Foreign Elements Research Articles

Certain Issues of Concluding an Arbitration Agreement on Disputes with a Foreign Element

The article examines the current state of legislative regulation of the issues of concluding an arbitration agreement. Scientific approaches to the concept of an arbitration agreement are analyzed, a comparative analysis of the definition of this concept in international documents, in particular, the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, as well as the consolidation of the corresponding concept in the norms of domestic legislation On this basis, the author's definition of the concept of an arbitration agreement is proposed.
 The authors analyze approaches to the classification of arbitrage transactions. It is noted that the classification fixed by the legislation into two types - an arbitration agreement and an arbitration clause - has received the greatest application in the practical plane. It is indicated that from a practical point of view, the arbitration agreement is more adapted to a specific dispute, since the procedural aspects in it are more defined. However, an arbitration clause is a more common type of transaction because it is included in the contract before the dispute arises between the parties. In this regard, it is easier for the parties to reach a compromise on arbitration issues. Doctrinal approaches to the classification of arbitration agreements are also explored.
 Regarding the content of the agreement, the authors point out that despite the position set out in the legislation on maximum assistance to the parties in exercising their right to submit a dispute to arbitration, an exact indication of the name of the arbitration institution to which the dispute is submitted is necessary. This is one of the important conditions for recognizing the arbitration agreement as feasible, creating conditions for further legitimate arbitration consideration of the dispute and the proper execution of the arbitral award.
 Concerning the issue of arbitrability of disputes, the authors indicate that today this concept has not found normative consolidation. It is positive that the list of disputes that cannot be referred to arbitration by the norms of the Economic Procedural Code of Ukraine is fixed. At the same time, the inexhaustibility of this list creates conditions for a certain legal uncertainty. The authors express an opinion on the need for further improvement of the legislation in terms of determining the range of non-arbitrable disputes.

International Jewish Humanitarianism in the Age of the Great War by Jaclyn Granick

Reviewed by: International Jewish Humanitarianism in the Age of the Great War by Jaclyn Granick Jessica Cooperman Jaclyn Granick, International Jewish Humanitarianism in the Age of the Great War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 404 pp. Hardback $39.99. ISBN: 9781108495028 Jaclyn Granick's compelling new book, International Jewish Humanitarianism in the Age of the Great War, powerfully reminds its readers of the enormous impact of World War I, not only on the lives of millions of Jews across Europe and in Palestine, but on the philanthropic, social, and political structures of the Jewish world. Granick's book focuses on the devastating turmoil unleashed by World War I and examines the efforts of American Jews to stabilize and sustain the lives of Jews trapped in the "shatterzone" between the crumbling Russian, Austrian, German, and Ottoman empires. Through her thought-provoking exploration of the dynamics of Jewish humanitarian work, Granick offers reader a complex picture of American Jewish identity and its intertwined commitments to American Progressive ideals and diasporic Jewish community. The book is primarily an account of the work done by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) in Poland, Ukraine, Soviet Russia, and Palestine during and immediately following World War I. At numerous points, however, Granick considers how the goals and efforts of JDC intersected with and diverged from those of other American relief organizations, such as the American Red Cross and the American Relief Administration, and other Jewish organizations, including HIAS and Hadassah. Granick opens with an examination of how the JDC and its various partners maneuvered to send money and financial assistance to Jewish "war sufferers" during the period of American neutrality. She poignantly describes the immense challenge of moving funds to people in need in the midst of a global crisis—and the added complexities created by the United States's entry into the war in April 1917. As American policies made it increasingly difficult to send aid, JDC leaders found ways to partner with European Jewish organizations on both sides of the battle lines to bring money and life-saving resources to East European Jews in desperate need of help. In the chapters that follow, Granick thematically explores the staggering demands faced by the JDC during the chaotic years after the war. While civilian populations across Eastern Europe suffered through the devastation and destabilization the war left behind, Jews lived in particularly precarious circumstances, becoming, Granick argues, "the war's paradigmatic [End Page 249] refugees" (111). Antisemitism lead both to wide-scale popular violence and to neglect from newly formed national governments that saw Jews as a "foreign element." In Ukraine, for example, pogroms led to approximately 200,000 Jewish deaths between 1917–1920 (92), and widespread famine left hundreds of thousands of Jewish children and adults facing imminent starvation and almost totally dependent on the JDC and the American Relief Administration for food (105). Granick offers detailed accounts of the strategies that Jewish agencies adopted as they struggled to feed the hungry, house refugees and orphans, tend to the sick, educate children, and establish stable Jewish economic systems in Eastern Europe and Palestine. Many of the people behind this massive humanitarian effort are familiar figures in American Jewish history. As Granick describes, established leaders like Cyrus Adler, Judah Magnes, Louis Marshall, Jacob Schiff, and Felix Warburg, saw the establishment of the JDC as part of their widespread involvement in Jewish institutional life. Granick, however, also highlights the efforts of less well-lauded figures—particularly professional social workers like Boris Bogen, Jacob Billikopf, Frank Rosenblatt, and others—who led the JDC's strategic efforts and on-the-ground programs. And while the leadership of Jewish organizations remained dominated by men in the interwar period, Granick spotlights the work of women, like Harriet Lowenstein, who established the JDC's European headquarters in 1919, and Jesse Bogen, Boris's daughter, who accompanied her father in his travels and eventually led the JDC's efforts to promote the "financial adoption" of Jewish children in Europe by Jewish women in the United States (210). While meticulous details of the material, financial, and medical aid provided by the JDC and other agencies lie at the heart of Granick's...

