Foreign Breeding Research Articles

Выявление бактерий рода Campylobacter в используемой для искусственного осеменения сперме быков

The article presents the results of molecular genetic studies of samples of cryopreserved bovine semen used for artificial insemination from Russian and foreign breeding farms, aimed at identifying the genetic material of Campylobacter of different species. Studies on the detection of C. jejuni DNA were carried out by PCR with electrophoretic detection of PCR products using the KAM-BAK test system, Campylobacter spp. and C. fetus – using LSI VetMAX™ PCR kits with realtime hybridization-fluorescence detection. The genetic material of microorganisms of the genus Campylobacter was detected by PCR in 66,9 % of the studied samples, C. fetus – in 0,7 %, C. jejuni – in 9,7 % of semen samples. For 34 randomly selected samples of semen, a study of the microbial composition was carried out using «next generation» sequencing technology (NGS). Campylobacter has been shown to be the third most common genus of bacteria in semen samples. A species of C. ureolyticus that causes gastrointestinal diseases in humans and was previously found in feces and milk of cattle has been identified in semen samples. The issues of penetration of different types of Campylobacter into semen and the impact of the presence of Campylobacter on the quality of sperm production are discussed.

The influence of foreign lineages in the genetic component of reproductive traits in Criollo Argentino mares: A 30-year study

The Criollo horse is the most important equine breed in Argentina. These horses are characterized by their strength, resistance, and increased fertility even at old ages, and they are also associated with Argentine tradition and livestock heritage. However, over the last 70 years, the Criollo Argentino breed has been influenced by other South American Criollo horses from Brazil, Uruguay, or Chile. In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic influence of foreign individuals on the reproductive performance of Criollo Argentino mares. To achieve this, we analyzed a large dataset including pedigree records of nearly 212,000 individuals. For the analysis, the individuals were organised into clusters based on their genetic origin (foreign or native Criollos). We then performed a comprehensive genetic characterization of each group, as well as an estimation of the estimated breeding values (EBVs), heritabilities, and genetic correlations for the three traits, using a multi-trait mixed model. Our results demonstrate a positive trend toward the introgression of foreign breeding lineages in the Criollo Argentino population. However, we also quantified a low-to-moderate genetic influence on all the fertility traits analysed, and the absence of any negative effect associated with inbreeding. Despite the fact that the genetic origin produced certain differences between foreign and native individuals in terms of fertility at the beginning of the study, the use of foreign lineages did not significantly change the fertility of the Criollo Argentino mares. To our knowledge, this is the first study analysing the fertility of Criollo horses from a genetic point of view.

REPRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF SOWS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ADAPTATION AND THE LEVEL OF THEIR PHENOTYPE CONSOLIDATION

Introduction. The intensification of the breeding process in pig breeding involves, along with the introduction of modern methods of assessing the breeding value of animals, the use of pigs of foreign breeding. At the same time, it is important to study their adaptive and productive qualities in the conditions of industrial maintenance technology and the steppe zone of Ukraine (Topikha V. S., 2009, Khalak V. I., 2009, 2020, 2022, Kislyns’ka A. I. and others, 2012, Dudka O. I., 2020). The paper presents the results of the study of the reproductive qualities of sows of super-adaptive and minus-adaptive types, as well as the coefficients of phenotypic consolidation (К1, К2) of the main traits and the economic efficiency of the use of animals in experimental groups are calculated. The research was carried out in the agricultural formations of the Dnipropetrovsk region and the animal husbandry laboratory of the State Institution "Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine". The work was carried out in accordance with the program of scientific research № 31 "Genetic improvement of agricultural animals, their reproduction and preservation of biodiversity (Genetics, preservation and reproduction of biological resources in animal husbandry)", the task – "Determine adaptive features and the nature of inheritance of polygenic and hereditary traits of pigs of different genotypes and develop an integrated a system of creating a highly productive population".
 Materials and methods of research. The object of the study were sows of the large white breed of Hungarian origin. Based on the results of own research and data of primary zootechnical records (form 2-SV "Card of breeding sow", form 4-SV "Accounting journal of mating (insemination) of pig breeding stock", form 5-SV "Accounting journal of farrowings of sows and offspring piglets" (Instructions on the grading of pigs, 2003) the following quantitative characteristics were investigated: sow life expectancy, months; duration of breeding use of the sow, months; farrowings obtained; total live piglets obtained, head; fertility, head; nest weight at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days, kg, preservation of piglets until weaning, %.
 A comprehensive evaluation of sows for reproductive qualities was carried out according to M. D. Berezovsky’s index (cited by P. A. Vashchenko, 2019), the “level of adaptation” index was calculated according to the method of V. S. Smirnov (2003), phenotypic consolidation coefficients (К1, К2) of the main quantitative characteristics - according to the methods – by Yu. P. Polupan (1996, 2005). Biometric processing of research results was carried out according to the methods of V. P. Kovalenko. etc. (2010).
 Research results. It was established that the life expectancy of sows of the controlled population is 50.1 months (Сv = 35.97%), the duration of breeding use is 40.9 months (Сv = 42.24%), the "adaptation level" index is 10.56 points (Сv = 32.77%). During the breeding period, sows produced 7.0 farrowings (Сv = 44.10%), a total of 77.8 live piglets (Сv = 46.46%). The average rate of multiple fertility is 11.1 piglets per farrowing (Сv = 10.08%), the weight of the litter at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days is 76.1 kg (Сv = 14.10%), the weight of the nest at the time of weaning at the age 60 days – 181.5 kg (Сv = 9.35%), survival of piglets before weaning – 91.6 ± 0.50%. The index of M. D. Berezovs’ky in sows of the controlled population ranges from 33.00 to 50.83 points. Taking into account the intrabreed differentiation of sows according to the type of adaptation, it was established that animals of the super-adaptive type prevailed over the animals of the minus-adaptive type in terms of life expectancy, duration of breeding use, total farrowings, total live piglets, fertility and litter weight at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days by an average of 37.96%. Coefficients of pair correlation between traits characterizing the level of adaptation of sows and their reproductive qualities range from –0.704 to +0.982. Coefficients of phenotypic consolidation of reproductive qualities of sows of different types of adaptation range from –0.082 to +0.682.
 Conclusions. Studies show that sows of the super-adaptive type (the "adaptation level" index ranges from 5.48 to 8.20 points) outweigh the animals of the controlled population by litter weight at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days +4.63%. The cost of additional products obtained from the sow of the specified group is UAH 125.52.

