Foreign Consumers Research Articles

Study on Tech Pack of Different Foreign Buyers to Facilitate Different Sectional Garments Merchandizer

The research team has made it easier for the industry merchandiser to understand the buyers after they change jobs in this study. Different kinds of tech pack have been gathered for this study directly from the business. Tech Pack has gathered two different kinds of information: primary and secondary. Data that has been entered for analysis after reviewing the tech pack is called secondary data. In the first segment, 30 foreign consumers were examined, along with information about their home countries, designers, and product categories. Size charts, including allowances, size codes, product sizes, and the rationale for designating this kind of code in the second segment, have all been examined in this sector. The final stages of this study have included an analysis of the major, minor, critical, and positioning defects points used by various buyers. Finally, the research team has provided recommendations for buyers, factory owners, and future productivity of the industry's merchandising team.

Current state and development trends of the national brand of Ukraine

Formulation of the problem. Informatization of society is one of the decisive factors of modernization of the economy and the guarantee of Ukraine's integration into the world community. Countries that regularly worry about innovation in the application of marketing methods and tools for promoting their identity increase the likelihood of being the main ones in the process of forming the international division of labor and wealth, the opportunity to ensure sustainable economic growth and take a strong position on the international arena. European states actively use modern marketing technologies to improve their image in order to attract investors, potential foreign consumers of exported goods, and develop the sense of national identity of the local population. It is the use of modern marketing technologies that allows the image to take root in the mass consciousness both inside the country and outside its borders. Analysis of recent research and publications. Current issues of national branding are explored in their works by K. Asplund, I. Burakivskyi, T. Zavhorodnia, M. Kavartzis, F. Kotler, J. Layfeld, M. Mailanen, V. Miroshnychenko, A. Pankrukhin, D. Rayesto, A. Starostina, D. Traut, M. Khan, G. Hankinson, T. Tsygankova, L. Shulgina, and others. However, a number of issues require further in-depth study. In particular, in order to build the country's national brand, a more detailed study of world experience and its adaptation to the socio-economic conditions of Ukraine's development is necessary. The subject of the study is the theoretical and practical aspects of building the country's national brand based on the study of world experience and its adaptation to the socio-economic conditions of Ukraine's development. The purpose of the work is to analyze the current state and development trends of the national brand of Ukraine in modern geo-economic processes. The methodological basis of the article was such methods as systematic, monographic, analysis and synthesis, deduction and generalization. Work results. Studies confirm that countries with strong and well-known brands are able to export more of their own products and enrich the state treasury through taxes, attract investments and tourists, change stereotypes and be competitive in the world market. Each country invests significant financial resources in its national brand. The opportunities opened up by owning a successful brand encouraged Ukrainian companies to actively act in this direction. Evidence of such activation is the increase in the number of brands under which Ukrainian manufacturers and retailers offer their products, as well as the term of their existence on the market. If at the initial stages of the formation of branding in the country there was a significant number of so-called "pseudo-foreign" trademarks, now Ukrainian manufacturers create their own domestic brands, which become brands not only in Ukraine, but also abroad. Field of application of results. The results of the article can be used to create and manage national brands of countries. Conclusions. Promotion of the brand of Ukraine has positive dynamics. However, the government of Ukraine should pay more attention to security issues and the establishment of international relations.

