Forehead Skin Research Articles

Safety and health risks for workers exposed to cold thermal environments: A frozen food processing industry perspective.

Environmental temperatures in the fresh food industry vary from 0°C to 10°C, and go below -20°C for the frozen food industry, representing risk for the health and safety of workers involved. The aim of this work was to evaluate the cold thermal stress risks for workers working in a frozen food industry. A total of 27 acclimatized workers (13 male and 14 female) participated in a study which was conducted during 11 working days. The thermal sensation questionnaire and the cold work health questionnaire (CWHQ) were applied to all participants. Additionally, 4 workers were chosen to be fully monitored with a thermometer telemetry capsule for measuring the intra-abdominal temperature and 8 skin temperature sensors. The lowest recorded hand temperature was 14.09°C, lowest forehead 18.55°C, mean skin temperature had variations of 1.10 to 3.20°C along the working period. Highest and most frequent fluctuations were found in the hand and forehead skin temperatures, small changes were found in mean skin temperature. Answers to the CWHQ increase concern on clinical forms of "a frigore", and in two cases the mean body temperature decreased below 35.0°C, which is defined in the current literature as a mild form of hypothermia.

Pilot Study on the Forehead Skin Microbiome and Short Chain Fatty Acids Depending on the SC Functional Index in Korean Cohorts.

Dry skin is one of the indicators of a compromised skin barrier. An intact skin barrier is not only important to reserve the hydration within the epidermal tissue but also to protect our skin from environmental stressors and inhibit pathogen invasion; damage to the skin barrier may lead to inflammatory skin diseases. Some microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids may inhibit or destroy harmful bacteria and regulate the host immune system. The impact of the skin microbiome and short chain fatty acids on skin barrier function was studied in two groups of 75 participants each. The cohort was equally divided in dry and moist skin types, based on stratum corneum (SC) functionality index (SCFI), reflecting the ratio of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). A dry group represents a low SCFI and a moist group a high SCFI. Compared with the dry skin group, propionate and Cutibacterium levels (previously known as Propionibacterium acnes) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the moist group. Levels of Cutibacterium were negatively correlated with those of Staphylococcus (p < 0.0001) in both dry and moist groups. The moist group also had a significantly higher propionate concentration (p < 0.001). This study showed that the microbial community and short chain fatty acid concentration may be considered as significant determinants of the SCFI of the skin.

Analysis of the relationship between thermal comfort and salivary IgE in healthy adults under abrupt temperature

The human body can directly exchange heat and air with the external environment through the respiratory system. Respiratory system immunity is the ability of the respiratory tract to resist pathogens entering via by the external microenvironment. There are many indicators of respiratory immunity, such as serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM levels. IgE has been found to change significantly with atmospheric temperature in the natural outdoor environment. The external microenvironment also includes the indoor artificial environment. In this study, IgE was used as an immunity indicator in healthy people. At the same time, three transient processes were set in the artificial climate chamber, from the low temperature environment of 15 °C in winter, to 18 °C, 24 °C and 30 °C. The correlation between the human immunity indicator IgE and thermal comfort was explored by combining forehead, core and mean skin temperatures. The results showed that in the process of temperature variations, the skin temperature was stable during 30 min and the forehead temperature was significantly correlated with subjective voting. When the temperature changed to the neutral ambient temperature of 24 °C, the IgE concentration increased significantly within 5 min. The IgE concentration was higher in a comfortable thermal environment at 24 °C. When the temperature suddenly deviated from the neutral temperature to 18 °C and 30 °C, the IgE concentration took a long time to change.

Driver drowsiness detection using facial thermal imaging in a driving simulator.

