. In the author’s opinion, when studying educational mobility, its nature, problems, risks of possible transformation into migration, it is worth taking into account the motivational component, mentality, and axiological factors. Attention is focused on the main models and scenarios of possible human behavior in a foreign cultural environment. It is highlighted that «real» mobility is not driven by selfish desires or mercantile interests, but by an understanding of the need to acquire new knowledge and experience for its actualization in one’s country. Therefore, the higher the level of national-patriotic education, the smaller the outflow of highly qualified specialists. Issues related to the formation of national consciousness, patriotism based on the latest theoretical and practical achievements of the democratic countries of the world are classified as acute problems that require prompt resolution. It was emphasized that an extreme situation does not automatically solve the problems of national-patriotic education. It should be carried out at all levels of national education, become the core of the humanitarian policy of the state and ensure harmonious and integral development of the individual. It is important that the content and form correspond to each other. It is emphasized that the content of national-patriotic education should include national ideas that can be manifested through culture, customs, language, history, religion, rituals, etc. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new effective forms and methods aimed at combating formalism in education, which will contribute to the formation of a patriotic person who, as a participant in educational mobility, will be able to integrate into a new socio-cultural space for him and will not become a seeker of happiness in a foreign land.

Տիգրանակերտ մայրաքաղաքի եւ Ամիդ քաղաքի նույնության մասին / On the Identity of the Capital of Tigranakert and the City of Amid

In issue 32 of the "Bulletin of Matenadaran", an article by Gor Yeranyan "The Armenian tradition of calling Amid Tigranakert" was published, in which the author, recognizing that the problem of localizing Tigranakert has not yet been resolved, nevertheless declares that the city of Amida cannot be Tigranakert, since so consider researchers "almost without exception", thereby ignoring published evidence to the contrary. And then he proceeds to clarify the cause, as he believes, of the “confusion”, as a result of which the Armenians began to believe that Amida is Tigranakert. However, in the realm of science, truth cannot be determined by vote. In this case, there are a number of facts that testify precisely to the identity of these cities. In particular, ancient evidence describing the features of the area where the Tigranakert battle took place – the direction of the Tigris River, the narrowness of the battlefield – point specifically to Amida. The message of Memnon is important, who, describing the attack of Lucullus on Armenia, writes about the city of Tigranakert, and, at the same time, also about another city, in which "Tigran keeps his concubines and many treasures." Meanwhile, the city where Tigran kept his concubines is the capital Tigranakert. Thus, Memnon simultaneously reports on two different Tigranakerts, which suggests that there may have been confusion, but it arose even in antiquity, among Greco-Roman authors who did not know about the existence of several cities of the same name. In addition, the very modern name of Amida – Diyarbekir, may be the result of a phonetically regular distortion in a foreign language environment of the name Tigranakert.

Assessment of Sustainable Supply Capability of Chinese Tin Resources Based on the Entropy Weight-TOPSIS Model

This study focuses on the issue of supply security in Chinese tin resources, conducting a comprehensive analysis encompassing supply security, demand conditions, market risk, and geopolitical stability. The study employs the AHP-Entropy Weight method to calculate the comprehensive weights of various indicators, revealing the sustainable supply capability of the resources and the challenges they confront. The research unveils that the domestic supply potential and the international commercial extraction environment are pivotal influences on the sustainable supply capability of tin resources. Firstly, since 2010, China has started to import net tin ores and concentrates, leading to a substantial increase in external dependency. However, China’s tin resource reserves have gradually decreased, posing challenges to the stability of the tin resource supply. Secondly, the stability of supply countries and the security of import channels critically affect the stability of the tin resource supply chain. A comprehensive analysis of the outcomes indicates a consistent decline in China’s sustainable tin resource supply capability since 2010, primarily due to the deterioration of resource supply conditions, growth in demand, and the escalation of geopolitical risks. Thus, the evolving foreign extraction environment, domestic resource supply potential, and the alteration in the global tin resource extraction landscape require significant attention.

INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN THE GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN

The construction sector plays a significant role in national economic development and accounts for a dominant portion of national economic growth. The international construction industry’s development has been explored from the perspective of the economy. Internationalization improves awareness about participation in international trade activities. This paper aims to quantify the internationalization of the construction industry in the global value chain. The sectoral participation index and interaction index are conducted to evaluate the internationalized degree of the construction industries. In the results, the distribution of the backward participation indices shows nearly all countries’ internationalization processes were still at the stage of benefiting from primary resources. The forward support index is easily influenced by the scale effect. The backward independence index accounts for a small percentage of national imports measured by value added. The main source of value-added supply was the local construction sector. This study proposes a comprehensive indicator to quantify the internationalization of the construction industries in the sight of national and global points. The references have a positive value for policymakers in the management of value-added flows in the international market and adjustment of the foreign trade environment.

Analysis of Tourism Copywriting for Chinese International Teachers from a Multimodal Perspective

International Chinese language volunteers often need to introduce Chinese tourism culture when teaching abroad. Due to the inability of learners to personally experience China in foreign environments, it can have a significant impact on teaching effectiveness. The multimodal form of combining images and text can more intuitively help overseas Chinese language learners understand and understand China, enrich their Chinese language learning after class, and satisfy their curiosity and longing for China. This article uses Halliday’s multimodal theory to organize and analyze 43 tourism texts edited by international Chinese language volunteers in teaching from four aspects: cultural level, contextual level, meaning level, and formal level. It also summarizes the precautions that Chinese language international teachers should pay attention to when writing tourism texts.

The system of exercises and tasks for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence of prospective teachers of the german language

Exercises and tasks serve as learning tools for modeling a foreign language environment, a motive for communication, and a tool for improving cognitive-communicative and metacognitive learning strategies. The article deals with the methodical features of compiling a system of exercises and tasks for mastering the German language in the context of intercultural communication. The article considers a system of exercises and tasks for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence of future teachers during self-study work. An analysis of the specialized literature was carried out, which became the basis for the theoretical justification of the developing and use of exercises and tasks for the formation of a cultural secondary language personality. The generalized system covers all types of speech activities and contains communicative, semi-communicative and non-communicative exercises of a receptive, reproductive and productive nature, with the aim of forming and developing language and speech foreign language skills and abilities, which are based on the intercultural aspect. The author gives a number of examples of exercises according to the determined levels of mastering German-language material, namely receptive, reproductive-productive and creative. The criteria for developing exercises have been specified: focus on receiving or issuing information; communicativeness; motivation; level of action management; presence/absence of a game component; presence/absence of visual and illustrative supports; method of performing the exercise; cultural and emotional orientation of exercises. The system of exercises consists of subsystems, the goals of which are aimed at mastering the German language skills and abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing. The specifics of using the acquired information for oral and written communication were studied. The article describes in detail the course of foreign language activities to ensure the consistent use of foreign language information for the purpose of acquiring cultural, linguistic, sociocultural knowledge and developing skills and abilities of intercultural communication. Special attention is given to the intercultural aspect of the content, the manifestation of which is the language and speech material, the communicative behavior of interlocutors during the intercultural communication. Interactive, innovative technologies and teaching methods are proposed for the effective application of exercises in order to optimize the educational process of future teachers during independent work.

Heterogeneous adaptability: Learning, cash resources, and the fine‐grained adjustment of misaligned governance

AbstractResearch SummaryWhen can a firm make fine‐grained adjustments to misaligned subsidiary governance? We examine whether and under what conditions a firm will adapt the equity stake it owns in a subsidiary, enabling improved alignment of the stake with the uncertainty in the local environment. We predict that the rate of adaptation of misaligned equity stakes depends on the experiential and vicarious learning from which the firm can draw, and that these learning effects are contingent on possessing fungible slack resources, specifically cash. Using a sample of 726 Japanese‐foreign subsidiaries established in 38 host countries over a 21‐year period, we find support in line with our predictions. Overall, this study explicates heterogeneous adaptability in subsidiary governance and similar strategic tasks.Managerial SummaryWhether due to suboptimal choices or changing conditions, firms must sometimes change how they relate with and control their subsidiaries. Whereas much research has addressed adaptation in the form of discrete changes in ownership mode, we examine under what conditions a firm can make fine‐grained adjustments to misaligned subsidiary governance. We argue that a firm can learn to make such adjustments, not only from its own experience but also vicariously by observing other firms in the same foreign environment. Furthermore, we consider whether cash is a valuable resource for this purpose. Overall, this study shows how firms can pursue strategic adaptation in subsidiary governance and related tasks.