Enhanced magnetocaloric effect from Zn substitution in perovskite Eu(Ti,Zn)O3 compounds

The magnetic transition from antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism (AFM-FM) in EuTiO3 provides the feasibility of regulating its magnetic properties. Foreign element substitution has been proved to be an effective way to achieve AFM-FM switching and enhanced magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in EuTiO3 system. In this study, a series of Zn substituted Eu(Ti,Zn)O3 perovskites were synthesized, the crystal structure, magnetic properties, and MCE were investigated. All the compounds crystallize in a pure cubic perovskite phase with the space group Pm3m, and undergo a second-order phase transition at the ordering temperature 6.0 K. The substitution of Zn can significantly regulate the magnetic properties and enhance the ferromagnetic coupling, thus leading to an enhanced MCE in the Eu(Ti,Zn)O3 compounds. Under field change of 0–1, 0–2, and 0–5 T, the −ΔSMmax values are 10.3, 21.4, and 38.5 J·kg−1·K−1 for EuTi0.9375Zn0.0625O3, 10.8, 22.7, and 41.1 J·kg−1·K−1 for EuTi0.875Zn0.125O3, 12.5, 25.3, and 45.0 J·kg−1·K−1 for EuTi0.8125Zn0.1875O3, respectively. Besides, the compounds exhibit prominent refrigeration capability and temperature averaged entropy change. The considerable magnetocaloric performances make the Eu(Ti,Zn)O3 perovskites potential candidate materials for cryogenic magnetic refrigeration.

REKABET KURALLARININ ÜLKE DIŞI UYGULANMASINDAN DOĞAN BAĞLAMA KURALI: PAZAR ÜZERİNE DOĞRUDAN ETKİ (MÖHUK m. 38)