Driver drowsiness causes fatal driving accidents. Thermal imaging is a suitable drowsiness detection method as it is non-invasive and robust against changes in the ambient light. In this paper, driver drowsiness is detected by measuring the forehead temperature at the region covering the supratrochlear artery and also the cheek temperature. About 30 subjects drove on a highway in a driving simulator in two sessions. A thermal camera was used to monitor the facial temperature pattern. The subjects' drowsiness levels were estimated by three human observers. The forehead and the cheek regions were located and tracked in each frame. The forehead and the cheek skin temperatures were obtained at three levels of drowsiness. The Support Vector Machine, the K-Nearest Neighbor, and the regression tree classifiers were used. From wakefulness to extreme drowsiness, the forehead skin temperature and the absolute cheek-forehead skin temperature gradient decreased by 0.46°C and 0.81°C, respectively. But the cheek skin temperature increased by 0.35°C in two sessions. The gradient difference is on average 50% higher than the forehead or the cheek temperature change alone. The results indicate that drowsiness can be detected with an accuracy of 82%, sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 90%, and precision of 84%. Driver drowsiness can be detected by monitoring changes in the forehead and the cheek temperature signal. Also, the temperature gradient can be used as a more robust and sensitive indicator of drowsiness.

28284 Subcutaneous hinge flaps: A great choice, especially in the setting of COVID

A 55-year-old woman presented for Mohs surgery with an infiltrative basal cell carcinoma of the nasal dorsum with a preoperative size of 0.9 cm × 0.7 cm. Negative margins were achieved after five stages, and the resultant defect measured 2.6 × 2.4 cm with exposed cartilage and involvement of 4 subunits of the nose (Figure 1). For large nasal tip defects, a paramedian forehead flap (PMFF) is nearly the gold standard. These flaps are chosen due to good color match between the donor forehead skin and the nose, the presence of sebaceous tissue within the flap, and the ability to match the flap depth to the depth of the defect. Our patient was offered a paramedian forehead flap and adamantly declined, citing her inability to care for the flap. Instead, she elected for a two-stage repair of a subcutaneous hinge flap from the upper nasal dorsum to restore the contour and depth of the nasal tip and supratip, to cover the exposed cartilage, and to provide good blood supply for the subsequent full thickness skin graft performed during the second stage of repair. She had excellent take of the FTSG and was pleased with her result. Several months after the surgery, the area was lightly dermabraded and then treated with several pulse dye laser treatments with good cosmesis. This repair option is especially important during COVID times, when a PMFF would minimize the ability to function in society and to safely wear a mask.

Comparison of two systems for the video head impulse test (vHIT) for the lateral semicircular canal: description of results from normal and pathological subjects.

The video head impulse test (vHIT) is a recent technique for functional evaluation of semicircular canals (SSCs). The vHIT examines eye movements at high frequencies of stimulation and provides an objective assessment of the functioning of the high-frequency domain of the vestibular system. To describe the results from vHIT performed using two systems. All subjects were evaluated through an audiological and otoneurological battery of tests and were diagnosed as normal or abnormal by an otorhinolaryngologist. The results from two systems: 1. ICS Impulse (Otometrics/Natus, Denmark) and 2. EyeSeeCam (InterAcoustics, Denmark) were recorded. The same operator delivered every impulse to every subject. The head impulses were performed while the operator was standing behind the subject, using both hands on the top of the subject's head, well away from the goggles strap and forehead skin. Two calibrations were completed in each system, prior to beginning the test. Test parameters were recorded through both systems for healthy subjects with no history or complaint of any vestibular disorder (N = 12; M/F = 5/7; age 35.1 ± 13.5 y) and for pathological subjects with a diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral vestibular disorder (N = 15; M/F = 7/8; age 53.4 ± 16.7 y). The vHIT is an important tool for otoneurological complementary evaluation. Both systems are reliable for vestibular disorders. The EyeSeeCam seems to reject fewer data and provides more information to include in diagnostics. Because of the small sample, there is a need for further in-depth comparison of both systems.