Ukraine’s Market of Certified Seed: Current State and Prospects for the Future

The production of high-quality seeds and planting material is the basis for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of crop production. The main aim of this article is to develop proposals to ensure that supply meets the demand in the seed and planting material market Ukraine. The future prospects are also discussed. The paper uses statistical and comparative analysis. The patterns of foreign trade in seeds and planting material to and from Ukraine are analyzed. The high level of import dependence of Ukraine leads to excessive exposure to instability in the world seed market. The development of seed production in Ukraine is discussed and analyzed along with the ways for improving commercial circulation of seeds and planting materials. The export volumes of grains and oilseeds in 2020 were the highest of those over the last three decades and amounted to USD 18.7 million, which is almost twice more than in 2019. Corn seeds dominate in exports (72%). The volume of imports of seeds of grains and oilseeds exceeded exports by 22 times in value and, in 2020, amounted to USD 409.4 million. In the total volume of imports, imports of sunflower seeds accounted for 53%. The upward trend of seed imports has been maintained since 2010. It was the result of increased demand for imported seeds by large- and medium-sized agricultural producers. In 2020, COVID-19 gave impetus to the development of domestic seed production and foreign breeding companies within the country. Prospective ways to accelerate the development of the organization of the Ukrainian seed and planting material market are outlined. Ukraine has prospects for increasing the export of seeds of grains and oilseeds by expanding its production by foreign companies operating in Ukraine. Solving problems of competitiveness seed production in Ukraine will make it possible to strengthen the role of domestic breeding in the seed market, as well as to use the best foreign varieties through their commercial circulation.

THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE BAKING QUALITY OF WHEAT WITH GENETICALLY DIFFERENT ALLELES OF STORAGE PROTEINS

The article is devoted to the study of the wheat samples of the 3rd classwith the same quality indicators according to DSTU 3768, but had different baking properties. In particular, the “strength” of flour (W) significantly differed. The quantitative and qualitative state of the gluten-protein complex is significant factor for obtaining grain and flour of high baking quality. But only the quality indicators of red winter wheat according to DSTU 3768 - protein content, amount and quality of gluten cannot objectively characterize the baking quality of a specific batch of grain. For the main indications of the Ukrainian standard for wheat, all batches of wheat are practically identical. Foreign buyers do not use our Ukrainian standards, they give precedence to international methods and one of the most integral of them is the “strength” (W). The method demonstrates the main characteristics of the physical properties of wheat dough, which maybe especially important during bread making: elasticity (P), extensibility (L) and alveogram configuration coefficient (P/L). It has been established that the reason is the difference in the genetically determined alleles of the storage proteins of the studied samples. In the last years "filler" and "weak" varieties of wheat of domestic and foreign selection have appeared in Ukraine. In the conditions of replacing traditionally grown varieties of "strong" wheat in Ukraine with new high-yielding varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, it is not enough to determine the parameters recorded in DSTU 3768 to determine the baking quality, it is necessary to introduce new, more objective research methods. It is concluded that for an objective assessment of the baking properties of wheat, international standards ISO 27971, ISO 21415, ISO 5529 should be used.

