Separation Force Research Articles

SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF DRYING IN OCULAR INSERT DEVELOPMENT

Relevance. This study describes aspects of drying in the development of ocular inserts, parameters affecting the kinetics of moisture loss by film-forming polymers of various nature, as well as features of the equipment used in the technological process. Objective. The aim of the study is to develop methods for drying the basis of an innovative ocular medicinal insert intended for the treatment of bac-terial infections. Materials and methods. A film-forming agent of natural origin - hydroxyethylcellulose (Natrosol™ HHX 250, Ashland, USA) was used to prepare the polymer base. Glycerin (Tula Pharmaceutical Factory LLC, Russia) was added as a substance that gives the insert elasticity and plasticity, as well as an excipient that increases bioadhesion, poloxamer (Kolliphor® P 188, BASF, Germany). Purified water was used to dissolve the substances. Placebo inserts were dried outdoors, in a dehydrator (Kitfort KT-1908, China), a thermostat (BINDER BD 56 Avantgarde.Line, Germany), freeze dryer (Harvest right, USA) and vacuum dryer (HETO CT/DW 60 E, Jouan, Gydevang, Denmark). The finished polymer base was evaluated according to the pa-rameters humidity (gravimetric), bioadhesion (separation force), biodegradation time, thickness (micrometer) and elasticity. Results and discussion. Drying of the bases turned out to be less prolonged in a dehydrator, in contrast to the technology carried out in a thermo-stat, freeze dryer and in an open space. Despite the increased drying time in a freeze dryer with a single mode, the parameters of the polymer base did not have significant differences, while ensuring the sterility of the process and the possibility of using an active pharmaceutical ingredient of differ-ent nature. Conclusion. The selection of equipment for drying technology is carried out in accordance with the main parameters - ventilation, temperature con-stancy, humidity, vacuum, the possibility of carrying out the process in sterile conditions, and also the physico-thermal features of reducing the mois-ture of the dosage form are taken into account. The optimal ratio of drying parameters provides a polymer base at the output, which has certain phys-ical properties that characterize the quality indicators of the future drug in the form of an ocular insert. Keywords:

An experimental investigation on the effect of nano-graphene oxide on the maximum peeling force of Al/GFRP laminates

The effect of adding different percentages of nano-graphene oxide (NGO) into the epoxy resin on the mechanical properties of NGO/epoxy and maximum peeling force of fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) with composite cores are investigated in this paper. Three different percentages of NGO including 0.1, 0.35 and 0.50 weight percentages (wt. %) are used to fabricate the tensile test samples of NGO/epoxy. Hand lay-up method is used to fabricate FML specimens with glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) core and aluminum faces. Tensile tests are examined and the Young’s modulus and ultimate stress of NGO/epoxy samples are determined. It is found that after adding of 0.1 wt. % of NGO into the epoxy resin, the ultimate tensile strength decreased by 13.4% from 25.3 to 21.9 MPa. Moreover, using peeling test, the separation force between aluminum faces of Al/GFRP laminates are obtained. Based on the results, when 0.1 wt. % of NGO is mixed with the epoxy, the maximum peeling force of FML increases by 16% and amounts to 4 N/mm. Based on the results, when NGO is used next to micro fibers in the construction of composite core, they have an effective role on the interlayer adhesion of fibrous composites.

Research on vibration response characteristics and separation deformation law of fruit-branch system

Forest fruit harvesting is carried out through two ways: manual harvesting and machine harvesting. Mechanical vibration will become the future development trend because of the high harvesting efficiency and short picking cycle of this method. However, appropriate vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, and action time are required to improve the fruit harvesting rate. At the same time, it is ensured that the vibration type forest fruit harvesting machine is in the harvesting process to minimize the damage to the fruit trees. The vibration frequency and amplitude of the existing vibration harvesting machine are relatively single, and the result of energy transfer loss is extensive fruit tree damage. Therefore, this study proposes a branch-stalk-fruit of apple as a base system. The article investigates the vibration mechanism and separation deformation law of apple tree branches through dynamic tests and simulations. Through experiments, it was found that when the vibration frequency is 3 Hz and the vibration amplitude is 20 mm, the maximum separation force experienced by the apple is 18.71N, greater than the binding force between the stem and the branch, and can achieve fruit shedding. This study provides some theoretical insights into the efficient mechanical vibration harvesting of apples.

