Foreign Carriers Research Articles

АНАЛІЗ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ АВІАТРАНСПОРТНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ

The development of the air transportation industry of Ukraine is studied. The main trends of international and domestic air transportation, differences in the dynamics of cargo and passenger air transportation and changes that occurred under the influence of economic and political factors, as well as those caused by the pandemic and military events are identified. The competitive position of Ukrainian and foreign airlines in the international air transportation market is analyzed. The main reasons for the weak development of domestic air transportation are identified. The structure and main models of Ukrainian airports are analyzed. The regression models of passenger and cargo traffic of air transport are built, determined by the influence of the main macroeconomic indicators, which can be used for strategic forecasting of the development of the air transport industry in the post-war period. The article describes the perspective models of development of airlines and airports in Ukraine. Tough competition will lead to the fact that Ukrainian airlines, if they continue to exist, are likely to move to the model of small “hybrid airlines” or become ACMI operators. Due to the lack of access to cheap financial resources, Ukrainian airlines will gradually be pushed out of the market by foreign competitors. By lowering barriers to entry, new small Ukrainian regional airlines will emerge in the regions, operating on secondary routes that are not of interest to foreign carriers. The air transportation industry will move from the Hub-and-Spoke network model to the Point-to-Point model. Airports will have low profitability due to significant price pressure from low-cost airlines, and significantly lower revenues from aviation and non-aviation activities. Such airports will need government support to ensure their operation. After the opening of the airspace, considerable efforts will have to be made to stimulate and stabilize the development of air transportation, in particular in the areas of regulatory and legal regulation, organizational and managerial support, fiscal and monetary incentives, investment and innovation, and workforce.

Magnetic Platelets as a Platform for Drug Delivery and Cell Trapping.

The possibility of using magnetically labeled blood cells as carriers is a novel approach in targeted drug-delivery systems, potentially allowing for improved bloodstream delivery strategies. Blood cells already meet the requirements of biocompatibility, safety from clotting and blockage of small vessels. It would solve the important problem of the patient's immune response to embedded foreign carriers. The high efficiency of platelet loading makes them promising research objects for the development of personalized drug-delivery systems. We are developing a new approach to use platelets decorated with magnetic nanoparticles as a targeted drug-delivery system, with a focus on bloodstream delivery. Platelets are non-nuclear blood cells and are of great importance in the pathogenesis of blood-clotting disorders. In addition, platelets are able to attach to circulating tumor cells. In this article, we studied the effect of platelets labeled with BSA-modified magnetic nanoparticles on healthy and cancer cells. This opens up broad prospects for future research based on the delivery of specific active substances by this method.

State and Development of Transport Logistics under Current Conditions

The pandemic and the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation have completely changed the way transport logistics functions. In this regard, it is relevant to study the current state and development of transport logistics under these conditions. The article is aimed at studying goods transportation and destinations both around Russia, in general, and around the Irkutsk region, in particular. The article analyzes the state of transport logistics in the Russian Federation and in the Irkutsk region, outlines the main trends in transport logistics observed in the current situation. The study showed that the functional issues of transport logistics in the country are as follows: delays in delivery of goods, additional customs control of goods, increased time for clearance of goods, rising fee rates for container transportation, a lack of transportation capacity, rising tariffs. All of these ultimately result in disruptions in the supply chains of goods. The following ways of solving the identified problems are proposed: spreading regional centers in the European part of Russia across regions of the country; providing outsourcing of logistics services; applying electronic consignment note and improving digital services; increasing the share of the Russian railways in the Eurasian international transport market; strengthening competitive advantages of railway transport in relation to other means of transport and foreign carriers; attracting transit cargo flows to the Russian railway network.

Analysis of airline employees’ perceptions of corporate preparedness for COVID-19 disruptions to airline operations

The focus of this research is an analysis of U.S.-based airline employees' responses to corporate preparedness for the COVID-19 disruptions to domestic and international airline operations. A survey was issued during May and June 2020 to U.S.-based employees of major and national carriers and U.S.-based employees from foreign carriers. The research project consists of a questionnaire used to answer the key question: What is your perception of your company's preparedness for and response to the COVID-19 outbreak? Sub-questions address three key areas of employees' responses: 1) Was the airline prepared prior to the pandemic? 2). Did the airline respond appropriately to the pandemic? 3) Is the airline positioned well to recover from the pandemic? Findings indicate that airlines' risk management systems are recognized as a weakness in the organizations; however, they are taking steps to enhance their risk management protocols since dealing with the global coronavirus pandemic. Additional findings indicate that air transport companies need to move away from their reliance on the existing risk management system that is based on historical disruptions and toward a more proactive system. The last finding indicates that knowing and understanding the full potential of the impact of pandemics (or epidemics) may be advantageous in recovering business quickly.