The effect of mulching materials on yield, biochemical composition and preservation of fruits of bell pepper

Introduction. The use of new covering materials is an important modern agrotechnique for cultivating of bell pepper in the open ground, which allows to minimize chemical treatments, increasing the yield, quality and preservation quality of vegetable products.The purpose of this work is to study the effect of various mulching materials (black polyethylene film and spandbond «Agrotex 60 perforated mulch») on the yield of bell pepper and also on biochemical composition of fruits and on their preservation quality in relation to the ripeness phase.Methods. The objects of the study were the fruits of two bell pepper hybrids of domestic and foreign breeding (respectively Nathalie F1 and Anetta F1), grown in the open ground using mulching materials. The experiments were laid according to standard methods adopted in vegetable growing. Storage was carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines for conducting research on the storage of vegetables.Results. The use of mulching materials contributed to an increase in total yield and the yield of standard products in the crop structure, and also positively affected the accumulation of solids, vitamin C, monosaccharides, disaccharides and as a whole – the sum of sugars. The domestic hybrid Natalie F1 (74.9%), grown using black film as a mulching material, as compared to foreign hybrid Anetta F1 (71.3%), was characterized by better preservation quality. Significant differences in the chemical composition of fruits depending on the ripeness phase were revealed. Fruits laid for storage in full biological ripeness (red) were characterized by an increased amount of weight loss on all storage options. A positive effect on the storage persistence of bell pepper fruits with use of mulching materials on all variants of the experiment was also established.

Selection of cucumber for parthenocarpy for spring greenhouses

Scientific relevance. Currently, in the protected ground, the main areas are occupied by parthenocarpic hybrids of cucumber of foreign origin. Therefore, the selection of domestic cucumber hybrids of the parthenocarpic type is very relevant.Material and conditions. The experience was laid in 2018-2022 in the Odintsovo district of the Moscow region in the conditions of a spring film ground greenhouse of the "Block" type on the basis of the head institution of the FSBSI FSVC. Agrotechnics of cultivation is generally accepted for the conditions of spring film greenhouses. In breeding nurseries where there were no bees, the degree of parthenocarpy was determined as the ratio of the fruit set to the number of female flowers formed on the plant, as a percentage. The records were carried out from the 5th to the 20th node inclusive, only on plants of the female type of flowering. On the basis of the laboratory of breeding and seed production of pumpkin crops, 27 collectible and more than 50 breeding samples of parthenocarpic cucumber were studied.Results. During three years of research, 7 hybrids of cucumber of the parthenocarpic type of foreign breeding were selected based on the sum of economically useful traits.These hybrids were distinguished by a high degree of parthenocarpy. With their participation, as a result of multiple selections and self-pollination, more than 50 breeding lines were created. Analysis of the obtained material showed that the degree of manifestation of parthenocarpy on the plant (the arithmetic mean between the indicators of parthenocarpy on the main and lateral shoots) in the best half of the samples in 2021 was in the range of 30-50%, whereas in 2022 it already reached 50-70%. The parthenocarpy severity coefficient above 70% was noted only in 2022 in 4% of samples. About half of the samples showed a fairly low parthenocarpy: in 2021 no more than 30%, and in 2022 no more than 50%. Most of them were rejected. The parthenocarpy of the best breeding samples in 2022, compared with 2021, increased by an average of 17.7%. Breeding lines obtained even from the same collection sample often differed greatly, sometimes by 4 times, in the degree of parthenocarpy. The families of the most stable parthenocarpy samples had differences on this basis in 2021 only 3-6%, and in 2022 – 10-11%. Families with the greatest severity of this trait were selected annually. It can be concluded that the degree of parthenocarpy in cucumber strongly depends on both the genotype of the sample and the growing conditions. 3 breeding lines were selected, characterized by high indicators of the degree of manifestation of parthenocarpy in 2021 (61.5-70.5%) and the stability of the manifestation of this trait by families and years.

Strong varieties are the basis to produce high-quality processing products of bread wheat grain

There have been studied new strong varieties of spring bread wheat of different maturity groups (‘Tarskaya 12’, ‘Omskaya 44’ and ‘Omskaya 42’) in comparison with the standards (‘Pamyati Azieva’, ‘Duet’ and ‘Element 22’) and foreign varieties in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia. The purpose of the study was to identify the advantage of the studied wheat varieties recommended for cultivation in the Omsk region to produce grain with high baking properties. The study was carried out based on the selection crop rotation of the laboratory for spring bread wheat breeding in the nursery of Competitive Variety Testing, as well as the department of seed production when sown on fallow (intense background) in the zone of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region of the FSBSI “Omsk ARC”. There has been conducted a bakery quality estimation and qualification of samples according to the methodologies and classification standards recommended by the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Plants. There was identified an advantage of the medium-early variety ‘Tarskaya 12’ according to the formation of gluten amount in grain (+3.2...4.2 %), dough dilution (–34...50 u.f.), dough resilience (+24...43 mm) and flour strength (+113...188 u); middle maturing variety ‘Omskaya 44’ on the formation of dough resilience, flour strength in comparison with the standards. The middle-late variety ‘Omskaya 42’ was distinguished by high baking characteristics in comparison with the standard ‘Element 22’. A comparative analysis of the technological properties of new varieties and foreign breeding has revealed the advantage of the studied domestic varieties in formation of protein in grain and flour strength.