Mini-hydrocyclone performance enhancement in removing small-size microplastics using flocculants

The presence of microplastics (MPs) poses a threat to organisms. However, an effective method is still lacking to remove small-size MPs (5 < d < 20 μm). Mini-hydrocyclones provide a promising solution to this problem but suffer low removal efficiency. Therefore, this paper proposes using flocculants to improve the removal efficiency of mini-hydrocyclones. For these purposes, experimental studies are conducted using a 10-mm hydrocyclone with the addition of flocculants. The considered MPs have a size of 10 μm. The effects of a few key variables on the flocculation and separation performance are quantified, including flocculant concentration, initial water pH value, flocculant type, and the inlet feed velocity. Additionally, numerical results are also conducted to better understand the effect of flocculant additions. The results show that the flocculant addition increases the removal efficiency by 14 % and the concentration ratio by 0.24 to the maximum. The optimum performance is identified for a medium dosage of flocculant concentration and an initial pH of 3 and 9. Aluminum flocculant type affects cyclone performance the least compared with other variables. Moreover, a moderate inlet feed velocity generates adequate centrifugal forces for separation while avoiding floc breakage, which helps achieve high removal efficiency.

The optimized point-coupling interaction for the relativistic energy density functional of Hartree-Bogoliubov approach quantifying the nuclear bulk properties

We propose a newly optimized nonlinear point-coupling parameterized interaction, PC-L3R, for the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov framework with a further optimized separable pairing force by fitting to observables, i.e., the binding energies of 91 spherical nuclei, charge radii of 63 nuclei, and 12 sets of mean pairing gaps consisting of 54 nuclei in total. The separable pairing force strengths of proton and neutron are optimized together with the point-coupling constants, and are justified in satisfactory reproducing the empirical pairing gaps. The comparison of experimental binding energies compiled in AME2020 for 91 nuclei with the ones generated from the present and other commonly used point-coupling interactions indicates that the implementation of PC-L3R in relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov yields the lowest root-mean-square deviation. The charge radii satisfactory agree with experiment. Meanwhile, PC-L3R is capable of estimating the saturation properties of the symmetric nuclear matter and of appropriately predicting the isospin and mass dependence of binding energy. The experimental odd-even staggering of single nucleon separation energies is well reproduced. The comparison of the estimated binding energies for 7,373 nuclei based on the PC-L3R and other point-coupling interactions is also presented.

FIREBALL: A tool to fit protein phase diagrams based on mean-field theories for polymer solutions

Biomolecular condensates form via phase transitions of condensate-specific biomacromolecules. Intrinsically disordered regions featuring the appropriate sequence grammars can contribute via homotypic and heterotypic interactions to the driving forces for phase separation of multivalent proteins. Experiments and computations have matured to the point where the concentrations of coexisting dense and dilute phases can be measured or computed for individual intrinsically disordered regions in complex milieus. For a macromolecule such as a disordered protein in a solvent, the locus of points that connects concentrations of the two coexisting phases defines a phase boundary, or binodal. Often, only a few points along the binodal are accessible via measurements. In such cases, and for quantitative and comparative analysis of parameters that describe the driving forces for phase separation, it is useful to fit measured or computed binodals to mean-field free energies for polymer solutions. The nonlinearity of the underlying free energy functions makes it challenging to put mean-field theories into practice. Here, we present FIREBALL, a suite of computational tools designed to enable efficient construction, analysis, and fitting to experimental or computed data of binodals. We show that depending on the theory being used, one can also extract information regarding coil-to-globule transitions of individual macromolecules.