The Economic Potential of Wood Carving Art and Its Marketing Strategy in Sumenep

This study aims to reveal three main issues that are the focus of this research, namely (1) how is the potential of wood carving art in Karduluk village as an artistic and cultural heritage of the Sumenep Madura community, (2) how is the promotion strategy of wood carving by craftsmen, and (3) what is the role of the government area in promoting the wood carving art of Karduluk village as the center of the craft industry in Madura. This study uses qualitative research to explore the promotion strategy of Karduluk village carving as a cultural heritage of the Madurese community. Data collection techniques in the field use three techniques, namely observation, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, the analytical method used is deep analysis to process empirical data in the field. In conducting data analysis, the researcher carried out several stages: data reduction, presenting empirical material, and verifying. There are three main findings in this research. First, is the potential of the wood carving art in Karduluk village, namely the economic potential, the potential for carving tourism development, and the potential interest of foreign consumers. Second, promotion strategies for wood carving art are done by participating in art exhibitions, personal selling, online promotion, increasing the variety of wood carving art models, maintaining product quality standards, and mentally competing. Third, the role of the government in promoting the wood carving art of Karduluk village, namely holding an exhibition of wood carving art products, establishing Karduluk village as a carving village, providing marketing capital assistance, assisting in partnership, and facilitating business licensing.

Production of engineering products as an element of social growth in the global world: legal factor of development

The purpose of the article is to justify the need to develop the production of engineering products as an element of social growth in the global world and to improve the legal environment as a basis for this development. The research methodology is based on empirical, analytical methods, legal means of prevention, regulation and resolution of business development problems. Competitive struggle stimulates the development of enterprises, the problem creates new opportunities for business and market development stimulates social growth. The defined development chain is an element of globalization. It confirms the expediency of improving the legal field of activity of Ukrainian enterprises developing machine-building products in the direction of promoting the progress of their enterprises, import substitution and popularization of Ukrainian products. In the conclusions, it is recommended to use differentiation as a promising method of bringing Ukrainian enterprises to new markets, reaching foreign consumers and establishing them as a priority supplier of high-quality machine-building products.

Intention to Purchase Eco-Friendly Handcrafted Fashion Products for Gifting and Personal Use: A Comparison of National and Foreign Consumers.

This study aims to examine consumer intention to purchase eco-friendly, handcrafted fashion products made from upcycled clothing and traditional Indonesian batik fabric. Data were collected via an online questionnaire with 289 participants, including both Indonesian and non-Indonesian consumers. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling in SmartPLS 3. The results showed that fashion motivation and perceived value positively impacted the intention to purchase this type of product for personal use and for gifting. The perceived price had a positive effect on purchase intention for gifting. Altruistic motivations affected attitudes but not purchase intentions. Differences were identified between national and foreign consumers regarding the impact of price perception on attitudes and personal purchase intentions. The study provides practical implications for small businesses, artisan crafts, and entrepreneurs.

Methodology of assessing the readiness of the enterprise to export activities

Introduction. Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine has a significant impact on the foreign economic activity of Ukrainian enterprises. An overview of the situation inside the Ukrainian market and the presented statistical information about changes in the export sector provide a clearer picture of the situation today, namely how the war affected the volume of exports and changed the leaders among the importing countries of Ukrainian products. Comparison of the export market before and after the start of the full-scale invasion, changes in the structure of supplies of Ukrainian products abroad. The sectoral analysis of Ukraine's export reduction is presented. In order to determine the readiness and possibility of expanding the company's activities to the export market, criteria are proposed with a detailed description of issues for evaluating and analyzing its goods or services. The purpose of the article is to highlight the state of foreign economic activity in Ukraine and the impact of the full-scale Russian invasion on export activity. Also, the purpose of the article is to determine the criteria that will help the company assess its readiness to enter foreign markets. The method (methodology) of research includes a number of general scientific research methods, namely: the method of theoretical generalization, the abstract-logical method, and the method of grouping. The results. The described criteria are considered through the lens of martial law, which is quite relevant today. Every enterprise in Ukraine has suffered losses, one of the most effective ways to compensate material losses is to enter new markets. Namely, the conquest of foreign consumers. Thanks to the listed criteria, the company can become competitive with the least amount of time and minimal material costs.