Screening of winter soft wheat varieties of Russian and foreign breeding for resistance to brown rust in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Central Caucasus

The article describes the stages of immunology testing for the development of winter soft wheat varieties. It also discusses the issues of leaf rust resistance, the population structure of Puccinia tritici f. sp. tritici Eriks., the methods of evaluation and selection of stock material for selective breeding with multiple resistance genes and showing high genetic diversity. 25 samples of winter soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L) obtained from the N.I. Vavilov’s (VIR) plant genetic resources gene bank and 47 Thatcher isogenic lines with the following genes were used as test articles. The study showed that the following genes could be considered effective for the resistance to a local population of leaf rust: Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr25, Lr30, Lr32, Lr34, Lr36, Lr41, Lr42, Lr45, Lr47, Lr51, Lr53, Lr67.The analysis of phenotypic traits allowed identifying 6 phenotypic groups: MHTT, PGTT, RHTT, NHKP, ТQТР, QHKP. The T-group phenotype that is virulent toLr9, Lr16 and has an incidence rate of 40.0% is typical for all grain producing regions in Russia and worldwide. They are predominant in the studied population of P. triticinа. The incidence rates of RHTT, QHKP, MHTT phenotypes that are avirulent to Lr9, Lr24 genes are 13.3, 3.3 and 10.0%, respectively. The incidence rate of PGTT and NHKP phenotypes that are avirulent to, Lr9, Lr24 Lr26, Lr2а, Lr3 genes is 33.3%. The intrapopulation genetic variation estimated using the Shannon–Weaver diversity index is high (H=2.51).The screening allowed identifying leaf rust resistant winter soft wheat varieties ranked as follows: resistant – 11, intermediate – 9, susceptible – 5 samples. It was proposed to use winter soft wheat varieties of foreign breeding from the Collection of Worldwide Crop Genetic Resources (Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR)), such as Dorota (France), Genoveva (Slovakia), Arial (Ukraine), Elton (USA), Verita (Slovakia), Muza (Poland), Alauda (Germany), Fenezja (Poland), Vatazbok (Ukraine), and Russian varieties of Prima and Omskaya 5.

Analysis of indicators of yield and fruit quality of ukrainian and foreign breeding apple varietis (Malus Domestica Borkh.) in the conditions of Podillia

Aim. Selection of the best apple tree varieties in terms of productivity and fruit quality, which is relevant when creating plantations of an intensive type in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Evaluations were taken: productivity of plantings, crop formation, marketable qualities of fruits (weight, size, uniformity, marketability), tasting evaluation, attractiveness of fruits and their suitability for storage. The main records and observations were carried out in full compliance with generally defined methods. The marketability of fruits was determined in the garden during harvesting by sorting in accordance with the current SSTU 8133-2015 and SSTU 8323-2015. Classification of varieties by fruit size was carried out according to the unified classifier of European countries. Results. The article presents the results of the study of 24 apple varieties of Ukrainian and foreign breeding of different ripening periods in the conditions of Podillia. According to the average indicators of 2016–2020 research, the grades were evaluated according to a set of main characteristics: early fruiting, productivity, marketability, shelf life and taste of fruits. Conclusions. It was established that the best varieties are: summer type – Williams Pride, autumn type – Count Ezzo, Kodrovskoe and winter type – Fiesta, Champion Renault. They begin to bear fruit at the age of two years (Williams Pride) and three years (Count Ezzo, Kodrovskoe, Fiesta, Champion Renault). The yield of ten – to fourteen-year-old trees reaches 22.4–39.4 t/ha. The yield of fruits of the highest and first grade was 27–49% on average over five years of research. The fruits of selected varieties are attractive (8.2−8.4 points), excellent, very harmonious sweet-sour taste (8.2−8.5 points).