Nanoscale lamination effect by nitrogen-deficient polymeric carbon nitride growth on polyhedral SrTiO3 for photocatalytic overall water splitting: Synergy mechanism of internal electrical field modulation

The light penetration effect will weaken the driving force of charge separation from phase to surface by the built-in electric field of nanoscale photocatalysts, like low-dimensional materials. Therefore, in this study, a novel nanoscale lamination catalyst design method was proposed using a polymeric carbon nitride (PCN)-nano polyhedral SrTiO3 core-shell structure catalyst (PCN-SrTiO3). The results showed that the nanoscale lamination effect could be generated by the formation of the N–Sr bond, which could regulate the built-in electric field of the PCN simultaneously. Moreover, detailed characterization indicated that the N–Sr bond, which facilitates the generation of N vacancies in PCN, could act as a novel channel for charge transfer. Both surface and interior core N-deficient PCN have been discovered, resulting in more positive and negative VB positions, respectively. Synchronously, the light absorption ability of the PCN-SrTiO3 samples increased. Consequently, the enhanced photocatalytic overall water splitting could be ascribed to the synergism of the built-in electric field regulation caused by the N-Sr formation-induced nanoscale lamination effect, which was favorable for energy flow adaption on the spatiotemporal scale.

Internal Electric Field Enhancement by the I‐Rich Surface of Highly Crystallized BiOI Nanosheets for Boosted Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol

Although the internal electric field (IEF) of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) is acknowledged as a potent driving force for efficient charge separation, enhancing the intensity of IEF remains a challenge. Herein, highly crystalline BiOI nanosheets with I‐rich surface are employed to intensify IEF and direct the charge migration. In comparison to I‐poor BiOI nanosheets, which possess Bi−O layer termination and I‐defects, the I‐rich BiOI demonstrates 62.5‐fold improvement in IEF intensity to its well‐developed high crystalline structure, and its IEF direction is reversed by the surface I‐rich layers. This intensified IEF of I‐rich BiOI induces numerous holes (h+) to migrate to the surface of primary exposed (001) facets and electrons (e−) to the lateral facets efficiently, resulting in efficient charge separation spatially. Additionally, the surface accumulates h+ and superoxide radicals and acts in synergy to enhance the photodegradation of phenol. The photocatalytic activity of the I‐rich BiOI is found to be approximately fivefold and threefold higher than that of I‐poor BiOI under full spectra and visible light, respectively. Herein, the manipulation of IEF through surface and bulk structure regulation of BiOI for efficient charge separation is discussed, expecting to rationally improve photocatalytic performances.

Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Grooved Stator Vanes in a Radial Turbine Operating at High Pressure Ratios Reaching Choked Flow

The flow through the stator vanes of a variable geometry turbocharger turbine can reach supersonic conditions and generates a shock wave on the stator vanes, which has a potential impact on the flow loss as well as on unsteady aerodynamic interaction. The shock wave causes a sudden increase in pressure and can lead to boundary separation and strong excitation force, besides pressure fluctuation in the rotor blades. Thus, in this study, the flat surface of the vanes of a commercial variable geometry turbocharger turbine has been modified to analyze the effects of two grooved surfaces configuration using CFD simulations. The results reveal that the grooves change the turbine efficiency, especially at higher speed, where the increase in the efficiency is between 2% and 6% points. Additionally, the load fluctuation around the rotor leading edge can be reduced and minimize the factors that compromise the integrity of the turbine. Furthermore, the grooves reduce the supersonic pocket developed on the suction side of the vane and diminish the shock wake intensity. Evaluating the effectiveness of the available energy usage in the turbine, on the one hand, at lower speed, the fraction of energy at the inlet destinated to produce power does not change significantly with a grooved surface on the stator vanes. On the other hand, at higher speed and higher pressure ratio with 5 grooves occurs the most effective approach of the maximum energy.

Data-Driven Prediction of Janus/Core-Shell Morphology in Polymer Particles: A Machine-Learning Approach.

The majority of research on Janus particles prepared by solvent evaporation-induced phase separation technique uses models based on interfacial tension or free energy to predict Janus/core-shell morphology. Data-driven predictions, in contrast, utilize multiple samples to identify patterns and outliers. Using machine-learning algorithms and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) analysis, we developed a model based on a 200-instance data set to predict particle morphology. As model features, simplified molecular input line entry system syntax identifies explanatory variables, including cohesive energy density, molar volume, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter of polymers, and the solvent solubility parameter. Our most accurate ensemble classifiers predict morphology with an accuracy of 90%. In addition, we employ innovative XAI tools to interpret system behavior, suggesting phase-separated morphology to be most affected by solvent solubility, polymer cohesive energy difference, and blend composition. While polymers with cohesive energy densities above a certain threshold favor the core-shell structure, systems with weak intermolecular interactions favor the Janus structure. The correlation between molar volume and morphology suggests that increasing the size of polymer repeating units favors Janus particles. Additionally, the Janus structure is preferred when the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter exceeds 0.4. XAI analysis introduces feature values that generate the thermodynamically low driving force of phase separation, resulting in kinetically stable morphologies as opposed to thermodynamically stable ones. The Shapley plots of this study also reveal novel methods for creating Janus or core-shell particles based on solvent evaporation-induced phase separation by selecting feature values that strongly favor a given morphology.