Analysis of growth rate and supply response of cocoa in Tamil Nadu, India: Nerlovian adjustment model

The present study focussed on the growth rate of area, production and productivity of cocoa in Tamil Nadu and estimated the impact of cocoa allocation decision, price variation and its supply in selected districts. The study employed the CAGR, Nerlovian model using the secondary data from 2011-12 to 2020-21. A positive significant growth in the area (40.24%) and production (34.60%) was witnessed in the Coimbatore district, while Thanjavur district showed a decline in the growth rate of cocoa. The area response concluded by lagged values of area and price significantly influenced the current year area in Coimbatore. The lagged productions were positively significant for both the districts and inferred that the increase in the price with one per cent level with the respective rise in price variability in Coimbatore district and opposite trend in Thanjavur district. The study suggested improving cocoa productivity and smoothing out variability in domestic prices can help boost farmers’ confidence in cocoa cultivation. The government provided the subsidy for transportation of the beans from one place to another, procurement centres in cocoa growing districts in Tamil Nadu and supplying the HYV to increase production, developing crop insurance schemes for cocoa during uncertain conditions and establishing facilities for the distribution of beans through Farmer Producer Companies (FPO), as well as attracting foreign consumers by improving bean quality.

WAYS OF IMPROVING THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC MARKETING STRATEGY OF UKRAINIAN LOGISTICS ENTERPRISES

This article was directed to the analysis of marketing strategies of enterprises engaged in the export of logistics services to the foreign market. The importance of marketing strategy research was substantiated. Also, it was confirmed that any company has its own marketing strategy. The concept of “marketing strategy” was defined. The main classic marketing strategies were described. Michael Porter’s competitive strategies were explored. According to F. Kotler, the main strategies of behaviour of competitors in the market were described. The classification of growth marketing strategies according to the main strategic directions was described. It was concluded that currently modern enterprises cannot use only one marketing strategy to achieve success. The process of how Ukrainian enterprises implement transport services on the foreign market was analysed in its entirety. A positive trend of growth in the volume of foreign trade in logistics services of Ukraine and the predominance of exports over imports to the foreign market was determined. The trend of demand for Ukrainian transport services on the foreign market was assessed. According to statistical calculations of the latest financial indicators, it was determined that foreign consumers have a demand for transport services offered by Ukrainian logistics companies. A study of marketing statistics showed that Ukrainian logistics companies lag behind foreign ones in terms of marketing strategies. On the example of the most profitable Ukrainian logistics companies, the main common features of conducting business activities were highlighted. The main marketing tools used by profitable logistics companies were identified. The main tools of “digital marketing” for attracting potential customers of logistics companies were listed. The importance of using “digital marketing” tools to supplement the marketing strategy of enterprises in the modern trends of the foreign market was substantiated.

Selling cross-border in online markets: The impact of the ban on geoblocking strategies

We develop a model of strategic geoblocking, where two competing multi-channel retailers, located in different countries, can decide to block access to their online store from foreign consumers. We characterize the equilibrium when firms decide unilaterally whether to introduce geoblocking restrictions. We show that geoblocking allows firms to soften competition, but at the cost of lower demand. A ban on geoblocking leads to lower prices, both offline and online. However, when firms can invest in increasing online demand, the ban may have adverse effects on investment and social welfare. We extend our analysis to account for price discrimination and investigate the role of shipping costs.

Locals versus foreigners’ emotion-motivational responses towards traditional and non-traditional food

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to study responses to traditional food of a country, focusing on emotion-motivational responses by locals and foreigners. Design/methodology/approach Through an experimental design study, Portuguese and Foreign participants were exposed to both traditional and nontraditional food pictures of a country and asked to evaluate their emotional and motivational responses while physiological responses of electrodermal activity were being continuously recorded. Predisposition factors of body dissatisfaction, food neophobia and food involvement were also evaluated given their potential role in predicting the responses to the visualization of the food pictures. Findings This study found that local traditional food received a higher positive evaluation than nontraditional food with locals evaluating it even higher than foreigners. Higher feelings of arousal and desire as well as willingness to try in response to traditional food were also found as well as higher feelings of pleasure by locals. However, interestingly, and contrary to expectations derived from previous literature, emotion-motivational responses were not significantly different between locals and foreigners. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research addressed an identified research gap in the literature, being the first one evaluating the autonomic responses of consumers to traditional food by exploring how local and foreign consumers respond to traditional food versus nontraditional food using psychophysiological measures of emotion.