Evaluation of introduced blackcurrant varieties for production and breeding

Thus far, the world’s blackcurrant range comprises about 1,200 varieties and is constantly being improved. The most successful breeding programs for black currant have been implemented in Poland, England, Belarus, Ukraine, Sweden, Lithuania, Finland, Romania, China and Russia. However, the climatic conditions of several regions of the Russian Federation make it difficult to fully realize the biological potential of foreign varieties and they often do not correspond to the characteristics declared by the breeder. The study is aimed at making comprehensive assessment of the introducers to establish their selection potential and the possibility of industrial cultivation. The study was conducted in 2018-2021 in the black currant collection site of the Kokino station of Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery (Bryansk region). 20 varieties of black currant of foreign breeding from different ecological and geographical groups were explored. A new local variety Kudesnik with average maturation time was taken for comparison. It was included in the State Register for Selection Achievements in 2022. An assessment of introduced black currant varieties by morphological character of plants revealed the features of their growth in the south-western conditions of the central Non-Black Earth region. Varieties that do not meet the requirements of modern intensive mechanized technologies have been established. In terms of plant height, the varieties Mriya, Nympha, Kupalinka, Cheryshneva, Amethyst, Sofiyivska and Triton do not meet the parameters appropriate for mechanical harvesting. It will be difficult to use berry harvesting equipment with the varieties Sofievskaya, Amethyst and Klussonovskaya due to the wide base of their bushes (>0.3 m). The varieties Sofievskaya and Klussonovskaya, with the highest yield (10 t/ha) do not meet the requirements of modern production in terms of bush mien and berries tearaway force. The best introducers (Sofievskaya, Klussonovskaya, Nympha, Mriya, Cheryshneva, Triton, Belorusochka, Kupalinka) with a yield of 8.3-10.0 tonnes/ha can be recommended for home gardening. A number of foreign varieties as genetic sources in breeding for berry strength (Cheryshneva, Ben Hope, Black Magic, Tiben); fruit size (Nympha); number of fruits in the claster (Triton, Cheryshneva); taste qualities (Mriya); high content of soluble solids (Ben Tirran, Sofievskaya, Mriya) and other characteristics of interest have been identified.

Comparative study of simple interline and three-way cross maize hybrids

Domestic interline maize hybrids are predominantly three-way cross hybrids in structure, and foreign breeding and seed companies prefer simple interline hybrids. In order to improve the competitiveness of domestic breeding, it is necessary to reorient to simple hybrids, which, in turn, requires information on whether simple maize hybrids have an advantage in specific soil and climatic areas. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a comparative study of new simple interline and three-way cross maize hybrids according to grain productivity and uniformity of economically valuable traits under unstable moisture supply. The study was carried out on the experimental field of crop rotation of the laboratory for maize breeding and seed production of the FSBSI “ARC Donskoy” in 2019–2021. The objects of the study were 10 simple and 10 three-way cross new domestic maize hybrids developed by the method of complete topcrosses. The establishment of field trials, records, biometric measurements and phenological observations were conducted in accordance with the methodological recommendations for conducting field trials with maize. There has been found that productivity of simple hybrids (3.49–4.65 t/ha) turned out to be significantly larger than that of three-way cross hybrids (2.84–3.70 t/ha), the mean excess was 0.78 t/ha or 23.6 %. Simple hybrids were characterized with the best uniformity in a length of a vegetation period (V = 0.58–2.13 %), height of maize ear attachment (V = 5.0–11.3 %), plant height (V = 2.8–4.8 %), and, consequently, better harvesting adaptability. There has been found a negative mean correlation (r = –0.49...–0.69) between grain productivity and variation of traits in terms of maturation, plant height and height of maize ear attachment. There has been found no correlation between the structure of interline maize hybrids and such traits as grain harvest moisture, resistance to lodging and smut “virus”. Due to a set of traits there has been identified a new simple interline maize hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 367’.

ВПЛИВ СОРТИМЕНТУ НА РОСТОВІ ПОКАЗНИКИ ТА УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ШПИНАТУ ГОРОДНЬОГО

The choice of the best spinach hybrid for field conditions determines the preservation of the possibility of its adaptation to the soil and climatic conditions of growing. The article provides a comparative assessment of the productivity and adaptability of spinach hybrids of foreign breeding to obtain highly productive crops in the conditions of Ukraine. The timing of the phenological phases has been determined, it was observed the growth and development of plants and their biometric indicators. The phenological observations of spinach plants showed that they developed unequally and differently depending on the hybrid. It was proved that plants of spinach differed in height, number of leaves, leaf plate surface and their total surface per hectare. They were higher in comparison with the control due to use of the best hybrid. The height of plants before of the harvest was noted as higher in the hybrids Spiros F1, Pronghorn F1, Lagos F1 and Hudson F1 – 24.1±0.16-25.8±0.20 cm. The higher leaf surface had hybrids Spiros F1, Lagos F1, Pronghorn F1 and Odysseus F1 – 15.3±0.02-15.5±0.06 thousand m2/ha. There was found dependence of the high productivity and yield of spinach of the foreign breeding from the hybrid. The high yield showed Mouflon F1, Odysseus F1, Rembrandt F1 and Spiros F1 – 5.6-6.5 t/ha. It was significantly higher than control. Growing of modern hybrids of foreign breeding of spinach allowed to receive an additional yield from 1.4 t/ha to 6.5 t/ha of green mass compared to control. The adaptability of spinach hybrids of the foreign breeding and their sensitivity to cultivation in the conditions of Ukraine were analyzed and established.