Analysis of UAV Thermal Soaring via Hawk-Inspired Swarm Interaction.

A swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used for many applications, including disaster relief, search and rescue, and establishing communication networks, due to its mobility, scalability, and robustness to failure. However, a UAV swarm's performance is typically limited by each agent's stored energy. Recent works have considered the usage of thermals, or vertical updrafts of warm air, to address this issue. One challenge lies in a swarm of UAVs detecting and taking advantage of these thermals. Inspired by hawks, a swarm could take advantage of thermals better than individuals due to the swarm's distributed sensing abilities. To determine which emergent behaviors increase survival time, simulation software was created to test the behavioral models of UAV gliders around thermals. For simplicity and robustness, agents operate with limited information about other agents. The UAVs' motion was implemented as a Boids model, replicating the behavior of flocking birds through cohesion, separation, and alignment forces. Agents equipped with a modified behavioral model exhibit dynamic flocking behavior, including relative ascension-based cohesion and relative height-based separation and alignment. The simulation results show the agents flocking to thermals and improving swarm survival. These findings present a promising method to extend the flight time of autonomous UAV swarms.

Novel monoethanolamine absorption using ionic liquids as phase splitter for CO2 capture in biogas upgrading: High CH4 purity and low energy consumption

Ionic liquid, as a green absorber, could be effectively combined with amine solution to obtain a mixed system that effectively improved the upgrading effect and reduced regeneration energy consumption in the biogas upgrading process. In this work, an aqueous biphasic solvent consisting of 30 wt% monoethanolamine (MEA) and 40 wt% 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BF) was prepared, which had advantages such as excellent biogas upgrading effect, high CO2 recycling loading and low regeneration energy consumption. The effect law of ionic liquid addition to amine solution on biogas upgrading and mass transfer characteristics was comprehensively evaluated through the analysis and prediction of physical parameters, and the excellent biogas upgrading characteristics of the mixed system and the favorable effect of ionic liquid on mass transfer were verified. The solvent effect of the ionic liquid could appropriately lower the energy barrier for the reaction to produce carbamate and improve the CO2 capture effect. The higher polarity of the ionic liquid solvent also provided the driving force for the phase separation and accelerated the phase separation process. The distribution pattern of CO2 loading with time and space was comprehensively studied by using amplified phase separator, covering the whole process variation of phase separation. The important role of intermolecular forces in the phase separation process was discussed, and the important reasons for the occurrence of phase separation in phase separators were explained.

Thin-layer metal bismuth inserted into Bi2S3/C, N co-doped α-Fe2O3 achieving efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation

α-Fe2O3 has been considered a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Unluckily, the activity of α-Fe2O3 is significantly lower than the theoretical value due to the severe carrier recombination in the bulk phase and the slow kinetics of surface water oxidation. Herein, we developed a novel photoanode of Bi2S3/Bi/C, N co-doped α-Fe2O3. Compared with the reversible hydrogen electrode, this photoanode had a photocurrent density of 10.78 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V, which was about 3.44 times that of the pristine α-Fe2O3. Metallic Bi as an intermediate conducting layer effectively reduced the charge transport barrier between Bi2S3 and C, N co-doped α-Fe2O3. The Bi2S3 as a cover layer reduced the surface defect state of Bi2S3/Bi/C, N co-doped α-Fe2O3. The C, N co-doped α-Fe2O3 combined with Bi2S3/Bi forming a type-II heterojunction, which provided a sustained and powerful driving force for efficient carrier separation.