Modern model of foreign language education: Principles of ecosystem approach

Introduction. The paper investigates peculiar features of the ecosystem approach to teaching foreign languages at university. The aim of the study is to summarize the ideas about the ecosystem in modern educational conceptions and language research, in the practice of implementing models of effective foreign language teaching. Materials and Methods. The author applies a systematic approach to the analysis of the concept ‘ecosystem’ being under consideration in modern educational research investigations, a scientific approach to substantiating the ecological views on investigating language skills, and an empirical approach to describing conditions of effective foreign language learning environment. Results. Summarizing the data obtained, the author has formulated the main principles of the ecosystem approach to foreign language teaching at university. Firstly, the educational ecosystem is centered around the learning situation with actively interacting students and their teacher. Secondly, the learning situation is gradually modeled by the teacher for each type of speech activity, taking into account the language proficiency and experience of students. Thirdly, teacher’s didactic and organizational competence contributes to interactions among students with indirect teacher’s intervention, as well as to learner autonomy and development of students outside the classroom. Fourthly, learning materials, corresponding to abilities and interests of students and mobile devices help students construct and navigate informative educational language environment. Conclusions. The article concludes that principles of ecosystem approach should be the basis of creating a new educational environment and designing a new educational model of teaching foreign languages at university.

Дагестанский государственный университет

The article analyzes the practical steps of UAE state institutions to encourage the development of tourism in the country, while observing a compromise between the forced liberalization of certain spheres of social life under the pressure of external and internal circumstances, and the preservation of Islamic canons as a dominant in the ideological and practical field. It is noted that the development of the tourist sector in UAE economy became possible due to the achievement of a balance between global trends and preserving a conservative way of life in the society based on the principles of Islamic ethics. The latter reveals itself in the corporate culture – voluntary corporate social responsibility, and a strict migration policy, known as kafala, which is a component of the industrial relations between the employer (contractor) and the migrant worker. The reduction of potential socio-cultural tensions as a result of the influx of tourists from a foreign cultural environment is achieved by the state not only through the implementation of various state programmes aimed at maintaining Islamic canons in the socio-economic and spiritual spheres of the country, but also through the achievement of broad awareness of those entering the country of the presence of a wide range of prohibitions and restrictions. The author concludes that the Islamic factor combined with a nationally oriented domestic policy can lead to impressive results in travel activities, as has been achieved in the UAE.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF UKRAINIAN APPLIED LINGUISTICS FOR TWENTY YEARS

A review of the scientific and methodological output of the teachers of the Department of Ukrainian Applied Linguistics for two decades was carried out. Established in 1996, the department has become a strategically important structural unit both for the popularization of the Ukrainian language in a foreign language environment and for the significant improvement of the scientific-instrumental level of professional speech of students of other faculties of the university. To ensure successful teaching work, it was necessary to have appropriate educational materials both for teaching the Ukrainian language to foreign students and for students of various professional fields, improving their mastery of the native (state) language and scientific and professional vocabulary. Among the publications of the department are textbooks, manuals, dictionaries, phrasebooks, materials for reading in a foreign-language audience, collections of scientific works, in which acute issues of the methodology of language teaching to foreigners were considered and are being considered, materials on linguistic and regional studies, which included texts on the history of Ukraine, its culture, art, folk traditions. The department became a pioneer in the development of national standards for the Ukrainian language for foreigners, developed a scale of levels of Ukrainian language proficiency, requirements for knowledge, abilities and skills of foreign citizens, which became the basis for both the Standard of the Lviv National University and the State Standard. In lectures and practical classes in a professional direction, the main attention is focused on the Ukrainian language course through the prism of language norms and special terminology in order to bring students closer to their future profession, to produce a literate, competent, highly cultured specialist. Key words: Ukrainian languageas a foreign language, Ukrainian language of specialization, business Ukrainian broad casting, scientific and methodical products of the department.