Economic and biological assessment of foreign strawberry varieties in the Orenburg Region

Studies of the strawberry economic and biological parameters were carried out in the Orenburg branch of the Federal Research Center of Horticulture from 2019 to 2021. The objects of the study were varieties of foreign breeding. The zoned varieties Orletz and Zenga Zengana served as control. According to the main phenological phases of plant development, there was a difference in the onset of the flowering phase, in the observed varieties it was 3 — 5 days. The total duration of flowering on average ranged from 10 to 12 days. The beginning of berry ripening in the Orenburg region in early varieties occurs in the first decade of June, in middle repining varieties in the second decade of June. The average duration of the fruiting period was 12-21 days. According to winter hardiness, the most resistant during the observation period from 2019 to 2021 were the zoned varieties Orletz and Zenga Zengana, among the varieties of foreign breedig Bogota, Bounty, Venta, Ducat, Lord, Polka, Troubadour, Junia Smides. Over the years of research, strawberry mite damage was noted up to 1 point, on varieties: Florence, Honeoye, Corona, Rumba, Sonata, Troubadour, Bounty. White spotting was noted in 2019 on the varieties Polka, Vima Xima, Corona, as well as in the Zenga Zengana zoned variety. Brown spotting in a weak degree from 0.5 — 1 points affected all the studied varieties. On average, over 3 years of observation, the number of peduncles in early ripening varieties was 4 pcs.; for varieties of the average ripening period — 4-6 pcs. On the studied strawberry varieties, the number of berries ranged from 14 to 28 pcs./ bush. According to the yield assessment, the studied strawberry varieties Junia Smides, Bogota, Polka and Zenga Zengana are medium-yielding — more than 12 t/ha.

Оценка исходного материала для получения риса с высоким содержанием амилозы

Rice is one of the main crops of strategic importance. Rice consumption in Kazakhstan is increasing compared to other cereals and reaches more than 65 %. Today, due to the increase in imports of rice cereals, it seems relevant to develop rice production, increase its competitiveness, and create domestic rice varieties with improved nutritional and culinary qualities. A key factor in determining the quality of rice is the percentage of amylose in the starch of the rice grain. In this regard, this work is devoted to the search for donors of the trait “high amylose content” among varieties and lines of domestic and foreign breeding in the rice collection of the RSE on the REM “Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology” (RSE on the REM “IPBB”). Screening of 172 foreign and domestic varieties and lines of rice for amylose content made it possible to identify 9 high-amylose variety samples. Among them one domestic ancient variety of Kazakh selection K3077 Kazakhi was found, which can serve as a donor of the trait “high amylose content”. Because of the climatic conditions of Kazakhstan and the long growing season, only six foreign varieties and lines were selected: Mavr (26.8 %), Taibonet (25.4 %), Parity (27, 0 %), K3612 Kara-Kyltyk (25.0 %), K3077 Kazakhs (25.1 %), and Solnechny (25.4 %). The selected varieties and lines of rice with a high content of amylose will be used as donors of the “high amylose content” trait for rice breeding.

The biological potential of winter garlic cultivars and local forms under conditions of the right bank forest steppe of Ukraine

The modern olericalture development needs special attention to self-sufciency in domestic products under the war conditions in 2022. It has some relation to garlic production as well. The garlic has been supplied by China. It is possible to compensate the garlic shortage in Ukraine by the implementation of the hybrid cultivars of domestic and foreign breeding in garlic production. However, the winter garlic is considered to be a vegetable that is poorly adapted to weather changes and it doesn’t show its biological potential. The domestic variety introduction of garlic from one local region to another requires an additional research. The research has been done in the experimental feld of Bila Tserkva NAU (The Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine). 65 cultivars of winter and local garlic have been studied. The test samples include garlic that has been delivered from Vinnytsia, Dnipro, Kyiv, Kirovohrad, Chernihiv, Cherkasy regions. The variety Prometheus has been taken as a control sample. This variety has been bred in Uman National University of Horticulture. The research has been done in accordance with the olericulture and melon growing research method. In 2020 and 2021, the weather conditions were good for plant growth and formation of the winter garlic yield. The plant density was 357 000 plants per ha. On average, in 2020 and 2021, the cultivar Lubasha, Ayder, IOB0017 had the biggest garlic heads in diameter (Lubasha – 5.5 cm, Ayder – 5.2 cm, IOB0017 – 5.2 cm). The samples of Duchess, Lubasha, Ayder had the highest average weight (Duchess – 55 g, Lubasha – 68 g, Ayder – 65 g). The cultivars Lubasha and Ayder had given the biggest yield of winter garlic heads (Lubasha – 20,3 t/ha, Ayder – 19,4 t/ha). The biggest amount of marketable garlic heads had been noticed in the varieties Lubasha, Duchess, Ayder and in the cultivars IOB00117, IOB00003 from the Institute of Vegetable and Melon growing, where this result ranged from 81 % to 84 %. As a result of the conducted research, the best cultivars have been identifed. The samples of Lubasha, Duchess, Ayder varieties have the biggest garlic heads in diameter, mass and in the amount of yield. Also, Lubasha, Duchess, Ayder, IOB0017 and IOB00003 have the biggest marketable yield amount. Key words: cultivars, local forms, winter garlic, weight of the bulb, yield productivity, marketability.