The van der Waals cohesive force between two carbon nanotubes

The van der Waals cohesive forces acting at a single contact between two carbon nanotubes were experimentally investigated. An isolated nanotube was brought in contact with another one under observation by transmission electron microscopy. The cohesive forces of contacted nanotubes were obtained as the separation forces of the contact, which were estimated from the deflection and Young’s modulus of nanotubes. As a result, the cohesive forces at cross-contacts ranged from 1.7 to 8.5 nN and increased with the increase in the diameter of nanotubes. The closed cap of the nanotube indicated a nine times larger cohesive force than that of the sidewall.

Boosting Photocatalytic Water Oxidation on Photocatalysts with Ferroelectric Single Domains.

Ferroelectric materials are considered as promising photocatalysts due to their efficient charge separation via apolarization-induced built-in electric field. However, the polydomain structures hinder spatial charge separation and transfer due to the cancellation of polarization vectors in the domains. Inthiswork, taking BiFeO3 (BFO) as a prototype, single-domain BFO nanosheets with visible-light absorption are prepared, as evident by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), spatially resolved surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SRSPS), and photodeposition experiments. The single-domain BFO nanosheets show nine times activity in photocatalytic water oxidation reaction under visible-light irradiation, compared with that of the polydomain BFO particles. With the asymmetric driving force for charge separation in a single domain, selective deposition of cocatalysts further enhances the photocatalytic activity of single-domain ferroelectric BFO nanosheets. These results demonstrate the role of thesingle-domain structure in constructing the driving force of charge separation in ferroelectric photocatalysts. The fabrication of single-domain structures in ferroelectric photocatalysts to achieve enhanced photocatalytic activity offers a path to efficiently utilize the photogenerated charges in solar energy conversion.

Impact evaluation and economic benefit analysis of a domestic violence and abuse UK police intervention.

This study evaluated the impact and economic benefit of Cautioning and Relationship Abuse (CARA), an intervention which aims to reduce re-offending of first-time low-level domestic violence and abuse perpetrators. The analysis was based on two samples drawn from separate UK police force areas. CARA's impact was assessed using a matched sample of similar offenders from a time when CARA was not available. The matching was based on a host of offender and victim characteristics and machine learning methods were employed. The results show that the CARA intervention has a significant impact on the amount of recidivism but no significant reduction in the severity of the crimes. The benefit-cost ratio in both police force areas is greater than one and estimated to be 2.75 and 11.1, respectively, across the two police force areas. Thus, for each pound (£) invested in CARA, there is an economic benefit of 2.75-11.1 pounds, annually.

Research on the Biomechanical Characteristics of Salted Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida)

At present, there has been no mechanized equipment designed for the separation of the leaves from the stems of wakame in China, and the stem–leaf separation is mainly completed by manual work, which suffers from problems such as low efficiency, high cost, and poor quality. To develop mechanized stem–leaf separation equipment of wakame, it is necessary to have a preliminary understanding of the biomechanical characteristics of wakame. In this study, we adopted an electronic universal testing machine, a texture tester, and a friction tester to investigate the mechanical characteristics of the stems and leaves of salted wakame. Analysis was performed to clarify the effects of salted wakame thickness and loading speed on the tension, compression, shear, and separation mechanical properties as well as the effects of the loading speed, normal force, and contact material on the friction characteristics. As shown in the results, the average tensile strength, shear strength, and resilience of salted wakame stems were 2.27 MPa, 6.34 MPa and 0.27, respectively; the average tensile strength and shear strength of salted wakame leaves were 1.67 MPa and 2.93 MPa; the separation strength of the stems and leaves was 1.78 MPa, and the friction coefficient between salted wakame and stainless steel, silicone rubber, and vulcanized rubber was 0.38, 0.44 and 0.40 on average. In general, the increase in the loading rate, the shear strength, and the stem–leaf separation strength of salted wakame showed a downward trend, while the changes in the friction coefficient showed an upward trend, with no significant influence on the recovery and tensile strength. The tensile strength, resilience, shear strength, stem–leaf separation force, and strength increased as the thickness of the salted wakame improved. The friction coefficient of the salted wakame stems decreased with increasing the normal force, while the friction coefficient of the salted wakame leaves increased. In general, the increase in wakame thickness improved its mechanical properties, and the increase in the test loading rate led to the decrease in the mechanical properties of salted wakame. The research results in this paper can provide suggestions for the research and development of stem–leave separation equipment for saline salted wakame.