A Novel Integrated Freight Forwarding Information System Based on Block-Chain Technology

As an emerging foreign trade model, crossborder E-commerce is booming. This foreign trade model shortens the distance between products from manufacturers to foreign consumers and reshapes the value chain of foreign trade. However, because buyers and sellers use virtualization. Negotiations and consultations on the platform may also involve the participation of freight forwarders and the services of shipping companies, which increases the uncertainty of the transaction process and results. How to efficiently and confidentially transfer information to each other is the main idea and goal of this paper. Foreign buyers, domestic sellers, shipping companies, and freight forwarding companies are independent entities. Due to common transaction events, the interaction between the four parties has been promoted. However, independent information systems cannot exchange information (or content) with other entities. Based on this point, our goal has formulated an integrated freight forwarding program.

AgriTech: Design Agriculture Policy for Tackling Challenges

The problem of food security and food safety in the modern world has escalated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is evidenced by the growing relevance of these topics at the world economic forums. The same can be said about Georgia. For this, it is important to develop the potential of the agricultural sector for sustainable economic development and inclusive economic growth development and implementation of digitalization policy. The discussion in the traditional agricultural sector paradigm does not affect the overall results. In the modern, extremely dynamic era, it is very difficult to focus on any one aspect of an actual problem, which means that it is necessary to have a broad, wide picture and at the same time to focus on particular details. The purpose of the research is to identify new circumstances, problems, threats, risks and opportunities that arise in the agricultural sector of Georgia in the context of post-socialist and post-industrial transformation and accelerated technological progress. The agricultural sector in Georgia is characterized by conservatism, which often creates an obstacle to innovative development, the productivity of the agricultural sector is very low, the country is dependent on imports Discussion of the issue in an unconventional paradigm revealed the hidden prospects and opportunities of the industry, the implementation of which is achievable through digitalization. Digital transformation allows traditional industries to modernize. The comparison of the fields with the "champions" of the field in the study of individual fields of the country shows a huge difference and plays a dismotivational role. In order to show real prospects, it is better to compare with each other countries in similar starting conditions (namely Georgia with countries with a protracted transformation). The countries of protracted transformation are simultaneously in three parallel crises (post-socialist transformation, post-industrial transformation, pandemic): The pandemic and post-industrial transformation to some extent equalize the starting conditions for the digitalization of developed and developing countries. The Post-socialist and transitional problems, sectoral degradation and orientation towards Soviet paradigms; According to the characteristics of technology, democracy, human development, GDP per capita and the Gini index, Georgia is considered an outsider country. However, the perspectives can be seen that are not visible on the surface. At this stage, Georgia does not have enough realized potential for positioning in exclusive consumer niches with an exclusive product (wine, cheese, red bread, tea, Kakhetian oil, etc.), Georgia has the prospect of realizing the potential of exclusivity in the sector through the digitalization of sector management. At the same time, export as a function of delivering products to foreign consumers allows us to consider agritourism as a kind of export. This is one of the novelties of this research. Other novelty of this research is comparison of technologies, social-political formation, humanistic conditions of morality and values through the history, also interdependence of these aspects. During research was compared different indicators. A combined weighted analysis of all these indicators makes it possible to assess the readiness or expectations of a new formation of a particular country. This also makes possible to effectively develop a policy for the development of industries. Key words: Agriculture, Agriculture Technologies, Food, Food Safety, Food Security, Digitalization.