Rekabet ihlâllerinden etkilenen her bir devlet kendi rekabet kurallarını uygulamak istemektedir. Burada amaç, rekabet ihlâlinden etkilenen piyasalarda bozulan düzeni yeniden sağlanması ve sağlıklı bir şekilde işlemeye devam etmesidir. Devletlerin aldıkları rekabeti koruyucu ekonomik ve hukuki tedbirler, iç hukuk ön planda tutularak hazırlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ilgili rekabet otoritesinin faaliyet alanları mülkilik ilkesi ile sınırlandırmakta, bu durum karşısında da yurt dışında rekabet ihlâli teşkil eden eylemlerde bulunan teşebbüslere hangi gerekçe ile müdahale edileceği ve bir yaptırım uygulanacağı sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu sorunu aşmak için Amerikan rekabet hukukunda etki kıstasının ortaya çıktığı ve Amerikan pazarının etkilendiği her türlü rekabet ihlâline kendi rekabet kurallarını uygulamaya çalıştığı görülmektedir. Amerikan hukukunda yer alan etki kıstası, Türk rekabet hukuku olmak üzere birçok devletin pozitif düzenlemesinde kendi rekabet kurallarını uygulamak için bir kriter olmuştur. Nitekim RKHK m. 2 uyarınca, teşebbüslerin ister yurt içinde isterse yurt dışında yaptıkları faaliyetlerin rekabet ihlâli teşkil etmesi ve bu rekabet ihlâlinin Türk pazarını etkilemesi durumunda RKHK uygulama alanı bulacaktır. Milletlerarası özel hukuk alanında tek yanlı olarak nitelendirilen bu kural, MÖHUK m. 38 uyarınca iki yanlılaştırılmıştır. Yabancı unsurlu rekabet ihlâllerinden doğan özel hukuka ilişkin taleplere, rekabet ihlâlinden doğrudan etkilenen piyasa hukuku uygulanacaktır. İsviçre hukuku (IPRG m. 137) ve Roma II Tüzüğü’ndeki düzenlemeye paralel olarak kabul edilen bu hüküm kapsamında, Türk hâkimi, rekabet ihlâlinden doğan bir uyuşmazlığın yabancı unsurlu olduğunu tespit ettiği anda, etkinin doğrudan meydana geldiği piyasayı araştıracak ve tazminat da dahil olmak üzere özel hukuka ilişkin talepleri bu bağlama kuralı uyarınca tespit ettiği yetkili hukuk uyarınca sonuca ulaştıracaktır. Yansıyan veya dolaylı etkinin dikkate alınmadığı etkinin doğrudanlığı kriteri sayesinde pazarı etkilenen hukukun uygulanmasını haklı kılan eylem ile etki arasında yeterli bir illiyet bağı kurulmuş olacaktır.

The applicability of the exequatur process for the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Bolivia

International commercial arbitration is an efficient and feasible way of solving international disputes in private law, in Bolivia this field is little exploited so by this article is to analyze the effectiveness of applying the recognition and enforcement of foreign commercial arbitral awards as international conventions signed and ratified by the state, by internal policy and procedural study, to promote the effectiveness of dispute resolution with foreign elements through commercial arbitration also getting the incentive to the practice of this alternative method of resolution litigation and may be approved by courts for your requirement.

THE APPLICABLE LAW TO THE BASIS OF THE COPYRIGHT CONTRACT WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF PIPL No. 5718

Milletlerarası özel hukuk kapsamında yer alan kanunlar ihtilâfı kuralları, yabancı unsurlu uyuşmazlıklarda hangi ülke hukukunun uygulanacağını belirler. Türk milletlerarası özel hukukunda bu düzenlemelere 5718 sayılı Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakkında Kanun’da (MÖHUK) yer verilmiştir. Yabancı unsurlu telif hakkına ilişkin sözleşmenin esasına uygulanacak hukukun tespiti ise MÖHUK m. 28 ile gerçekleştirilir. Bu madde, hem fikrî hakların devrine ilişkin sözleşmeleri hem de bu hakların kullanımının devrine ilişkin sözleşmeleri kapsamına almakta; sübjektif ve objektif bağlama kurallarını içermektedir. Telif hakkına ilişkin sözleşmenin esasına uygulanacak hukuku MÖHUK m. 28’e göre tespit ederken bazı sorunlarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Çalışmada bu sorunlar ve çözümleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Photoluminescence Quenching in CsPbCl3 upon Fe Doping: Colloidal Synthesis, Structural and Optical Properties.