Cabotage and Deregulatory Anomalies

The strangest airline route in America is between Pago Pago and the Manu’a Islands in American Samoa. It is the only regularly scheduled service by a non-U.S.-flagged airline between two points in the United States (or its territories) due to the lack of a U.S. carrier offering service to the territory’s domestic route. Under existing U.S. cabotage policies, states and U.S. territories are divested of all power to manage interstate air transportation to and from other U.S. airports as a matter of law. Specifically, federal law permits only U.S. carriers operating U.S.-registered aircraft to fly between U.S. states and territories. Consequently, governments like that of American Samoa have no authority to allow non-U.S. carriers to fly in and out of American Samoa to key connection points to the United States, such as Honolulu or Los Angeles. Standing alone, the absence of foreign carriers in any particular aviation market is unproblematic and even expected where purely “domestic” travel is involved. But, in American Samoa, the absence of foreign carriers means that competition and consumer choice are nonexistent. Meanwhile, presently, just one U.S.-flagged carrier—Hawaiian Airlines—connects American Samoa with any other part of the United States. In this monopolistic framework, few if any incentives exist for Hawaiian Airlines to provide more than the mini- mum acceptable level of service. And, in fact, in 2020, the Governor of American Samoa signed an Executive Order seemingly evicting Hawaiian Airlines from the territory while calling for permanent waiver of federal cabotage law—an action that the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) rejected as an authority not countenanced under the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. This Article argues for a change or exemption in the current law. In so doing, this Article features the body of national aviation law as an unexpectedly useful area in which to gain insight into the flaws of imperial rule. With respect to American Samoa specifically, federal cabotage rules and laws deregulating the commercial airline industry displace territorial efforts to achieve autonomy and self-governance over matters of local concern and constitutional dimension, including jurisdiction (i.e., navigation), commerce and trade, and travel. Worse, national laws strip territorial leaders of the ability to better the welfare of their community without also meaningfully advancing U.S. objectives. Therefore, this Article argues that Congress should exempt American Samoa permanently from application of cabotage and deregulation laws and policies, a seemingly local issue that genuinely portends wholesale changes to longstanding international aviation law.

Identification of Refund of Excise Duty on Motor Oils for International Road Freight Transport

In this article, the authors focus on the issue of refunding excise duty on motor oils within Europe. Some states have a refund in their legislation, most European countries do not, and this creates pressure from carriers to make decisions, where and how much it pays to refuel in your vehicles for international transportation. For this article, research was conducted in the field of research, analysis and comparison of conditions for creating a competitive environment within the countries of Europe. The article also wants to point out that the reimbursement is not subject to national transport, respectively. international transport and drawing by foreign carriers in countries where reimbursement is introduced are supported.

A Study on Determining Weld Joint Hardening and a Quality Evaluation Algorithm for 9% Nickel Weld Joints Using the Dilution Ratio of the Base Material in Fiber Laser Welding

The demand for LNG-powered ships and related equipment is rapidly increasing among major domestic and foreign carriers due to the strengthened IMO regulations on the sulfur content of ship fuel oil. LNG operation in a cryogenic environment requires a storage tank and fuel supply system that uses steel with excellent brittleness and fatigue strength. A ship using LNG is very sensitive to explosion and fire. For this reason, 9% Ni is often used, because ships require high quality products with special materials and structural technologies that ensure operability at cryogenic temperatures. However, research to derive uniform welding quality is urgent because the deterioration of weld quality in the 9% Ni steel welding process is caused by high process difficulty and differences in welding quality depending on a welder’s skill set. This study proposes a method to guarantee a uniform quality of 9% Ni steel in a fiber laser welding process by categorizing weld joint hardness according to the dilution ratio of a base material and establishing a standard for quantitative evaluation.