Exploring the impact of country-of-origin image and purchase intention in cross-border e-commerce

Product country-of-origin (COO) is now playing a central role in consumers’ purchase behavior. Previous studies have investigated several factors that impact COO. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of COO on consumers’ product evaluation on Chinese products, especially in the cross-border e-commerce context. Using a multi-methods design, this study first unearthed the antecedents of COO image towards Chinese products from the qualitative data in Study 1 by drawing on the legitimacy theory and then develops a contextual model of consumers’ product evaluation and purchase intention, integrating the role of a product with a different level of involvement. Using quantitative survey data from 252 foreign consumers, the study tests the research model in Study 2. The findings provide empirical evidence to support the model and highlight the importance of COO cues on foreign consumers’ purchase intention towards Chinese products. The results also enhance our understanding of consumers’ purchase decision in cross-border e-commerce.

An Analysis of the Responsibilities and Driving Factors for Embodied Carbon in Trade

By adopting the consumption-based accounting (CBA) method of carbon emissions based on national carbon intensity (NCI), using the International Trade Centre (ITC) database, the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), and the World Bank database, and taking 13 countries and regions including the European Union (EU) countries and the United States (US) as research samples, this paper conducts an accounting of the embodied carbon in trade between China and other major economies in the world, clarifies the responsibilities China has taken for foreign consumption-based carbon emissions, and analyzes the various driving factors of China’s embodied carbon in exports. The findings are as follows: (i) Most of the developed economies have higher consumption-based emissions than production-based emissions, which is contrary to most of the developing economies, with developing countries bearing responsibilities for 15–20% of the consumption-based carbon emissions for developed countries; (ii) the carbon emissions of countries and regions are closely related to the embodied carbon in trade, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. (iii) China has taken responsibility for a large amount of carbon emissions from foreign consumer demand, most of which are from the US, the EU, ASEAN, and Japan, respectively accounting for 3.8%, 3.5%, 2.3%, and 1.2% of China’s production-based carbon emissions in 2019; (iv) technique effect is the main driving factor for China’s embodied carbon in trade, while the specific driving factors vary by industry. Based on the above analysis, it is suggested that China should: (i) consider the trade factor in its efforts to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality; (ii) adopt differentiated measures to reduce trade-related emissions for specific industries; (iii) fully consider China’s demand for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in international negotiations; (iv) give more support to the research on and measurement of consumption-based carbon emissions.

Influence of Educational Attainment to the Performance Level of Electronics Technician in Consumer Electronics Servicing: Comparative Analysis

Consumer Electronics Servicing is a qualification under the technical-vocational program and is incorporated in undergraduate studies that provides students with knowledge and skills to assemble/dissemble, maintain and repair domestic or foreign consumer electronic products. However, there is no evidence and studies that would suggest us who from the graduate of technical-vocational program and baccalaureate performed better when it comes to consumer electronics servicing. This study aimed to assess the influence of educational attainment to the performance level of electronics technician in consumer electronics servicing qualification as basis to improve the quality of educational institutions offering this program. The study was participated by 30 technical-vocation program graduates and 32 baccalaureate graduates. It was found out that there is no significant difference between the performance level of electronics technician on consumer electronics servicing qualification when it comes to educational attainment. It implies that educational attainment doesn't affect the performance level of electronics technician on consumer electronics servicing.

СИСТЕМА ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ И ИНДЕКСОВ ДОВЕРИЯ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ГРАЖДАН К ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ БЕЛОРУССКИХ ВРАЧЕЙ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ГРОДНЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