Doped perovskite lead halide nanocrystals (PHNCs) are promising materials for various optoelectronic applications, but the major challenge faced by the researchers is the inability to dope foreign elements into perovskite lattice because of the strong lead-halide bond energies. In this work, we have used Fe as a dopant in CsPbCl3 to explore different doping techniques based on the colloidal synthesis of PHNCs to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques. We are able to dope a relatively higher amount of Fe (∼10%) than reported and observe clear optical signatures when the precursor does not have pre-existing Pb-Cl bonds. We prove that there are two competing processes inside a doped PHNC - one is the effect of dopant energy levels, and the other is surface passivation by halide ions. Using the most optimal synthesis strategy, we show that although Fe does act as a luminescence quencher in perovskite similar to II-VI quantum dots (QDs), the quenching requires much more Fe compared to trace amounts of Fe required in traditional QDs. Our work will assist in giving an overall comparative idea of doping and finding the most optimized strategy and help identify the underlying physical processes in perovskite based QDs.

Matrimonial Causes & Choice of Law under Private International Law

The institution of marriage is succumbed to yield many causes giving birth to legal action arising from this single relation called ‘marriage’. From time immemorial people have been interacting across the border and hence there have been marriages between individuals crossing the territorial boundary of country. Every country has its own legal system usually different from the legal system based on distinguish cultural, religious or political identity. In this situation if a dispute out of marriage will arise wherein parties are from different legal systems, the court will have to decide about according to which particular law and legal system such conflicting situation relating to marriage would be adjudicated. Private international law is a path to guide judicial courts encountering such situations and this paper is all about how judges have to exercise jurisdiction and private international law and further according to which set of law/s such matrimonial disputes/causes should be addressed.
 Person having different domicile, residence or nationality may enter into matrimonial relationship. At the time of marriage no one speculate any matrimonial dispute but emotion, relation and compatibility between emotion and relation is quite different things. Therefore, there is always risk/chance of fractions in every marriage. If parties to marriage are from the same legal system, then their dispute will be adjudicated according to their local substantive and procedural laws of their land. But, if such parties to marriage belong from different legal systems and further if they have married away from their own place viz. a third country, then the jurisdiction and the law to be applied in matrimonial disputes would be looked from the lenses of the private international law.
 Thereafter these relations can also culminate into matrimonial disputes which take its legal effect through various matrimonial causes. This research paper mainly aims to analyse the various matrimonial causes present in a matrimonial dispute involving a foreign element which shall come under private international law and various choices oflaw rules, with special emphasis on nullity of marriage. This paper shall also briefly discuss the concept and validity of marriage. This paper shall analyse the concept of matrimonial causes in conflict of law through the Indian perspective. As India is a common law country which is of a shared British heritage and developed in England so the various concepts as aforementioned shall also include comparison with the English law. This paper shall conclude with authors’ observations and suggestions.

Peculiarities of competence and arbitration proceeding in the grain trade

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the functioning and peculiarities of proceedings in international commercial arbitration, specializing in trade in grain and oil crops. The article examines the features of arbitration proceedings that are characteristic of GAFTA arbitration. Summary of the main research results. The article is devoted to the study of the functioning and peculiarities of proceedings in international commercial arbitration, specializing in trade in grain and oil crops. The article examines the features of arbitration proceedings that are characteristic of GAFTA arbitration. The key differences of grain arbitration are established, namely: the specific qualification of GAFTA arbitrators in the field of trade in grain and oil crops, which distinguishes this arbitration institution from other permanent arbitration institutions; unique for arbitration proceedings is the presence of an appeal proceeding, which is also organized by the arbitration institution and gives the parties the opportunity to appeal the arbitration decision of the first instance; arbitrators reviewing first-instance decisions are not bound by the decision of the first-instance tribunal and have the opportunity to review the case with the addition of a new evidence base; availability of standard and simplified arbitration procedures, which effectively affects the time and financial resources of the parties to arbitration proceedings; the presence of a simplified procedure, which makes it impossible to appeal the arbitration decision, leaves only one arbitrator and significantly speeds up the arbitration of the case, standard for arbitration procedures, a high level of confidentiality of the proceedings, which can be especially important, taking into account the specifics of the grain trade market; features related to payment of arbitrators' work and payment of arbitration fees, depending on the parties' membership in GAFTA; the use of English law in arbitration, which in most cases is more applicable precisely for similar commercial disputes; arbitration proceedings in GAFTA in most cases take place without an oral hearing, only on the basis of written documents, which significantly speeds up the proceedings; parties can significantly reduce arbitration costs in GAFTA arbitration if they are members of the association, as in this case mandatory payments are significantly reduced; GAFTA arbitration effectively changed its working format during the coronavirus pandemic and moved to electronic document flow and electronic awards using electronic digital signatures and seals. Conclusions. The article establishes that specialized international commercial arbitrations on grain trade are an effective way of resolving commercial disputes complicated by a foreign element, taking into account the qualifications of arbitrators and the special arbitration procedure.