A Study on the Weldment Hardening Discrimination Procedure and Improvement of Flux Cored Arc Welding Process of ASTM A553-1 (9% Nickel Steel) Material Using Bead Geometry Distribution

As a result of strengthened sulfur content standards for ship fuel oil in IMO regulations, major domestic and foreign carriers have a high and growing demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG) powered ships and related equipment. For LNG operation in a cryogenic environment, a storage tank and fuel supply system that uses steel with excellent brittleness and fatigue strength is required. Ships that use LNG have a high vulnerability to explosion and fire. For this reason, 9% Ni is typically used, since a ship requires high quality products with special materials and structural technologies that guarantee operability at cryogenic temperatures. However, there is an urgent need for research to derive a uniform welding quality, since high process difficulty and differences in welding quality related to a welder’s skills can cause a deterioration of the weld quality in the 9% Ni steel welding process. For 9% Ni steel, the higher the dilution ratio of the base metal, the lower the strength. In order to secure the required strength, excessive dilution of the base metal should be avoided, and the relationship between dilution ratio and strength should be investigated. According to previous research, if it exceeds 25% it may be lower than the API standard of 363 MPa for hardening welds. Therefore, in this study, the flux cored arc welding process is performed by establishing criteria that can be evaluated based on the SVM method in order to determine the structure of the weld to be cured according to the dilution rate of the base metal. We would like to propose a multipurpose optimization algorithm to ensure uniform quality of 9% Ni steel.

Aerial Cabotage Revisited: From Exclusion to Internationally Recognized Practice

Current practices allow the grant of cabotage rights to foreign carriers on an exclusive basis. However, the legality of such practices is controversial, since the provisions of Article 7 of the Chicago Convention appear to prohibit such a grant on an exclusive basis. The present article examines the doctrinal views pertaining to the interpretation of the provisions of the Chicago Convention concerning cabotage, as well as State practice. This article is designed to demonstrate that Article 7 of the Chicago Convention is virtually ignored by States and regional organizations. Therefore, we assert that, on the basis of State practice, a new norm of international law is emerging, pursuant to which States grant cabotage rights on an exclusive basis. Cabotage, Traffic Rights, Freedoms of the Air, Domestic Air Traffic, International Air Law, Chicago Convention

Pricing regime choices for international airports: A rationale for the non-discrimination principle

This study investigates whether airports should be prohibited from charging differential charges to airlines, as the 1944 Chicago Convention and the EU directive intend. We consider an international network in which two countries’ airports are interlinked and served by each country’s carrier. Using a linear demand structure reflecting differentiated airline services and congestion delay costs, our global welfare maximization approach first verifies that the closed-form global welfare level achieved under optimal discriminatory charges is larger than (or equal to) that under optimal uniform charges when carriers are asymmetric (or symmetric). This verification shows the superiority of discriminatory charges for a single airport authority. We then construct a standard non-cooperative game in which each country chooses from uniform or carrier-specific discriminatory charges to maximize local welfare. We surprisingly find that, while discriminatory charges can levy home and foreign carriers differently, each country choosing uniform charges is a unique Nash equilibrium. The unique Nash equilibrium exists not only for asymmetric airline competition but also for any degree of airport congestion and product differentiation of airline services. This finding provides the economic rationale for the prevalent non-discriminatory principles for international airports.

СТАН ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ІНВЕСТУВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ АВТОТРАНСПОРТНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ: ЛОГІСТИЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The current state of the transport system and logistics in general is undergoing significant transformations. Innovative methods of transport management and logistics systems are becoming increasingly popular in world practice. All this, of course, requires significant investment. However, the efficiency of such investments, as shown by international experience, is quite high and has a positive effect on the growth of the economy of countries that actively implement such technologies. This article is devoted to the study of the state and prospects of investing in motor transport technologies from a logistical point of view. The main world trends in the development of logistics and directions of development of motor transport technologies in logistics are analyzed in the work. In the course of the research conducted in the article it was revealed that the key direction of development of logistics systems is robotization and introduction of artificial intelligence in logistics processes. This, in turn, contributes to increased investment in logistics startups and venture funds. Particular attention is paid to projects aimed at: strengthening control over the transportation of goods in real time; reduction of emissions of harmful substances and gases into the environment; reduction of time and transportation costs; optimization of logistics processes and operations; increasing the level of safety in transport, especially by car. The study revealed that the logistics sector in Ukraine is quite developed. Today, the market employs well-known foreign carriers and Ukrainian companies, which are gradually strengthening their presence in the logistics market. The article analyzes the main trends and outlines the prospects for investing in motor transport technologies. It is determined that in the near future, under the influence of global trends, global trends will be felt in terms of informatization and robotization of most logistics processes and operations, redistribution of investment resources, namely the growth of investments in logistics, information technology to optimize it.