Exploring thermal state in mixed immersive virtual environments

Combining immersive virtual environment (IVE) with a controlled environment is a potential solution for analyzing human thermal experience during building design. Existing studies in this field have not adequately analyzed scenarios involving stabilized comfortable and uncomfortable temperature conditions using both thermal state votes and physiological responses, or the influence of the seasons. By combining IVE with a climate chamber, called mixed IVE (MIVE) in this study, experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that participants' virtual experience did not significantly alter their thermal experience compared to their in-situ experience. Response variables were the control temperature distribution, the thermal state vote (at temperature steps 18.3 °C, 23.8 °C, and 29.4 °C), and physiological responses (heart rate and skin temperature). The results show that the first two response variables were not significantly different between the MIVE and in-situ settings (except for one case). Due to the heat development of the head mounted display device, the mean forehead skin temperature in the MIVE experiments was significantly higher than that in the in-situ experiments in most cases. However, such difference in skin temperature did not seem to affect general thermal state votes. In addition, significant skin temperature differences at some locations were also observed between the MIVE and in-situ settings.

Audio-visual Emotion Regulation System Based on TGAM Module

Based on the TGAM PCB module, a system of emotion control using audio-visual feedback is designed. TGAM collects EEG information through the electrode in contact with the forehead skin. The system analyzes the user's emotion through the STM32F103ZET6 of the main control chip, and finally controls the control end of the system to regulate the user's emotion. It can be seen from the test results that the system can precisely recognize the user's emotions, and at the same time effectively adjust the user's emotions from both audio-visual aspects. The system has high recognition accuracy and good adjustment effect.

Performance characterization of non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) for forehead temperature measurement

The ability to assess the performance of a non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT) may be limited due to the algorithms necessary to predict a reference site temperature (e.g., oral) from a measurement of the forehead skin temperature. The algorithm not only adjusts for the difference between the reference site temperature and forehead temperature, but may also account for hardware corrections, bias adjustments and emissivity settings. These algorithms are proprietary to the manufacturer and can be unique for each device. ASTM E1965-98 (2016) is a standard test method for the evaluation of NCITs. It includes forehead thermometers; however, the algorithm must be known or an unadjusted calibration mode must be accessible. This study evaluates 6 NCIT models (10 units of each) against the ASTM standard error criterion using a blackbody source. Units were tested within the manufacturer's operating and temperature measurement range specification. A method to evaluate measurement outliers and characterize each model's performance when the adjustment algorithm is unknown is proposed. Using this method, 5 of the 6 models had a predicted error > 0.3°C.

Application of three-staged paramedian forehead flap in reconstruction and repair of full-thickness nasal defect

Objective: To evaluate the application of three-staged paramendian forehead flap technique in reconstruction of severe full-thickness nasal defect. Methods: Clinical data of 7 cases with nasal reconstruction by three-staged forehead flap technique in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University and HongKong University Shenzhen Hospital between June 2016 and October 2019 was retrospectively reviewed. All were males aged from 10 to 71 years. There were 4 cases of basal cell carcinoma of the external nose, 2 cases of traumatic nasal defects and 1 case of large rhinophyma. All the operations were performed with the paramedian forehead flap in three stages. In stage Ⅰ, full layered forehead flap was transposed to the nasal detect. Lining flaps were reconstructed with folded forehead skin (n=4), turn-over flap plus septal chondro mucosal pivotal flap (n=2), or bipedicled vestibular skin and nasal mucosa advancement flap (n=1). According to the reconstruction mode of the lining flaps, whether to implant cartilage to reconstruct the external nasal stent at stage Ⅰ was determined. At stage Ⅱ, the folded flaps were partly or completely separated from the covering flaps along the free edges of nasal alar. All the excess soft tissue including subcutaneous fat and frontalis muscle were excised, cartilage grafts were placed or sculpted to make an ideal nasal contour. The covering flaps were then returned on the recontoured, three-dimensional recipient bed. At stage Ⅲ, the pedicles were divided. Descriptive statistical method was used to analyze the data. Results: In all cases, restoration of the nasal contour was remarkably good, no flap necrosis occurred. All patients were followed up for 6 months to 2 years, and the appearance and function of the nose recovered well. All patients were satisfied with their final aesthetic results. Conclusions: Three-staged paramedian forehead flap technique ensures maximal blood supply for the lining flap and the inserted cartilage graft, and restores an ideal three-dimensional nasal contour for reconstruction of large full thickness nasal defects.

SARS-CoV-2 is not found in the sweat of COVID-19 positive patients.