Surface microstructures of lunar soil returned by Chang’e-5 mission reveal an intermediate stage in space weathering process

The lunar soils evolution over time is mainly caused by space weathering that includes the impacts of varying-sized meteoroids and charged particles implantation of solar/cosmic winds as well. It has long been established that space weathering leads to the formation of outmost amorphous layers (50–200 nm in thickness) embedded nanophase iron (npFe0) around the mineral fragments, albeit the origin of the npFe0 remains controversial . The Chang’e-5 (CE-5) mission returned samples feature the youngest mare basalt and the highest latitude sampling site , providing an opportunity to seek the critical clues for understanding the evolution of soils under space weathering. Here, we report the surface microstructures of the major minerals including olivine, pyroxene, anorthite, and glassy beads in the lunar soil of CE-5. Unlike the previous observations, only olivine in all crystals is surrounded by a thinner outmost amorphous SiO2 layer (∼10 nm thick) and embedded wüstite nanoparticles FeO (np-FeO, 3–12 nm in size) instead of npFe0. No foreign volatile elements deposition layer and solar flare tracks can be found on the surface or inside the olivine and other minerals. This unique rim structure has not been reported for any other lunar, terrestrial, Martian, or meteorite samples so far. The observation of wüstite FeO and the microstructures support the existence of an intermediate stage in space weathering for lunar minerals by thermal decomposition.

African strangers, spaces of belonging and the “democracy to come” in Helon Habila’s Travellers

This article analyses Helon Habila’s Travellers (2019), focusing on its depiction of African migrants in Europe as strangers, as defined by Sara Ahmed in Strange Encounters (2000): those who, in spite of their proximity, are recognized as not belonging or out of place. Following Ahmed, this essay deals with the relation between space and migrant experience in Habila’s novel, in which the configuration of cities such as Berlin and London and of Europe as a whole is presented as characterized by the enforcement of boundaries and spaces of belonging (Ahmed, 2000), so that the African stranger emerges as an undesirable, threatening, foreign element to be feared and expelled. On the other hand, such a logic of defensiveness, homogeneity, and exclusion is partly challenged and undermined in Travellers by acts of resistance carried out by both African and European characters and by acts of domestic hospitality. These acts suggest the disruption of frontiers and borders, and their corresponding sealed and homogeneous spaces (Ahmed, 2000), together with the necessity of exercising hospitality at a collective and political level. As opposed to the configuration of Europe as Fortress Europe, in which identity and community are defined in terms of affiliation to roots, homeland, or race, in Travellers we find thus an appeal to what Jacques Derrida has called the “democracy to come”, a political, always deferred space of unconditional hospitality that opens up to the foreigner and the stranger.