Women’s Protestant foreign mission work and settler state formation in Canada: A re-examination of the Scottish diaspora

ABSTRACT Renewed interest in empire and colonialism has transformed our understanding of transnational networks and processes of exchange, entanglement, and globalisation. However, colonial entanglement still conceals some significant players in globalising cultures. The Protestant women’s foreign missionary movement pioneered transnational activism by interweaving women’s empowerment in “foreign” and “home” environments into a single mission. Essential in developing conceptual and organisational frameworks to address “global issues,” the movement’s impact upon state formation was also profound. This case study of the Women’s Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church in Canada (1876–1914) combines global diaspora frameworks with local, regional, national, and gendered settler lenses. Close review of Scottish diaspora scholarship and a multi-scale approach to the WFMS’s engagement with social reform helps integrate siloed scholarships, revealing how local and foreign mission environments intersected and collaborated to fortify structures of Anglo-Protestant hegemony in Canada and globally.

An Application of the Input Hypothesis to the Teaching Design of English Reading Class in Senior High School

Reading as a form of input can provide students with a good foreign language environment, allowing them to improve their vocabulary, master fixed expressions, use grammar rules flexibly and appreciate the beauty of cultural differences without having to leave home.To maximize the benefits of the English reading, this study is expected to explore the distinguished teaching design based on the author’ s own experience in the competition because there is still a long way to go given the fact that nothing is consummate. Krashen’s “input hypothesis” are chosen to be the theoretical basis of the study for its sweeping impact on the area of second language acquisition and foreign language teaching. By clarifying the internal relationship between Krashen’s “input hypothesis” and English reading teaching design, reflecting and summarizing the actual situation of English reading teaching in senior high school, the study tries to put forward the ideal pattern of English reading teaching design in senior high school and gives some inspirations to teachers-college students majoring in English.

BUILDING UP VOCABULARY USING THE ROLE PLAY STRATEGY IN YOUNG ADULT LEARNERS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Vocabulary is considered as an essential element in foreign language development. Learning how to use the new vocabulary words in a specific context provides learners more opportunities to express their ideas effectively. However, foreign language environments have used some traditional strategies to introduce this sub-skill causing an inefficient foreign language production. Implementing the role play strategy offers foreign learners an interactive and valuable source to use the language productively in authentic simulated situations. This research was performed to determine the effect of the role play strategy in building up vocabulary. A group of 48 participants from A2 level at Universidad Técnica de Ambato were immersed in this study. The researchers developed a quasi-experimental study in which the control and the experimental groups were not chosen randomly. The control group remained learning the vocabulary with the traditional strategies, while the experimental group was approached to the implementation of an interactive and meaningful strategy: the semi-scripted role play. A standardized rubric from Cambridge University Press for A2 level was used to assess the speaking skills in the grammar and vocabulary, pronunciation, and interactive communication criteria. According to the results obtained once the pre-test and post-test were applied, the students of both groups significantly improved their ability to build up vocabulary at the A2 level, although in the case of the experimental group the result was even better since it showed a significant difference concerning the control group (p-value = 0,0055).

Affective Filter: Mexican English Learners in Chicago

Moving to a foreign country with a different language can be a challenging experience. Adapting in a foreign environment involves a cultural and thus linguistic effort. There are many factors that affect language learning in these situations, and one of them is the affective filter. The affective filter refers to the emotional factors that impact the language learning process. The following research shows the different challenges and perspectives towards English learning and cultural adaptation from three different participants. The participants are Mexican people of different ages and backgrounds that had recently move to Chicago and this leaded to their necessity of learning the English language. The research was carried out with a qualitative paradigm and a narrative inquiry. Data was collected through narrative interviews. It was found that the participants presented different opinions towards their processes of moving to an English speaking country and learning the language, however there were some patterns such as the impact on their identities and the feeling of safeness when using their L1.