BackgroundAs the SARS-CoV-2 virus made a pandemic all over the world, its transmission routes became significant. Transmission from human to human is known, but other possible routes are not determined well.AimsThis study aimed to reveal the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in sweat.MethodsThis prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care education and training hospital.Fifty patients were included in this study. Skin disinfection was done with an alcohol-based solution. Swabs for RT-PCR (real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) were taken from forehead and axilla skin after sweating patients for 30 min. After collection of sweat, swabs were placed into 2 ml of sterile viral transport medium, then transported quickly to the microbiology laboratory.ResultsNo SARS-CoV-2 virus was detected in RT-PCR of forehead and axilla swabs.ConclusionThis study showed that there is no transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus via sweat. However, general precautions must be taken while doing interventional procedures.

Effect of dermal phthalate levels on lung function tests in residential area near a petrochemical complex.

Phthalates can leach into indoor and outdoor airborne particulate matter and dust, which can then be ingested or absorbed and induce lung injury. Dermal phthalate levels can be used as a matrix for exposure direct absorption from air, particle deposition, and contact with contaminated products. However, the association between dermal phthalate levels in skin wipes and lung function tests remains unknown. A total of 397 participants were included. Spirometry measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1, L) and forced vital capacity (FVC, L) were calculated. Dermal phthalate levels of diethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) on forehead skin wipes were detected. The one-unit increases in logarithm (log) dermal DnBP (β = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.16, - 0.003, p = 0.041), BBzP (β = - 0.09; 95% CI - 0.16, - 0.02, p = 0.009), DEHP (β = - 0.07; 95% CI - 0.14, - 0.003, p = 0.042), and DiNP (β = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.15, - 0.02, p = 0.017) were significantly associated with decreases in FVC. For elderly participants, one-unit increases in log dermal DnBP (β = - 0.25; 95% CI - 0.46, - 0.04, p = 0.021), BBzP (β = - 0.17; 95% CI - 0.33, - 0.01, p = 0.042), and DiDP (β = - 0.19; 95% CI - 0.39, < 0.01, p = 0.052) were associated with decreases in FEV1. In conclusion, dermal phthalate levels were significantly associated with decreases in lung function tests.

Bacterial contamination of forehead skin and surgical mask in aerosol-producing dental treatment

ABSTRACT Background Bacterial contamination of dental professionals’ facial skin and protective equipment from treatment-related aerosols and droplets are poorly studied. Methods This prospective study analyzed samples from 67 consecutive aerosol-producing dental treatments. Sterile nylon swabs served to collect samples from dental professionals’ foreheads before and after exposure. Contact samples were obtained from used surgical masks. Samples were incubated on agar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Bacteria were classified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. We determined the frequencies of obligate and facultative oral bacteria and scored bacterial growth (0: none; 1: < 100 colonies; 2: >100 colonies; 3: dense). Results Bacteria were detected in 95% of skin-swab and 76% of mask samples. Median bacterial scores were 2 for forehead samples before and after treatment, and 1 for masks. Obligate and facultative oral bacteria were more frequent (6% and 30%) in samples from exposed forehead skin, which also showed increased bacterial scores (28%). 5% of samples contained methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; 3% contained obligate anaerobes. Conclusion Exposed forehead skin was significantly less contaminated with obligate oral bacteria than expected based on surgical mask findings. Exposed forehead skin showed increased contamination attributable to aerosol-producing procedures. The forehead’s physiological skin microbiota may offer some protection against bacterial contamination.