Influence of metal codeposition on the growth and orientation of nanoripple structure during ion bombardment

Surface engineering to tune the surface characteristics for the enhancement of a system is an emerging area of research in terms of its immense technological applications and basic scientific understanding. The ion beam sputtering technique in combination with cosputtered material deposition to form various structures is found to be a very effective bottom-up approach to modify the surface morphology of a material. In this paper, a theoretical model is developed for ripple evolution of a flat elemental surface which is subjected to erosion by ion bombardment at off-normal incidence with concurrent deposition of some impurity or foreign materials. The orientation of the ripple wave vector thus produced exhibits a directional dependence behavior on the projection of both the ion beam and the foreign elements on the surface. The compound formation at the near-surface depth is considered to be the key assumption for inducing such patterns on the surface. The theoretical prediction is realized in the experimental work demonstrated herein. Stainless steel is used as a cosputtering target during irradiation of Si at ${30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ incidence by a low-energy ${\text{Ar}}^{+}$ ion beam. The ripples that so emerge possess a wave vector lying oblique to the direction of the ion beam and impurity. The development of such morphological instability is attributed to the reaction between Fe and Si, which gives rise to a compound with an erosion rate lower than that of Si. Thus, the formation of the ${\text{FeSi}}_{2}$ bond, which is interpreted as being a crucial criterion for pattern evolution, agrees well with the theory, making it quite efficient and widely acceptable.

Code-Switching as a Literary Device in “Thank You for Smoking” by Ch. Buckley

This article examines the foreign-language elements in Christopher Buckley's novel “Thank You for Smoking”. The author studies possible reasons for code switching in the novel and makes the conclusion about the extent to which the idea of code-switching can correspond to the "global purpose" of the novel. The article describes some lexical and phraseological foreign language units mentioned in the text, analyzing the cases where the main character of the novel uses foreign words. The protagonist often resorts to the use of expressions from French and German in order to a) show his attitude to the extralinguistic situation changing around him; b) to create ingenious wordplay in his speech, using them in connection with some precedent phenomena in the English-speaking culture, even outside his workplace, although it is primarily his professional activities that require doing so. The author of the present paper also analyzes the approach to the use of lexical and phraseological units which may or may not be clichés when transferred to the English language. A conclusion is made about the possible use of foreign language elements as an artistic literary device within the framework of this novel.

Lack of Cas13a inhibition by anti-CRISPR proteins from Leptotrichia prophages

CRISPR systems are prokaryotic adaptive immune systems that use RNA-guided Cas nucleases to recognize and destroy foreign genetic elements. To overcome CRISPR immunity, bacteriophages have evolved diverse families of anti-CRISPR proteins (Acrs). Recently, Lin etal. (2020) described the discovery and characterization of 7 Acr families (AcrVIA1-7) that inhibit type VI-A CRISPR systems. We detail several inconsistencies that question the results reported in the Lin etal. (2020) study. These include inaccurate bioinformatics analyses and bacterial strains that are impossible to construct. Published strains were provided by the authors, but MS2 bacteriophage plaque assays did not support the published results. We also independently tested the Acr sequences described in the original report, in E.coli and mammalian cells, but did not observe anti-Cas13a activity. Taken together, our data and analyses prompt us to question the claim that AcrVIA1-7 reported in Lin etal. are type VI anti-CRISPR proteins.

Influence of foaming agents on mechanical and microstructure characterization of AA6061 metal foams

Aluminium metal foams offer low density (∼10–15% of bulk material) possessing cellular structure that ensures unique features with high stiffens, better energy absorption, thermal and acoustic properties. Selection of different foaming agents for preparing AA6061 foam samples are indeed an industrial relevance for better control over porosity and its dimensions, strengths (tensile, flexural and compression) useful for distinguished applications. Three foaming agents such as wax powder, magnesium hydroxide, and titanium hydride are selected with varying 3–9 weight percentage to prepare metal foams viz. powder metallurgy technique. For the prepared foam samples the percentage porosity, pore dimensions (maximum pore size, and equivalent diameter) and strengths were examined. Wax powder foaming agent resulted with a maximum strength in foam samples compared to magnesium hydroxide and titanium hydride. Scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed that there is no evidence of foreign elements and confirm uniform distribution of porosity in the foam samples.