Agroecological and technological assessment of new varieties of cereals depending on biotic and abiotic growing conditions

Field experiments and laboratory studies were carried out during 2018-2021 on the basis of the experimental field and the research laboratory of the Smolensk State Agricultural Academy. The following varieties of winter wheat were the object of research: Measure, Nemchinovskaya 85, Skipetr (domestic selection) STRG - 872317 (foreign selection); varieties of winter triticale: Consul, Nina (domestic selection), Nord-1173303 MS, Mikhas (foreign selection). In our studies, the studied varieties of winter wheat and winter triticale of domestic and foreign breeding were ecologically plastic and formed a yield of 5.5-6.5 t/ha. We found that the winter wheat variety Nemchinovskaya 85 at a yield level of 5.77 t/ha exceeded the varieties Mera by 0.13 t/ha, Skipetr by 0.77 t/ha STRG - 88237 by 0.17 t/ha. According to the yield level of winter triticale, the domestic variety Konsul stood out - 5.86 t/ha and the variety of foreign selection Nord 1173303 MS - 5.28 t/ha. The duration of the growing season for varieties of winter crops, depending on the conditions of years, was 282-339 days and corresponded to the morphobiological characteristics of these varieties. In terms of precocity, winter wheat varieties were inferior to winter triticale varieties up to 5 or more days. When overwintering plants (68-77%) varieties of domestic breeding for winter wheat Nemchinovskaya 85 and Mera; for winter triticale, Consul and Nina were more winter-hardy (by 3-8%) than varieties of foreign selection. The article presents qualitative indicators of grain evaluation, where winter wheat varieties Nemchinovskaya 85 and Mera were distinguished by their physicochemical properties; in varieties of winter triticale - Consul. So the weight of 1000 grains in these varieties was respectively: 48.2; 47.9, and 45.5 g; vitreousness: 73;72;58%, nature: 799;765;750 g/l; falling number: 313;303;261 s. The protein content in the grain of winter wheat varieties ranged from 13.0 to 13.8% and in winter triticale varieties - from 12.3 to 13.1%. The studied varieties of domestic and foreign breeding retained their genotypicity in terms of morphobiological characteristics, physicochemical, biochemical and technological properties. Thus, in terms of gluten content and its quality, both in grain and in flour, winter wheat varieties corresponded to the indicators - 3 classes, winter wheat varieties triticale - 4 classes. We found that the rheological and baking properties of flour in winter wheat varieties were significantly higher than in winter triticale varieties. The best indicators of these properties in terms of flour strength were in winter wheat varieties Nemchinovskaya 85-279 J and Mera - 269 J and in the winter triticale variety Consul - 156 J. The bakery assessment of the loaves showed that the Nemchinovskaya 85 variety stood out in terms of bread volume, surface, crust color, crumb structure, aroma with a volume of 993 mm3 and a bread score of 4.8 points. In a comprehensive assessment of bread from winter triticale grain, the best indicators were in the Consul variety and amounted to 655 mm3 and 3.6 points, respectively. At the same time, when using grain varieties of winter triticale in baking production, it is necessary to use wheat flour as an improver, from 30 to 50%.

Effect of foreign stallions on the Hungarian Furioso-North Star breed

The most common aim of animal conservation programs is to maintain genetic diversity. Furioso-North Star is an indigenous Hungarian horse breed originated from Mezőhegyes Stud. The breed is based on two founder stallions, Furioso Senior and North Star Senior. The aim of this research study was to analyze the effect of the foreign breeding stallions to the genetic structure of Hungarian Furioso-North Star breed. The genetic structure of the breed was studied from pedigree data what was received from the Furioso-North Star Horse Breeding Association. Foals born between 2015–2018 were chosen as reference population. Every breeding stallion was marked by nationality (Austrian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Romanian or Slovak) according to their birth place. The population was described with genetic variability, what was calculated using Endog software. The Furioso-North Star breed is popular in Central Europe and nearby countries. The stallion imports and the stallion transfers were necessary and useful as they made changes in the composition of the genetic variability. The new genes and the new lines have refreshed the genetic structure. There were several breeds, like the Nonius, Shagya Arabian and English Thoroughbred, whose had an impact on the genetic structure of the Furioso-North Star breed.