Identification of Refund of Excise Duty on Motor Oils in International Road Freight Transport

In this article, the authors focus on the issue in the field of refund of excise duty on motor oils within Europe. Some states have a refund in their legislation, most European countries do not, and this creates pressure from carriers to make decisions, where and how much it pays to refuel with their vehicles in international transport. Survey research has been created for this article, analyzing and comparing the conditions for creating a competitive environment across Europe. The artikle also wants to point out that reimbursement is not subject to national transport, respectively international transport and drawing by foreign carriers in countries is supported, where a refund is made.

Evaluating domestic bias on airline passengers’ ratings: The moderating effect of cultural value orientation

Abstract We explore differences in airline passengers’ online ratings toward domestic and foreign carriers. Using a dataset of more than 380,000 airline passenger reviews obtained from TripAdvisor, we show that on average passengers express higher satisfaction (as proxied by their overall rating) for airline service encounters with domestic carriers, exhibiting a form of domestic bias. Using Hofstede’s framework, we examine how cultural dimensions influence the strength of this bias and find support for the moderating impact (positive and negative) of passengers’ cultural dimensions on their provided ratings toward domestic airlines. The study has theoretical and practical implications for international marketing researchers and airline operational planners.

Сучасні тенденції та проблеми авіаперевезень у міжнародному туризмі України

The aviation park of Ukraine, the safety of air transportation, the interaction of tourist companies with the domestic and foreign air carriers are analysed. The problematic issues and perspective directions of development of aviation passenger transport of Ukraine are identified according to social, political and technological prerequisites. The set of methods was used in the research: the method of analysis of Internet sites of companies-experts in the air transportation market, as well as methods of synthesis and the analysis of collected materials. The peculiarities of the current state of safety of transportation on the airlines of Ukrainian carriers are considered. The materials of the Sector for Analysis and Prevention of Aviation Events of the National Bureau of Investigation of Aviation Events and Incidents with Civil Aircraft in the Territory of Ukraine are analysed. The events and incidents with air carriers that have been entered in the register of civil aircraft of Ukraine and foreign registration, which occurred in 2018 by hazard classes, were revealed. The qualitative and quantitative status of the modern passenger fleet of Ukraine, which is involved in tourist air transportation, is investigated. The basic peculiarities, modern features and tendencies of development of the Ukrainian airlines engaged in tourist transportation in the domestic and international tourism are complexly characterized. The real technical state of the airlines of scheduled and charter flights of Ukraine is revealed. Worldwide and national passenger safety requirements are defined. The practical relevance of the study is determined by its topicality. The main problems that hinder the development of aviation transport in the Ukrainian and world markets are identified. The mechanisms of improvement of tourist air transportation in Ukraine are offered. Key words: air transportation, aviation transport, international tourism, tourist air transportation.

Femtosecond Laser Lift‐Off with Sub‐Bandgap Excitation for Production of Free‐Standing GaN Light‐Emitting Diode Chips

Laser lift‐off (LLO) is commonly applied to separate functional thin films from the underlying substrate, in particular light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) on a gallium nitride (GaN) basis from sapphire. By transferring the LED layer stack to foreign carriers with tailored characteristics, for example, highly reflective surfaces, the performance of optoelectronic devices can be drastically improved. Conventionally, LLO is conducted with UV laser pulses in the nanosecond regime. When directed to the sapphire side of the wafer, absorption of the pulses in the first GaN layers at the sapphire/GaN interface leads to detachment. In this work, a novel approach towards LLO based on femtosecond pulses at 520 nm wavelength is demonstrated for the first time. Despite relying on two‐photon absorption with sub‐bandgap excitation, the ultrashort pulse widths may reduce structural damage in comparison to conventional LLO. Based on a detailed study of the laser impact as a function of process parameters, a two‐step process scheme is developed to create freestanding InGaN/GaN LED chips with up to 1.2 mm edge length and ≈5 μm thickness. The detached chips are assessed by scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence, revealing similar emission properties before and after LLO.