Introduction. To solve the problem of assessing the current state of foreign citizens’ trust in the professional activities of Belarusian doctors, it is proposed to use the index of confidence in Belarusian doctors, determined on the basis of the indices of generalized trust in Belarusian doctors (three types), the values of which are calculated based on the values of two indicators: the indicator of generalized trust and the indicator of the measure of personal trust. Objectives.To introduce a new method of assessing the trust in Belarusian doctors among foreign patients. Material and methods. Using the principles of sociology of medicine, an approach has been developed to mathematically assess the level of trust of foreign consumers of medical services in Belarusian doctors, the system was introduced in 2021 into the work of a number of healthcare organizations in Grodno region (healthcare institution «Grodno University Clinic», healthcare institution «Grodno City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Care», healthcare institution «Ostrovets Central District Clinical Hospital»). The sample consisted of 297 English-speaking foreigners: 184 (61.95%) women and 113 (38.05%) men. Every third foreigner - 34.24% of women {27.77; 41.35}% and 30.97% of men {23.19;40.01}% - had already an experience of receiving medical care in countries other than Belarus and the country of their residence. The Microsoft Excel 2010 program, the Statistica 10 software package, serial number AXAR207F394425FA-Q were used to process and present the results. Results. The method includes a sociological survey followed by the calculation of the index of trust in Belarusian doctors, determined on the basis of generalized trust indices (three types). The indices of generalized trust in three characteristics - experience, professionalism, ethics - differ, trust in the professionalism of Belarusian doctors prevails (p<0.01), the general index of trust of foreign citizens in the professional activities of Belarusian doctors makes up 40.4%, which corresponds to the average level of trust. Conclusions. The results indicate a sufficient level of trust in Belarusian doctors on the part of foreign patients. Vectors for increasing trust are represented by the aspects of expanding the experience of doctors working with English-speaking patients and issues of ethics and communication in healthcare.

ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS OF INTEGRATION OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETS TO GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Topicality. In Ukraine, there are opportunities for integration into global value chains, primarily in the agri-food markets. Concentration of these strategic resources in the structural units of agri-food enterprises in all segments of the global market with the formation of dynamic competitive advantages of national economies of their countries. This process is facilitated by the availability of developed transport infrastructure, especially sea and river ports, attracting investment, including foreign in increasing crop production, productive land, increased role of the state in regulating strategic agri-food markets. At the same time, this powerful potential is not used effectively. Significant losses are due in particular to the creation of logistics of export flows, which in many cases make domestic food products uncompetitive in foreign markets, due to inflated costs of supply to final consumers. Such inflated costs indicate the lack of coordinated interaction of export-oriented chains and organizational and economic mechanisms, their regulation. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the scientific provisions and organizational and economic forms of logistics support for the integration of agri-food markets into global value chains. Research results. The current methodological approaches to the analysis of global value chains are analyzed, it is established that the main analytical indicator for agri-food markets and their individual sectors is a two-component "index of participation in global value chains". Low rates of participation of commodity markets in global chains are characteristic of developing countries and exporting countries of commodities with low levels of domestic value added, as evidenced by the sectoral analysis of agricultural markets. Analysis of problems with the efficiency of global agri-food value chains and specific market participants, practice shows that the producer achieves the greatest economic effect when it sells not raw materials, but products of processing, with increased value. In particular, the urgency of this issue is exacerbated by the need to use logistical reserves in the process of servicing export flows. Recent data suggest that as countries participate in global value chains, commodity growth rates increase. Value chains play an important role as a source of job creation. Thus, trade and supply in food hubs within the logistics chains of food markets stimulates the development of logistics as a critical component of global chains, as the most important problem is to supply products in the right quantity, quality, on time. The study also focuses on general market factors that affect the efficiency of specific value chains in the external dimension. Conclusion. The study proposes a conceptual approach to integrating agri-food markets into global value chains by creating agri-food hubs. The peculiarity of this concept is the formation of networks of specialized hubs that should serve the commodity flows of related markets. The basis of agri-food hubs should be formed by logistics functions related to marketing activities, tools for end-to-end planning of commodity supplies, and their institutional support. This will ensure efficient logistics routes of goods supply, strengthen cooperation between the links of the chains, fully take into account the specifics of the requirements of foreign consumer markets. Prospects for further research on this issue include bringing the rules of tax and customs legislation in line with international standards, ensuring insurance of export contracts and more.