Effectiveness of thermal screening for COVID-19: Some considerations

Introduction: Fever is a common symptom in most infections, and its rapid identification forms a major component of screening efforts. Such screening has been carried out by several countries during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and during the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Infrared scanner-based non-contact (IRSBNC) thermometer was used to measure the forehead skin temperature. A conventional mercury thermometer was used to measure the core body temperature. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all the study subjects. Data collection was unlinked and anonymous, thereby maintaining privacy and confidentiality. A large sample size of 414 study subjects was taken. Data so collected were subject to appropriate statistical tests. The same data were utilized to run a simulation-based Susceptible Exposed Infected and Recovered (SEIR) model regarding the percentage of infectors likely to escape thermal screening and its epidemiological impact using MATLAB software. Results: The mean forehead skin temperature of the study subjects as measured by an IRSBNC thermometer was 96.79°F. The mean oral temperature of the study subjects as measured by a conventional mercury thermometer was 97.33°F. The difference between the two means was statistically significant with a t-value of 8.16 (P < 0.01). The forehead skin temperature as measured by an IRSBNC thermometer and oral temperature as measured by a conventional mercury thermometer showed a poor correlation coefficient of 0.11. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (NPV) of IRSBNC thermometer work out to 0.5384, 0.7087, 0.1102, and 0.9581, respectively. The false positive rate is 0.2912; and the false negative rate is 0.0309. The values of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, NPV, false positive rate, and false negative rate of IRSBNC thermometer estimated using standard statistical tests are not much different from the results obtained by the simulation-based model. Conclusion: Based on the previous literature available and on the findings of the present study, which have been further validated by running a simulation-based model, the workers recommend that not too much reliance be placed on thermal screening by the IRSBNC thermometer. IRSBNC thermometers are of limited utility in thermal screening for Covid-19.

Multiple phakomatoses and primary open-angle glaucoma in one individual

A 50-year-old woman presented with conjunctival melanosis, scleral pigmentation, and Lisch nodules in her left eye. Intraocular pressure was 24 mmHg in the right eye and 14 mmHg in the left eye. She had open angles on gonioscopy. Fundus examination showed a cup-to-disc ratio of 0.7 in the right eye, with an inferior notch and a splinter hemorrhage, and 0.6 in the left eye, with a deep cup with sloping rims. Humphrey visual fields showed an evolving superior arcuate scotoma in her right eye; the left eye was normal. Systemic examination showed axillary freckling. The patient had a family history of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), her father having been diagnosed with the condition. She had hyperpigmentation of the skin over the forehead and periocular skin on the left side. These unique ocular and systemic features were suggestive of two phakomatoses, NF-1 and nevus of Ota, in one eye, and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the other eye. that is, three pathologies present together in the same individual, which is an extremely rare occurrence.

Temporal Variation of the Facial Skin Microbiome: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study in Healthy Adults.

The human skin microbiome is highly personalized, depending on, for example, body site, age, gender, and lifestyle factors. The temporal stability of an individual's skin microbiome-its resiliency and robustness over months and years-is also a personalized feature of the microbiome. The authors measured the temporal stability of the facial skin microbiome in a large cohort of subjects. In addition to measuring microbiome dynamics, they tracked facial skin condition using noninvasive, objective imaging and biophysical measures to identify significant facial features associated with temporal changes in microbiome diversity and composition. The authors used 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing to track cheek and forehead skin microbiome diversity and composition annually over a 2-year period (2017-2019) in 115 healthy adult men and women. Skin metadata included facial features, such as wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, porphyrins, and skin color tone, as well as biophysical parameters for stratum corneum barrier function, pH, hydration, and elasticity. Across the subject population, the facial skin microbiome composition and diversity were relatively stable, showing minor variation over the 2-year period. However, for some subjects, composition, diversity, and relative abundance of specific organisms showed substantial changes from one year to the next, and these changes were associated with changes in stratum corneum barrier function and follicular porphyrins. For healthy people, facial skin microbiome diversity and composition are relatively stable from year to year. Tracking the temporal changes in the microbiome along with skin phenotypic changes allows for a deeper understanding of the skin microbiome's role in health and disease. These results should be helpful in the design of longer-term intervention trials with microbiome-based skin care treatments.

Total nasal reconstruction using three layered forehead paramedian pedicle flap, rib grafts and skin graft

Introduction: Nose is a complex three dimensional structure and the aesthetic focus of the face. Total nasal reconstruction following a total rhinectomy is a complex surgical challenge for a reconstructive surgeon. The aim of the reconstruction is to maintain function and aesthetics. Replacement of the lost structures skin, cartilage bone and relining the internal lining poses a unique challenge. Various options are described in the literature including prosthesis, free flaps and reconstruction with forehead flaps with cartilage grafts.