(Digital Presentation) Effects of Foreign Elements Added Oxide-Based Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction as Non-Precious Metel Cathodes

In order to investigate the addition effect of foreign element and CNT on the ORR activity, Ti oxide-based electrocatalysts were prepared from precursors originated from oxy-titanium tetra-pyrazino-porphyrazine and evaluated its electrochemical characteristic. The Ti oxide-based electrocatalyst with Fe-based addition (Fe-TiOx, FeZn-TiOx, and FeNiZn-TiOx) has enhanced OER activity than that without any addition. Moreover, above catalyst powder supported on carbon nanotube (CNT) reached higher OER activity than that without any support. Foreign element addition can contribute to form higher quality of active site of ORR compared to the sample without any addition. The CNT would be effective for enhance surface area of Ti oxide-based electrocatalyst powder.

Corrigendum: Effects of Foreign Elements Added Oxide-Based Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction as Non-Precious Metel Cathodes [ECS Trans. 108 (7) 181-188 (2022)

The authors would like to inform the readers that there are several errors in the , Results and discussion, and Conclusion in our published paper. Here, we have therefore provided the correct version of the , Results and discussion, and Conclusion in this corrigendum.

Harmonisation of Pharmacopoeial Requirements for Identification of Closely Related Species in Herbal Medicinal Products

Global interest in herbal medicinal products is growing, thus increasing the demand for medicinal plant raw materials. However, the growth in sales of raw materials entails the risk of a wider spread of counterfeit and substandard medicinal products. The use of such products can lead to serious complications and even death. This brings to the forefront the studies aiming at identification and quality control of herbal drugs. In addition, the relevance of these studies stems from the need for harmonisation of test methods for identification of related plant species as acceptable foreign elements in herbal medicinal products. The aim of the study was to determine the most widely used methods for identification of closely related plant species and to analyse the possibility of aligning the requirements of Russian standards and foreign pharmacopoeial monographs. According to the analysis of identification requirements, the main test method for identification of related plant species is thin-layer chromatography; morphological and anatomical characteristics of plants are also used. Methodological approaches of the European Pharmacopoeia to identification of closely related species in herbal medicinal products have found application in updating compendial standards of the Russian Pharmacopoeia. Russian standards are harmonised with the requirements described in monographs of leading pharmacopoeias and provide for the detection of unacceptable impurities in herbal medicinal products by morphological, anatomical and chromatographic characteristics.

Judicializing Foreign Affairs: The Canada-Saudi Arms Deal and the Implications of Transnational Tort Litigation

In the recent past, the ability to challenge Canadian government action with foreign relations elements has spilled over from administrative law into tort law. At the same time, tort actions against multinational corporations for human rights violations abroad have also seen a surge in Canadian courts, culminating in the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Nevsun Resources Ltd. v. Araya. This article addresses some doctrinal elements of a potential transnational tort claim against the Canadian government and a Canadian arms manufacturer pursuant to human rights violations arising from the 2014 Canada-Saudi Arms Deal [CSAD]. It also explores consequential effects that Canada’s burgeoning transnational tort laws can have on Canada-Saudi relations as well as the Canadian defence industry. Overall, this article uses the CSAD as one real-life scenario in which private law litigation can have broader effects on a country’s foreign relations and domestic economy. In this instance, the judiciary’s power to exact extra-judicial consequences illustrates how tort litigation can curtail the behaviour of governmental and commercial actors.

Structural biology of CRISPR-Cas immunity and genome editing enzymes.

CRISPR-Cas systems provide resistance against foreign mobile genetic elements and have a wide range of genome editing and biotechnological applications. In this Review, we examine recent advances in understanding the molecular structures and mechanisms of enzymes comprising bacterial RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas immune systems and deployed for wide-ranging genome editing applications. We explore the adaptive and interference aspects of CRISPR-Cas function as well as open questions about the molecular mechanisms responsible for genome targeting. These structural insights reflect close evolutionary links between CRISPR-Cas systems and mobile genetic elements, including the origins and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems from DNA transposons, retrotransposons and toxin-antitoxin modules. We discuss how the evolution and structural diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems explain their functional complexity and utility as genome editing tools.