THE ISSUES OF ATTRACTING LEGAL LIABILITY FOR FOREIGNER TRANSPORTERS OF ASSETS, LOADINGS, OBJECTS, PASSENGERS ON CROSSING CUSTOMS BORDER OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

The author analyses from a general legal point of view the cases in which the international foreign carriers of goods, loadings, objects, passengers can be liable when committing breaching of customs rules or customs crimes, thus differentiating the forms of liability which might appear in these cases. Moreover, the author determines and separates each form of legal liability in part, through the applicability of the customs legal practice, also by indicating the effective mechanism of applying the legal sanctions to the subjects who have committed breaching of customs rules or customs crimes.

“Communists They May Have Been”: Australian Maritime Unionists and the National Shipping Line, c. 1950–90

Australian maritime unions of the Cold War period are renowned for their militancy and rhetorical commitment to communist ideas. In contrast, concentrating on the policies and actions of the Seamen’s Union of Australia (SUA) and the Waterside Workers’ Federation (WWF) towards the Australian National Line (ANL), this article reveals their political and industrial pragmatism in advancing a national shipping agenda. It demonstrates that union support of the Line took two main forms. First, maritime unionists sought to protect the state-owned shipping company from unfair international competition by launching protest actions against substandard foreign carriers. Second, they willingly cooperated with Australian shipping industry stakeholders to boost seagoing labour productivity and thus the global competitiveness of the ANL. The article argues that it was the increasing integration of the Australian maritime enterprise into the highly competitive global shipping market that prompted the SUA and the WWF to take an active role in defending national shipping interests.

Passenger Perceptions and Choice Behavior of National, Low Cost and Foreign Carriers: A Case Study on Incheon International Airport

Passenger Perceptions and Choice Behavior of National, Low Cost and Foreign Carriers: A Case Study on Incheon International Airport

Prospects for air policy liberalization in China as a Result of China-ASEAN Open Skies: Changing role of Chinese mega carriers in global scene and anticipated Low Cost Carrier competition

The objective of this study is to predict the direction of change in China's airline policy in the next decade. This is done by (a) reviewing performance of Chinese mega airlines and predicting their changing global role which will have strong influence on Chinese air policy; (b) changing role of airline industry in the modern economy; and (c) impacts of South East Asian LCCs' penetration into a large number of Chinese major cities enabled by the recent China-ASEAN Open Skies Agreement, and its anticipated impacts on China's LCC policy. Our analysis led us to conclude that if China's air policy makers encourage 80 + major cities to initiate made-in-China LCCs, it would solve the looming short-term policy disaster (losing the majority of China-ASEAN markets to SE Asian LCCs); help solve an important medium-term policy goal of inducing Chinese mega carriers to get more efficient vs. competing foreign carriers; and the long-term need for preparing China's mega carriers to claim the global leadership roles such as setting standards on the global civil air transport sector. Such policy will also better serve both consumers and the Chinese economy as a whole as the more efficient and convenient air services would help tourism, international trade sectors that airlines need to support, in order to maximize its total contribution to the Chinese economy.

Regulations against Polish carriers performing international road transport of goods

Nowadays, in the European Union, in practically all fields of economy, including road transport, there are certain difficulties in free exercise of service activity in international transport. These difficulties are expressed by creating barriers of entry to a market or existing in that market by entities from other countries and they arise as a result of legal actions or administrative actions which interfere with legal provisions and therefore act in the interest of their own economy. The profitability of both Polish and foreign carriers which extended their activities to Western Europe is based on lower production costs, which can be achieved through lower maintenance costs of vehicles and lower working costs. The process of creating barriers of entry for the highly competitive entities in the EU results in market uncertainty, whose effect may be increased risk of providing transport services and which limits the transport potential of numerous companies. It is currently very difficult to find an agreement between the so-called “old EU” and the Visegrad Group in the area of transport. The key subject is solving the issue of posted workers. The most controversies regard the issue of whether the provisions of the new directive will also concern the workers from the transport sector. A few states, e.g. France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain wants the sector to be permanently included in the directive. Poland (posts the most workers) and other EU member states which undertake transport operations in the EU oppose these provisions.