Anti-Sebum Efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica L. (Emblica) Toner on Facial Skin

Oily skin is a problem for a large number of people, especially in tropical countries. This condition results in comedones, inflammatory acne, and other aesthetic problems in the skin. Emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.) has a number of benefits for the skin; for instance, there were some studies that suggested that emblica has skin whitening effects, and anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities; however, its anti-sebum efficacy has not been reported.The objective of this research was to study the anti-sebum efficacy of emblica toner on facial skin. The toner base was formulated, accelerated stability was tested, and preferences were evaluated in 10 volunteers. The toner base with the highest preference score was mixed with emblica extract. Then, the toner base and emblica toners were assessed for skin irritation by a single patch test in 30 volunteers. The anti-sebum efficacy was conducted using the randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face method with unwashed and only-washed skin positions added to the middle of the forehead in the same group of volunteers assessed by a skin sebum measurement, SebumScale®, at 1 h before the test, once after washing, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after applying the toners on forehead and cheek skin. The stable toner base with the highest preference (85.6 ± 1.8%) was mixed with 1%, 2%, and 3% emblica extract. The toners were stable and did not cause any skin irritation. The 3% emblica toner was chosen for efficacy evaluation. The casual sebum levels of the forehead skin and cheek skin were 66.66 ± 7.01 and 56.12 ± 7.75 µg/cm2, respectively. The sebum level of the unwashed skin position changed (5.0 ± 1.66%) insignificantly up to 4 h (p &gt; 0.05). In comparison, the sebum level of the only-washed skin position was recovered to the casual sebum level (99.4 ± 1.23%) within 3 h. Furthermore, the anti-sebum efficacy of the emblica toner (23.5 ± 1.24%) was higher than that of the toner base (12.0 ± 1.52%) (p &lt; 0.05). The anti-sebum efficacy of emblica toner on cheek skin (26.9 ± 1.78%) was higher than that on forehead skin (20.1 ± 1.34%) (p &lt; 0.05). In summary, the model of evaluation of anti-sebum efficacy used in this study has been found to be practical, and the emblica toner is safe and has apparent anti-sebum efficacy on facial skin.

Use of Islanded Supratrochlear Artery Component Paramedian Forehead Flap and Cranial Bone Graft for Composite Nasal Defect Reconstruction.

The authors present a case series of patients with composite loss of nasal skin cover and lining following road accidents. The nasal skeletal framework in all these cases was also severely communited. The reconstruction of all the these was achieved in 1 operation. The authors have utilized islanded supratrochlear artery based paramedian forehead skin and pericranial flap for reconstruction of both skin and lining defects. The nasal skeletal framework was restored with the help of cantilevered split cranial bone graft. In all but 1 patient, the reconstruction was done in the emergency setting at the time of initial admission itself. One patient had infected wound that necessitated an initial debridement and split skin grafting. In this case, the definitive reconstruction was done after a gap of 3 months.A long-term follow-up of these patients is presented.

An Anchor Flap as a Novel Method for Large Forehead Defects Reconstruction

Background: Extensive forehead defects remain a challenge in reconstructive surgery. The choice of reconstruction method is a significant clinical problem, not only for cosmetic reasons but also because of possible complications. The anchor flap provides a promising solution for large (7 cm diameter) skin defects reconstruction in the temple area. In this article, we describe a novel method for extensive forehead defects reconstruction. Methods: We present a method for reconstruction of forehead skin defect with an Anchor flap after tumor resection. A 78-year-old female patient who received oncologic reconstruction in the present study were included. Results: There were no early or late complications during the two years of the follow-up period. The flap survived without partial or complete necrosis, infection, or other complications. The aesthetic outcome was very satisfying and well documented. Conclusion: The Anchor flap enables to achieve tension-free frontotemporal defect closure after tumor resection, with satisfactory clinical and aesthetic results. This method is a reliable reconstructive surgical technique for the reconstruction of extensive forehead defects.