Imports, Exports, and Earnings Inequality: Measures of Exposure and Estimates of Incidence

Abstract The earnings of individuals depend on the demand for the factor services they supply. International trade may therefore affect earnings inequality because either (i) foreign consumers and firms demand domestic factor services in different proportions than domestic consumers and firms do, an export channel; or (ii) domestic consumers and firms change their demand for domestic factor services in response to the availability of foreign goods, an import channel. Building on this idea, we develop new measures of export and import exposure at the individual level and provide estimates of their incidence across the earnings distribution. The key input fed into our empirical analysis is a unique administrative data set from Ecuador that merges firm-to-firm transaction data, employer-employee matched data, owner-firm matched data, and firm-level customs transaction records. We find that export exposure is pro-middle class, import exposure is pro-rich, and in terms of overall incidence, the import channel is the dominant force. As a result, earnings inequality in Ecuador is higher than it would be in the absence of trade.

Statutory safety quarantine and its compensation of consumer’s long-term intake of food additives

To improve the sensory properties of food, prevent deterioration and extend shelf life, increase the variety of food, enhance the convenience of food, or increase the variety of food are the functions and purposes of food additives such as Ractopamine added into fodder feeding cattle in order to produce more feed efficiency and growth promotion instead of fatty tissues. Consumers feel Ractopamine meat more delicious because of less fatty tissues, and you can spend less money if you want to buy lean meat of the same weight. However, Taiwan consumers worry about Ractopamine harmful side effect. Therefore, we have to find several medical scientific evidences to prove the causal relationship between Ractopamine and human major organ damage in order to rule out potentially many variables involved related to consumption of specific products. It will violate the desire of American farmers wishing to earn money from exporting beef and pork if excessive Ractopamine residual dosage or non-compliance with international standards. For example, the United States does not meet EU standards. For methodology, we suggest that patient’s medical record including the frequency of consumption of Ractopamine meat in hospital or at private clinic, then help patient to do Rapid Test which is provided by BALLYA. It can be the evidence to claim compensation. Concerning our paper’s contribution, although American cattle have more meat and less fat, they will certainly be rejected by the EU due to Ractopamine. Our article not only promotes food safety, but also hopes to express the concerns of foreign consumers to American farmers who may opt for different ways of food additives. We expect that concerning law not only deals with follow-up claims for compensation afterwards, but also has the function of assessing risks and preventing personal injury. • The intake of food additive by swine and cattle leads to residual in pork and beef. • Long-term intake causes adverse effects to consumers’ lung and heart. • If food additive is overdosing, the government can apply “off-shelves” precautionary measurement. • By urine test, we can find if remaining residual is overdosing. .● If the test is positive, the consumer should be compensated by law; if negative, no compensation.

The energy-water-food-waste-land nexus in a GIS-based biofuel supply chain design: A case study in Fars province, Iran

The concentration on producing clean energy such as biofuels in recent years has had an impact on some of the natural resources that humans use, such as water, food, and land. In this paper, a two-phase approach to design and optimize a biofuel supply chain based on Jatropha Curcas L. oil and used cooking oil (UCO) is presented by considering the nexus between energy, water, food, waste, and land (EWFWL) in order to protect natural resources and create environmental security. In the first phase, the most appropriate sites for Jatropha cultivation are determined by considering the accessibility, geological, environmental and climatic criteria, using the Geographic Information System (GIS). In the second phase, a novel multi-objective model is designed considering the EWFWL nexus and solved using the Torabi-Hassini method. The model is validated using real data from Fars province, Iran, as well as a sensitivity analysis. In this study, some of main contributions are identifying suitable Jatropha cultivation sites in Fars province, Iran; development an innovative optimization model regarding EWFWL nexus; and considering financial parameters and global distribution along with EWFWL nexus. According to the results, the sale of biofuel to local and foreign consumers accounts for the largest proportion of network revenues, contributing for 59.25% of total revenue. Furthermore, increasing the use of UCOs for biofuel production will reduce Jatropha output, and consequently reduce water, land use, and increase food security. If UCO shortage occurs, more lands will be dedicated to Jatropha farms and food-loss and water consumption increase. By focusing on biofuel production over UCO, policymakers can produce less Jatropha and decrease the use of land for Jatropha cultivation. Furthermore, effluent-based irrigation can be more widely used to save fresh water by irrigating Jatropha farms.