Implementation of the quasiparticle finite amplitude method within the relativistic self-consistent mean-field framework (II): The program DIRQFAM v2.0.0

We describe the new version 2.0.0 of the code DIRQFAM that calculates the multipole response of even-even axially symmetric deformed nuclei using the framework of relativistic self-consistent mean-field models. The response is calculated by implementing the finite amplitude method for relativistic quasiparticle random phase approximation. In the new version, we have implemented the following features: (i) meson-exchange interactions, (ii) low-rank method for calculating induced densities and currents, (iii) generalized minimal residual method (GMRES), (iv) evaluation of the nucleon localization function, (v) extraction of the QRPA transition matrix elements and eigenfrequencies, (vi) evaluation of the H11 part of the induced Hamiltonian, (vii) multipole excitation operators up to J≤5 are now included. Program summaryProgram title:DIRQFAM v2.0.0CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/6gv8nxg4ns.2Licensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language: Fortran 90.External routines/libraries: BLAS/LAPACK, version 3.1. or higher.Journal reference of previous version: A. Bjelčić, T. Nikšić, Comp. Phys. Comm. 253, 107184 (2020).Does the new version supersede the previous version?: YesNature of problem: Multipole response of deformed even-even open-shell nuclei can be calculated using the quasiparticle finite amplitude method (QFAM), based on the relativistic self-consistent mean-field models. The particle-hole channel is described by a zero-range relativistic effective interaction or interaction based on meson exchange, while the particle-particle channel of the effective inter-nucleon interaction is described by a separable finite-range pairing force. The method can be applied to perform systematic studies of collective modes even in heavy deformed nuclei.Solution method: The current implementation computes the multipole response by solving the QFAM equations in a self-consistent iteration scheme. At each iteration the QFAM solutions are updated using the GMRES method. The QFAM amplitudes are expanded in the simplex-y harmonic oscillator basis.Summary of revisions:1.meson-exchange interaction are included in the code;2.calculation of the nucleon localization function;3.extraction of the QRPA transition matrix elements and eigenfrequencies;4.evaluation of the H11 part of the induced Hamiltonian;5.multipoles excitation operators up to J≤5 are included;6.low-rank method for calculating induced densities and currents;7.generalized minimal residual method;8.dynamic memory allocation;9.reduced memory requirements;Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: Open-shell even-even nuclei with parity conserved axially symmetric ground states are considered. An electric multipole operator with J≤5 is used to calculate the response function.

Oil–Water Separation using Synthetic Trees

Existing oil-water filtration techniques require gravity or a pump as the driving force for separation. Here, we demonstrate transpiration-powered oil-water filtration using a synthetic tree, which operates pumplessly and against gravity. From top to bottom, our synthetic tree was composed of: a nanoporous "leaf" to generate suction via evaporation, a vertical array of glass tubes serving as the tree's xylem conduits, and filters attached to the tube inlets to act as the oil-excluding roots. When placing the tree in an oil emulsion bath, filtrate samples were measured to be 97-98% pure water using gravimetry and refractometry. The spontaneous oil-water separation offered by synthetic trees could be useful for applications such as oil spill cleanup, wastewater purification, and oil extraction.

Comprehensive performance of a low-cost spring-assisted mechanism for digital light processing

In additive manufacturing, separation is an important issue in constrained-surface digital light processing. A force higher than the force peak and a sharp increase in force increase the printing failure rate. This study comprehensively evaluated the performance of a low-cost spring-assisted separation mechanism. The Taguchi method was used to confirm the correlation between the inputs of the spring-assisted mechanism (number, coefficient, working height, free height of spring, and length of working arm) and obtain the parameters that minimize the separation force and time. Compared to the pulling-up and tilting mechanisms, the spring-assisted mechanism reduces the difference between the maximum and minimum separation forces for different geometric shapes and areas by 2.4 and 3 times, respectively. In addition, the spring-assisted mechanism solves the problems of the pulling-up mechanism, which has two separation force peaks, and the tilting mechanism, which has a sharp increase in force before the final separation. Finally, the separation force of specific geometric shapes and areas was predicted by the linear regression equation, and the error rate was maintained within 5%, which helped to significantly reduce the calculation costs and time.