The sweet potatoes new genotypes introduction in Ukraine

Aim: Conduct research on the collection of new genotypes of sweet potatoes introduced under growing conditions in the Kharkiv district of Ukraine. Results and discussion: In the conditions in the Kharkiv district of Ukraine, an assessment was made of 13 genotypes of sweet potato a domestic and foreign selection. The genotypes were very different in length of the growing season, biometric parameters of plants, and productivity. The studied genotypes were divided into three ripeness groups. Samples that characterized the three groups - early ripening: V-1, V-6, А-7, В-4; medium ripening: Оr-3, D-2, М-8; late-ripening: B-9, P-11, B-10, J-12, Е-5, Оk-14. A wide range of shapes was obtained along the length of the stem. All genotypes that entered the mid-ripening group formed long, climbing stems. So, plants of the genotype Or-3 formed long stems similar to vines, 214 cm long. The genotypes of the early ripening group were characterized by lengths from 144 cm (V-6) up to 153 cm (А-7). According to the “Quantity of additional shoots” attribute, the variability range was 4–8 cm, and the coefficient of variation was 17%. Significant variation was observed along the length of the internodes (V = 30%). The variability range was 4.39–9.97 cm. According to the “Quantity of leaves” characteristic, the variability range was 40–77 pcs. And the coefficient of variation was 20%. The genotypes of the middle ripening group that had the largest “Quantity of leaves” were 77 pcs./plant (Оr-3) and 71 pcs./plant (D-2). The smallest was 40 pcs./plant (B-10), 42 pcs./plant (B-9), 44 pcs./plant (P-11). The root tubers in genotype V-6 had an oval shape, smooth peel, and pink color. The flesh was a creamy solid color; it was a sample of sweet potato. The shoots were long, climbing, leaves of a dark green color without anthocyanin color, kidney-shaped. The genotype of sweet potato D-2 of Ukrainian selection was a dessert variety. The tubers of the genotype were elliptical, orange with a smooth peel; the flesh was firm and bright orange. The shoots of the plants were very long, very climbing, and light green. The shoots of the leaves were kidney-shaped, light green. The results showed that table genotypes are of greater value for dietary nutrition. Dessert genotypes are conducive to a variety of diets for people with diabetes. A list of genotypes that can be used by people who follow a diet has been provided. Conclusion: In the conditions in the Kharkiv district of Ukraine, 13 introduced genotypes of sweet potato domestic and foreign breeding were evaluated. They already discovered that the genotypes were different in the growing season by biometric parameters of plants and yields. By using clonal selection in vitro culture, two completely new promising genotypes of domestic selection of sweet potatoes V-6 and D-2 were obtained. Tubers of genotype V-6 were oval, skin smooth, and pink. The average weight of one was 351 g. The raw flesh was cream-colored. Long shoots were woven, their length was 144 cm; the leaves were dark green, and kidney-shaped. Another example of a domestic selection of sweet potato D-2 was a dessert type. The root tubers were elliptical and had an orange color with smooth skin. The average weight of the tubers was 410 g. The raw flesh was a solid bright orange color. Shoots were extremely long -198 cm, very creeping, and had a light green color. The leaves were kidney-shaped and light green.

Comparative analysis of allele frequencies for DNA polymorphisms associated with disease and economically important traits in the genomes of Russian and foreign cattle breeds.

The genetic makeup of a breed including its genetic differences from other breeds determines its appearance and characteristics, including economically important traits and resistance to pathologies. To date, many loci controlling significant phenotypes have been identified, which is successfully used in the world practice of marker-assisted selection to improve breed properties. The aim of this study was a comparative analysis of frequencies for known causative nucleotide substitutions, insertions and deletions associated with disease and economically important traits in Russian and foreign cattle breeds. As a result, we identified frequencies of these DNA polymorphisms in the populations of Russian cattle breeds, compared them with those of foreign populations of the same breed, as well as other foreign breeds. Our results indicate similarities in frequencies for most of such alleles within breeds (populations of Russian and foreign breeding), as well as the relationship between the causative allele prevalence and the presence of phenotypic traits under the effect. We also found an excess of some undesirable alleles in the Russian cattle populations, which should be paid attention to when designing breeding programs. We found that the alleles increasing fertility in the Hereford breed have a higher frequency in the Russian Hereford population compared to the foreign counterpart. Interestingly, unlike for the European breeds, for Asian Turano-Mongolian Wagyu and Yakut cattle, there was a less clear link between phenotypic traits and frequencies of known causative alleles. Our work points to specific genetic variants that could be used to improve and/or maintain the performance of certain cattle breeds bred in the Russian Federation